10. 3, "X^
LIBRARY OF THE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY
PRINCETON. N. J.
Presented by
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1913
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OCT
1924
,*,
GEAMMAE
OF THE
HEBREW LANGUAGE.
BY
WILLIAM HENRY GREEN,
PBOFESSOR IN THE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY AT PRINCETON, N. J.
THIRD EDITION,
NEW YORK :
JOHN WILEY & SON.
15 ASTOR TLAC'E.
1873.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year of 1861, by
JOHN WILEY,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York.
Poole & MACLAucHtAif,
PRINTERS AND BOOKUINUERd,
205-213 KdSt Twelfth 61.,
NEW SOBK.
PREFACE.
This work was begun at the instance of my friend,
preceptor, and colleague. Dr. J. Addison Alexander. The
aid of his counsels and suggestions was freely promised in
the undertaking ; and he was to give to it the sanction of
his name before the public. It appears shorn of these ad-
vantages. A few consultations respecting the general plan
of the book and the method to be observed in its prepara-
tion, were all that could be had before this greatest of
American orientalists and scholars was taken from us. De-
prived thus early of his invaluable assistance, I have yet
found a melancholy satisfaction in the prosecution of a task
begun under such auspices, and which seemed still to link
me to one with whom I count it one of the greatest blessings
of my life to have been associated.
The grammatical system of Gesenius has, from causes
which can readily be explained, had a predominance in this
country to which it is not justly entitled. The grammar of
Prof. Stuart, for a long time the text-book in most common
use, was substantially a reproduction of that of Gesenius.
Nordheimer was an adherent of the same system in its essen-
tial features, though he illustrated it with wonderful clearness
and philosophical tact. And finally, the smaller grammar of
Gesenius became current in the excellent translation of Prof.
Conant. Now, while Gesenius is unquestionably the prince
of Hebrew lexicographers, Ewald is as certainly entitled to
IV PREFACE.
the precedence among grammarians ; and the latter cannot
he ignored by him who would appreciate correctly the exist-
ing state of oriental learning.
The present work is mainly based upon the three leading
grammars of Gesenius, Ewald, and Nordheimer, and the at-
tempt has been made to combine whatever is valuable in
each. For the sake of a more complete survey of the history
of opinion, the grammars of R. Cliayug, R. Kimclii, Reuch-
lin, Buxtorf, Schultens, Simonis, Robertson, Lee, Stier,
Hnpfeld, Freytag, Niigelsbach, and Stuart, besides others of
less consequence from Jewish or Christian sources, have also
been consulted to a greater or less extent. The author
has not, however, contented himself with an indolent com-
pilation ; but, while availing himself freely of the labours"
of his predecessors, he has sought to maintain an independ-
ent position by investigating the whole subject freshly and
thoroughly for himself. His design in the following pages
has been to reflect the phenomena of the language precisely
as they are exhibited in the Hebrew Bible ; and it is be-
lieved that this is more exactly accomplished than it has been
in any preceding grammar. The rule was adopted at the
outset, and rigorously adhered to, that no supposititious
forms should be admitted, that no example should be al-
leged which is not found in actual use, that no statement
should be made and no rule given the evidence of which had
not personally been subjected to careful scrirtiny. Thus, for
example, before treating of any class of verbs, perfect or im-
perfect, every verb of that description in the language was
separately traced through all its forms as shown by a con-
cordance ; the facts were thus absolutely ascertained in the
first instance before a single paradigm was prepared or a
word of explanation written.
Some may be disposed, at first, to look suspiciously
upon the tri})le division of the Hebrew vowels, adopted
PREFACE.
from Ewald, as an innovation: further reflection, however,
will show that it is the only division consistent with ac-
curacy, and it is really more ancient than the one which
commonly prevails.
The importance of the accent, especially to the proper
understanding of the vowels of a word and the laws of
vowel-changes, is such that the example of Ewald has been
followed in constantly marking its position by an appropriate
sign. He uses a Methegh for this purpose, which is objec-
tionable on account of the liability to error and confusion
when the same sign is used for distinct purposes. The use
of any one of the many Hebrew accents would also be liable
to objection, since they not only indicate the tone syllable,
but have besides a conjunctive or disjunctive force, which it
would be out of place to suggest. Accordingly, a special
symbol has been employed, analogous to that which is in use
in our own and other languages, thus 'bjp Mtal' .
The remarks upon the consecution of poetic accents
were in type before the appearance of the able discussion of
that subject by Baer, in an appendix to the Commentary of
Delitzsch upon the Psalms. The rules of Baer, however,
depend for their justification upon the assumption of the
accurate accentuation of his oAvn recent edition^of the He-
brew Psalter, which departs in numerous instances from the
current editions as they do in fact from one another. Inas-
much as this is a question which can only be settled by
manuscripts that are not accessible in this country, it seems
best to wait until it has been tested and pronounced upon
by those who are capable of doing so. What has here been
written on that subject, has accordingly been suffered to re-
main, imperfect and unsatisfactory as it is.
The laws which resculate the formation of nouns have
been derived from Ewald, with a few modifications chiefly
tending to simplify them.
VI PREFACE.
The declensions of nouns, as made out by Gesenins,
have the merit of affording a convenient and tolerably
complete classification of their forms and of the changes
to which each is linble. Nordheirner abandoned them
for a method of his own, in which he aimed at greater
simplicity, but in reality rendered the subject more per-
plexed. The system of Ew^ld is complicated with the
dei'ivation and formation of nouns, from which their
subsequent modifications are quite distinct. The fact
is, however, that there are no declensions, properly
speaking, in Hebrew ; and the attempt to foist upon the
language what is alien to its nature, embarrasses the subject
instead of relieving it. A few general rules respecting the
vowcl-chancccs, which are liable to occiu* in different kinds
of syllables, solve the whole mystery, and are all that the
case requires or even admits.
In the syntax the aim has been to develop not so much
what is common to the Hebrew with other languages, as
what is characteristic and distinctive of the former, those
points being particularly dwelt upon which arc of chief im-
portance to the interpreter.
In the entire work special reference has been had to the
wants of theological students. The author has endeavoured
to make it at once elementary and thorough, so that it might
both serve as a manual for beginners and yet possess all that
completeness which is demanded by riper scholars. The
parts of most immediate importance to those commencing
the study of the language are distinguished by being printed
in large type.
Peinceton, August 22d, 1861.
ooisrTE:^TS.
PAET I.— ORTHOGRAPHY.
Divisions of Grammar, §1-
OETHOGEAPHIO SYMBOLS.
The Letters.— Alphabet, § 2 ; Sounds, § 3 ; Double forms, § 4 ; Names,
§ 5 ; Order, § 6 ; Classification, § 7 ; Words never divided, § 8 ;
Abbreviations and Signs of Number, § 9.
The Vowels. — Masoretic Points, §10; Vowel Letters, §11; Signs for the
Vowels, §12; Mutual Relation of this tw^ofold Notation, §§13, 14;
Pure and Diphthongal Vowels, § 15.
Sh'va, silent and vocal, simple and compound, § 16.
Pattahh Furtive, §17.
Syllables, § 18.
Ambiguous Sir/718. — Hhirik, Shurek, and Kibbuts, §19.1; Kamets and
KametsIIhatuph, § 19. 2 ; Silent and Vocal Sh'va, §20.
Points affecting Consonants: — Daghesh-lene, §§21, 22.
Daghesh -forte, §23; dltferent kinds, §24; omission of, §25,
Mappik, §26.
Raphe, § 27.
Points attached to Words. — Accents, their design, § 28 ; forms and
classes, §29; like forms distinguished, §30; poetic accents, §31;
position as determined by the character of the syllables, §32. 1 ; in
/ uninflected words, §32. 2. 3; with affixes, suffixes and prefixes, §33;
use in distinguishing words, §34; shifted in special cases, §35.
Consecution of the Accents in Prose. — Clauses and their subdivisions,
§ 36 ; tabular view, § 37 ; explanation of the table, § 38 ; adaptation of
the trains of accents to sentences, § 39.
Vlll CONTENTS,
Poetic Consrc'tfion. — Clauses and tlieir subdivisions, §40; tabular view
and ex])liin;iti()n, §41; adaptation of tlio trains of accents to sen-
tences, §42.
• Makkeph, §43.
Methegii, its form and position, §44; special rules, §45; K'ri and
K'thibli, meaning of the terms, §4G; constant K'ris not noted in the
margin, §47 ; their design and value, §48.
Accuracy of the points, § 49.
ORTHOGKAPniO CnANGES.
Significant mutations belong to the domain of the lexicon, §§ 50, 51 ; eu'
phonic mutations to the domain of grammar, §52.
Mutations of Consonants at the beginning of syllables, §53; at the close
of syllables, §54; at the end of words, §55 ; special rules, §56.
Changes of Consonants to Vovfels in reduplicated syllables and letters
and in quiesccnts, § 57.
Mutations of Vowels, significant and enphonic, §58; due to syllabic
changes, § 59 ; to contiguous gutturals, § GO ; to concurrent conso-
nants, §61; concurring vowels, § 62 ; proximity of vowels, § 68 ; the
accent, § 64 ; pause accents, § 65 ; shortening or lengthening of
words, § 66.
PART II.— ETYMOLOGY.
Roots of "Words. — Design of Etymology, three stages in the growth of
words, §67; pronominal and verbid roots, §68; formation and
inflection of words by external and internal changes, § 69 ; parts of
speech, §70.
Pronouns personal, §71; pronominal suffixes, §72; demonstrative, '§ 73;
relative, § 74 ; interrogative and indefinite, § 75.
Verbs, the sjjecies and their signification, §§ 76-80.
Perfect Verbs, §81; formation of the species, §§82, 83; their inflection,
§§ 84, 85. 1 ; paradigm of bip^, § 85. 2.
JRemarks on the Perfect Verls. — Kal preterite, § 86 ; Infinitive, § 87 ;
Future, § 88 ; Imperative, § 89 ; Participles, § 90 ; Niphal, § 91 ; Piel,
§92; Pual, §93; Iliphil, §94; Hophal, §95; Hithpael, § 96.
Paragogic and Apocopated Future, § 97 ; and Imperative, § 98.
Vav Conversive with the Future, §99 ; witli the Preterite, § 100.
Verbs with suffixes, §§ 101, 102 ; ])aradigm, § 103 ; Remarks on the Per-
fect Verbs with suffixes, Preterite, § 104 ; Future, §105; Infinitive
and Imperative, § 106. '
Imperfect Verbs, classified, § 107.
Pe Guttural Verbs, their peculiarities, §§108, 109; paradigm, §110;
Remarks, §§111-115.
CONTENTS. IX
Ayin Guttural Verbs, tlieir peculiarities, §116; jaradlgm, §117; Re-.
' marks, §.< 118-122.
Lamedh Guttural Verbs, tbeir i)eculiarities, ^'123; paradigm, §124;
Remarks, §§125-128.
Fe Nua Verbs, their peculiarities, § 129 ; i)aradiym, §130; Remarks,
§§131, 132.
Ayiu Doubled Verbs, their peculiarities, §§133-1S7; paradigm, §138;
Remarks, §§ 139-142.
Pe Yodh Verbs, their peculiarities, §§ 143-145 ; paradigm, § 14G ; Re-
marks, §§147-151.
Ayin Vav and Ayln Yodh Verbs, their peculiarities, §§ 152-154 ; para-
digm, §155 ; Remarks, §§ 156-lGl.
Lamedh Aleph Verbs, their peculiarities, § 162 ; paradigm, § 163 ; Re-
marks, §§164-167.
Lamedh He Verbs, their peculiarities, f§lC8, 169; paradigm, §170;
shortened future and imperative, § 171 ; Remarks, §§ 172-177.
Doubly Imperfect Verbs, §178.
Defective Verbs, § 170.
Quadriliteral Verbs, § 180,
Nouns, then- formation, §181; Class L §§182-156; Class IL §§187, 188;
Class IIL §§189-192; Class IV. §§193, 194; Multiliterals, §195.
Gender and Kiimber. — Feminine endings, § 196 ; anomalies in the use of,
§197; employment in the formation of Avords, §198; plural end-
ings, § 199 ; anomalies, § 200 ; nouns confined to one number, § 201 ;
Dual ending, §202; usage of the dual, §203; changes consequent
upon affixing the endings for gender and number, §§ 206-211.
The Construct State, its meaning and formation, §§ 212-216.
Declension of Nouns, paradigm, §217.
Paragogic Vowels added to Nouns, §§218, 219.
Nouns with suffixes, §§ £20, 221 ; paradigm, § 222.
Numerals.— Cardinal numbers, §§223-226; Ordinals, etc., §227.
Prefixed Particles, §228; the Article, §229: the Interrogative, § 2S0 ;
Inseparable prepositions, §§ 231-238 ; Vav Conjunctive, § 234.
SErAEATE Particles.— Adverbs, § 235 ; with suffixes, § 236 ; Prepositions,
§237; with suffixes, §238; Conjunctions, §239 ; Interjections, § 240.
PART III.— SYNTAX.
OfTice cf Syntax, § 241. 1 ; Elements of the sentence, §241. 2.
The Subject, a noun or pronoun, §242; when omitted, §243; its exten-
sion, § 244.
T1)C Article, when used, §245; nouns definite without it, §24G; omitted
in poetry, § 247 ; indefinite nouns, § 248.
Adjectives and Demonstratives qualifying a noun, § 249.
X CONTENTS.
3''i/?nf?Y/i's.— Cardinal numbers, §§250, 251 ; Ordinals, etc., §252.
Apposition, §253.
The Construct state and Suffixes, §§254^256; resolved by tbe preposition b,
§257.
The PnEDicATE, Copula, §258 ; Nouns, adjectives, and demonstratives, § 259.
Comparison of adjectives, §2G0.
Yerhs. Hebrew conception of time, §261 ; the primary tenses: use of tbe
preterite, § 202 ; tbe future, § 2G3 ; paragogic and apocopated future,
§ 264 ; tbe secondary tenses, § 205 ; participles, § 266 ; Infinitive,
§§267-269.
Object of Verbs. — The direct object of transitive verbs, § 270 ; transitive con-
struction of intransitive verbs, § 271 ; indirect object of verbs, § 272 ;
verbs with more than one object, § 273.
Adverbs and adverbial expressions, § 274.
Neglect of agreement, § 275 ; compound subject, § 276 ; nouns in the con-
struct, § 277 ; dual nouns, § 278 ; changes of person, § 279.
Repetition of nouns, § 280 ; pronouns, § 281 ; verbs, § 282,
IxTERKOGATivE Sentexces, §§ 283, 284.
Compound Sentences. — Relative pronoun, S 285 ; poetic use of the de-
monstrative, § 286 ; conjunctions, § 287.
Grammatical Analysis, ..... pago 31"
Index I. Subjects, . . . • • . " 328
Index II. Texts of Scripture, . . . . "331
Index III. Hebrew Words, . • • - • " ^"^'^
Index IV. Hebrew Grammatical Terms,
399
PAET FIRST.
ORTHOGRAPHY.
§1. Language is the communication of thought by means
of spoken or written sounds. The utterance of a single thought
constitutes a sentence. Each sentence is composed of words
expressing individual conceptions or their relations. And
words are made up of sounds produced by the organs of
speech and represented by written signs. It is the province
of grammar as the science of language to investigate these
several elements. It hence consists of three parts. First,
Orthography, which treats of the sounds employed and the
mode of representing them. Second, Etymology, which treats
of the different kinds of words, their formation, and the
changes which they undergo. Third, Syntax, which treats of
sentences, or ihe manner in which words are joined together
to express ideas. The task of the Hebrew grammarian is to
furnish a complete exhibition of the phenomena of this partic-
ular language, carefully digested and referred as far as practi-
cable to their appropriate causes in the organs of speech and
the operations of the mind.
The Letters.
^2. The Hebrew being no longer a spoken tongue, is
only known as the language of books, aritl particularly of the
Old Testament, which is the most interesting and important
as well as the only pure monument of it. The first step
1
2 ORTHOGRAPHY. §2
towards its investigation must accordingly be to ascertain the
meaning of the symbols in which it is recorded. Then
having learned its sounds, as they are thus represented, it
will be possible to advance one step further, and inquire into
the laws by which these are governed in their employment
and nuitations.
The symbols used in writing Hebrew are of two sorts,
viz. letters (ni^nix) and points (O'l'i^p;). The number of the
letters is twenty -two ; these are written from right to left, and
are exclusively consonants. The following alphabetical table
exhibits their forms, English equivalents, names, and numeri-
cal values, together with the corresponding forms of the Rab-
binical character employed to a considerable extent in the
commentaries and other writings of the modern Jews.
^3
LETTERS.
Order.
Forms and Equivalents.
i
Names.
Rabbinical
Alphabet.
Numerical
values.
1
X
?bjk
Alepli
i>
1
2
n
Bh, B
n-'a
Beth
3
2
3
^
Gh, G
^^■•a
Gi'-mel
J
3
4
1
Dh, D
V T
Da'-leth
7
4
5
n
H
i^r?
He
t)
5
6
1
V
in
Vav
1
6
7
T
Z
rt
Ziiyin
\
7
8
n
Hh
n^in
Hhetii
P
8
9
12
T
n^t?
Teth
y
9
10
^
Y
'li'^
Yodh
♦
10
11
3 1
Kh, K
!R?
Kaph
1 =
20
12
b
L
V T
La'-medh
i
30
13
tt D
M
D^
Mem
CP
40
' 14
3 "i
N
r=
Nun
P
50
15
D
S
^^9
Sa'-mekh
P
60
ie
y
r:^
Ayin
2)
70
17
S SI
Ph, P
^^
Pe
C|D
80
18
sr
Ts
''1^
Tsa'-dhe
1^
90
19
p .
K
5lip
Kopli
?
100
20
n
R
Tljnn
Resh
■5
200
21
w
Sh, S
r»
Shin
C
300
22
n
Th, T
in
T
Tav
P
400
^3. There is always more or less difficulty in represent-
ing the sounds of one language by those of another. But
this is in the case of the Hebrew greatly aggravated by its
having been fcr ages a dead language, so that some of its
4 ORTHOGRAPHY. ^3
somuls cannot now be accurately detennined, and also by its
belonging to a different family or group of tongues from our
own, possessing sounds entirely foreign to the English, for
which it consequently affords no equivalent, and which are in
fact incapable of being pronounced by our organs. The
equivalents of the foregoing table are not therefore to be re-
garded as in every instance exact representations of the proper
powers of the letters. They are simply approximations suffi-
ciently near the truth for every practical purpose, the best
which can now be ])roposed, and sanctioned by tradition and
the conventional usaQ;e of the best Hebraists.
1. It wall be observed that a double pronunciation has
been assigned to seven of the letters. A native Hebrew would
readily decide without assistance which of these was to be
ado})ted in any given case, just as we are sensible of no in-
con\'enience from the various sounds of the Enoflish letters
o
which are so embarrassing to foreigners learning our language.
The ambiguity is in every case removed, however, by the ad-
dition of a dot or point indicating which sound they are to
receive. Thus 3 with a point in its bosom has the sound o(
6, 3 unpointed that of the corresponding v, or as it is com-
monly represented for the sake of uniformity in notation, dk ; 3
is pronounced as y, 5 unpointed had an aspirated sound which
may accordingly be represented byy//, but as it is difficult to
produce it, or even to determine with exactness what it was,
and as there is no corresponding sound in English, the aspira-
tion is mostly neglected, and the letter, whether pointed ornot,
sounded indifferently asy; ^ is d,'i unpointed is the aspirate
d/i, equivalent to f/i in f/ic ; 2 is Ic, 3 unpointed its aspirate kit,
perhaps resembling the German ch in icJi, though its aspira'
tion, like that of \ is commonly neglected in modern reading ;
E is jO, S unpointed \s, ph or/; n is z', n unpointed th in thin.
The letter ir with a dot over its right arm is pronounced like
sJi, and called Shin ; il? with a dot over its left arm is called
Sin, and pronounced like s, no attempt being made in modern
§3 LETTERS.
usage to discriminate between its sound and that of c
Samekh. Althougli there may anciently have been a distinc-
tion between them, this can no longer be defined nor even
positively asserted ; it has therefore been thought unneces-
sary to preserve the individuahty of these letters in the
notation, and both of them will accordingly be represented
by s.
a. The double sound of the first six of the letters just named is purely
euphonic, and has no effect whatever upon the meaning of the words in
which they stand. The case of TU is different. Its primary sound was that
of sh. as is evident from the contrast in Judg. 12 : 6 of P^au shibboleth
with ^k^O sibboleih. In certain words, however, and sometimes for the
sake of creating a distinction between different words of like orthography,
it received the sound of s, thus almost assuming the character of a distinct
letter, e. g. liuj to break, niiU to hope. That Sin and Samekh were dis-
tmguishable to the ear, appears probable from the fact that there are words
of separate significations which differ only in the use of one or the other
of these letters, and in which they are never interchanged, e. g. biia to be
bereaved, biizJ to be wise, bio to be foolish; "OUJ to be drunken, lib to hire,
"lio to shut up; ililJto look, lib to rule, 110 to turn back; nob a lip,
nsD to destroy. The close affinity between the sounds which they repre-
sent is, however, shown by the fact that 0 is in a few instances written for
ia, e. g. iiO? Ps. 4: 7 from K^J , M!:3b Eccles. 1 : 17 for M'iso . The original
identity of UJ and b is apparent from the etymological connection between
"iNb leaven and rilkba a vessel in which bread is leavened; "lyb to shudder,
"i1n?b horrible, causing a shudder. In Arabic the division of single letters
into two distinguished by diacritical points is carried to a much greater
length, the alphabet of that language being by this means enlarged from
twenty-two to twenty-eight letters.
2. In their original power t: t differed frond n t, and 2 /a
from p k, for these letters are not confused nor liable to inter-
change, and the distinction is preserved to this day in the
cognate Arabic ; yet it is not easy to state intelligibly where-
in the difierence consisted. They are currently pronounced
precisely alike.
3. The letter n has a stronger sound than n the simple
ft, and is accordingly represented by ///i ; n is represented by
r, although it had some peculiarity of sound which we can-
not at this day attempt to reproduce, by which it was allied
to the gutturals.
6 ORTHOGRAPHY, ^
4. For two letters, N and y, no equivalent has been given
in the table, and they are commonly altogether neglected in
pronunciation, x is the weakest of the letters, and was prob-
aljly always inaudible. It stands for the slight and involun-
tary emission of breath necessaiy to the utterance of a vowel
unattended by a more distinct consonant sound. It there-
fore merely serves to mark the beginning or the close of the
syllable of which it is a part, while to the ear it is entii-ely
lost in the accompanying or preceding vowel. Its power has
been likened to that of the smooth breathing (') of the
Greeks or the English silent h in hour. On the other hand
y had a deep guttural sound which was always heard, but
hke that of the corresponding letter among the Arabs is very
difficult of utterance by occidental organs ; consequently no
attempt is made to reproduce it. In the Septuagint it is some-
times represented by y, sometimes by the rough and some-
times by the smooth breathing ; thus innb? r6jiio^()a, ^^2?
'Hli, p?'a? 'J^ia'kt'jx. Some of the modem Jews give it the
sound of 7i(/ or of the French ^n in campa(jne, either wherever
it occurs or only at the end of words, e. g. y^aiD Shimang, "ihv
gndmbdli.
§4. The forms of the letters exhibited in the preceding
table, though found without important variation in all existing
manuscripts, are not the onginal ones. An older character
is preserved upon the Jewish coins struck in the age of the
Maccabees, which bears a considerable resemblance to the
Samaritan and still more to the Phenician. Some of the
steps in the transition from one to the other can still be traced
upon extant monuments. There was first a cm'sive tendency,
disposing to unite the different letters of the same word,
which is the established practice in Syriac and Arabic. This
was followed by a predominance of the calligraphic principle,
which again separated the letters and reduced them to their
present rectangular forms and nearly uniform size. The
cursive stage has, however, left its traces upon the five letters
$3 LETTERS. 7
whicli appear in the table witli double forms ; 3 tt i B s when
standmg at the begmning or in the middle of words termi-
nate in a bottom horizontal stroke, which is the remnant of
the connecting link with the following letter ; at the end of
words no such link was needed, and the letter was continued
vertically downward in a sort of terminal flourish thus, T "i C] f ,
or closed up by joining its last with its initial stroke, thus □.
a. The ^('.vf instances in wliich final letters are found in the middle of
words, as nsnab Isa. 9 : 6, or their ordinary forms at the end, as ^n Neh.
2 : 13, 5^ Job 3S : 1, are probably due to the inadvertence of early tran-
scribers which has been faithfully perpetuated since, or if intentional they
may have had a connection now unknown with the enumeration of letters
or the signification of words. The same may be said of letters larger than
usual, as ns3l Ps. SO : 16, or smaller, as Di5'l3'?a Gen. 2:4, or above the
line, as n"^^ Ps. SO : 14, or inverted, as i'bca Num. 10 : 35. (in manuscripts
and the older editions, e. g. thatof Stephanus in 1541). or with extraordinary
points, as in]r{l''i Gen. 33:4, ix'^'ilJ Ps. 27 : 13, in all which the Rabbins find
concealed meanings of the most fanciful and absurd character. Thus in
their opinion the suspended 3 in nisj?^ Judg. 18 : 30 suggests that the idola-
ters described were descended from Moses but had the character of Ma--
nasseh. In "pna Lev. 11 :42 the Vav, which is of unusual size, is the middle
letter of the Pentateuch ; ^^?."'a^ Gen. 16: 5 with an extraordinary point
over the second Yodh, is the only instance in which the word is written with
that letter ; the large letters in Deut. 6: 4 emphasize the capital article of
the Jewish faith. All such anomalous forms or marks, with the conceits of
the Rabbins respecting them, are reviewed in detail in Buxtorf's Tiberias,
pp. 152 etc.
§5. All the names of the letters were probably significant
at first, although the meanings of some of them are now doubt-
ful or obscure. It is commonly supposed that these describe
the objects to which their forms originally bore a rude resem-
blance. If this be so, however, the mutations which they
have since undergone are such, that the relation is no longer
traceable, unless it be faintly in a few. The power of the
letter is in every instance the initial sound of its name.
a. The opinion advocated by Schultens, Fundamenta Ling. Heb. p. 10,
that the invention of the letters was long anterior to that of their names,
and that the latter was a pedagogical expedient to facilitate the learning ol
the letters by associating their forms and sounds with fi\miliar objects, has ■
met with little favour and possesses little intrinsic probability. An interest-
b ORTHOGRAPHY. ^6
ing corroboration of the antiquity of these names is found in their preserva
lion in tiic Greek alphabet, tiiough destitute of meaning in tliat language,
the Greeks having borrowed their letters at an early period from the Phe-
nicians, and hence the appended a ol' "AXcfia, etc., whiclvpoints to tlie Ara-
maeic form XB^x .
b. The Semitic derivation of the names proves incontestably that the
alphabet had its origin among a people speaking a language kindred to
the Hebrew. Their most probable meanings, so far as they are still ex-
plicable, are as Ibllows, viz: Aleph, an ox ; Beth, a house ; Gimel, a camel ,
Daleth, a door ; He, doubtlbl, possibly a window ; Vav, a hook ; Zayin, a
wea])on; Hlieth, probably a fence; Teth, probably a snake ; Yodh, a hand ;
Kaph. the palm of the hand • Lamedh. an o.r-goad ; Mem. water; Nun, a
fish; Samekh, a /;rop; Ayin, anej/e; Vc,amouth ; Tsadhe. a Jish- hook or
a hunter^s dart ; Koph, perhaps tJie back of the h-ead ; Resh, a head; Shin,
a tooth ; Tav, a cross mark.
§6. The order of the letters appears to be entirely arbi-
trary, though it has been remarked that the three middle
mutes nan succeed each other, as in like manner the three
liquids b 'a 3 . The juxtaposition of a few of the letters may
perhaps be owing to the kindred signification of their names,
e. g. Yodh and Kaph f/te hand, ]\Iem loater and Nun a Jishy
Resh the head^wdi Shin a tooth. The antiquity of the existing
arrangement of the alphabet is shown, 1. by psalms dnd other
portions of the Old Testament in which successive clauses or
verses begin with the letters disposed in regular order, viz.
Ps. 25 (p omitted), 34, 37 (alternate verses, 3? omitted). 111
(every clause), 112 (every clause), 119 (each letter eight
times), 145 (3 omitted), Prov. 31 : 10-31, Lam. ch. 1, 2, 3
(each letter three times), 4. In the first chapter of Lamenta-
tions the order is exactly preserved, but in the remaining
three chapters 'S and S are transposed. 2. By the corres-
pondence of the Greek and Roman alphabets, which have
sprung from the same origin with the Hebrew.
a. The most ingenious attempt to discover a regular structure in the
Hebrew alphabet is that of Iicpsius, in an essay upon this subject published
in 1836. Omitting the sibilants and Resh, he finds the following triple
corre.'spondence of a breathing succeeded by the same three mutes carried
'.hrough eacU of the three orders, the second rank being enlarged by the
.addition of the liquids.
^7
LETTERS.
Breathings.
Mutes.
■- 1
Liquids.
Middle
Smooth
Rough
n
5
2 a n
1 n o
B p n
(^=)
baa
Curious as this result certainly is, it must be confessed that the alleged
correspondence is in part imaginary, and the method by which it is reached
is too arbitrary to warrant the conclusion that this scheme was really in
the mind of the author of the alphabet, much less to sustain the further
speculations built upon it, reducing the original number and modifying the
powers of the letters,
b. It is curious to see how, in the adaptation of the alphabet to different
languages, the sounds of the letters have been modified, needless ones
dropped, and others found necessary added at the end, without disturbing
the arrangement of the original stock. Thus the Greeks dropped 1 and p,
only retaining them as numerical signs, while the Roman alphabet has P
and Q,; on the other hand the Romans found 13 and 0 superfluous, while
the Greeks made of them S^ and ^; a and 1 , in Greek <y and ^, become in
Latin C and G, while n, in Latin H, is in Greek converted like the rest of
the gutturals into a vowel 7],
§ 7. The letters may be variously divided :
1. Pirst, with respect to the organs by which they are
pronounced.
Gutturals N n n 3?
Palatals
a 1 s p
Linguals
"1 12 b 3 n
Dentals
T 0 2 ©
Labials
a 1 12 s
"I has been differently classed, but as its peculiarities are
those of the gutturals, it is usually reckoned with them.
2. Secondly, according to their respective strength, into
three classes, which may be denominated weak, medium, and
strong The strong consonants offer the greatest resistance
to change, and are capable of entering into any combinations
whicli the formation or inflection of words may require. The
weak have not this capacity, but when analogy would bring
them into combinations foreign to then- nature, they are either
10
ORTHOGRAPHY.
§7
liable to mutation themselves or occasion changes in the rest
of the "svord. Those of medium strength have neither the
absolute stability of the former nor the feeble and fluctuating
character of the latter.
Weak,
Medium,
Strong,
I N n n y
T 0 2 TU
Vowel-Letters,
Gutturals.
Liquids,
Sibilants.
>- Aspirates and Mutes.
The special characteristics of these several classes and the
influence which they exert upon the constitution of words
win be considered hereafter. It is sufficient to remark here
that the vowel-letters are so called because they sometimes
represent not consonant but vowel-sounds.
a. It will be observed that Avhile the ;j, k, and ^mutes asrree in having
smooth S 3 n and middle forms a a t, which may be either aspirated or
unaspirated, the two last have each an additional representative p u which
is lacking to the first. This, coupled with the fact that two of the alpha-
betic Psalms. Ps. 25, 34, repeat E as the initial of the closing verse, has
given rise to the conjecture that the missing p mute was supplied by this
letter, having a double sound and a double place in the alphabet. In curi-
ous coincidence with this ingenious but unsustained hypotiiesis. the Ethio-
pic al]>habet has an additional p, and the Greek and Roman alphabets
agree one step and only one beyond the letter T. viz. in adding ne.xt a
labial, which in Greek is divided into v and <^. and in Latin into U and V,
as "^ into I and J.
3. Thirdly, The letters may be divided, with respect to
their function in the formation of words, into radicals and
seniles. The former, which comprise just one half of the
alphabet, are never employed except in the roots or radical
portions of words. The latter may also enter into the con-
stitution of roots, but they are likewise put to the less inde-
pendent use of the formation of derivatives r.nd inflections,
of prefixes and suflixes. The serviles are embraced in the
§8 LETTERS. 11
memorial words ^)^) rn»^ "jn^x (Ethan Moses and Caleb) ; of
these, besides other uses, 'jn'^s are prefixed to form the futm-e
of verbs, and the remainder are prefixed as particles to nouns.
The letters TPp'asn are used in the formation of nouns from
their roots. The only exception to the division now stated
is the substitution of t: for servile ri in a certain class of cases,
as explained § 54, 4.
a. Kimchi in his Mikhlol (bibsiD) fol. 46, gives several additional ana-
grams of the serviles made out by different grammarians as aids to the
memory, e. g. n3''U '^roiib'Ci^ for his work is understanding; n^abii: "^ix
2n"i2 / Solomon am writing; n3:n ^s iTDlbiU o?iIy build thou my peace ;
llTsn 3X bTiaD like a branch of the father of midtitude ; irbx ::n=i rraa
Moses has written to us. To which Nordheimer has added "^arao '|in bstt;
considt the riches of my book.
\ 8. In Hebrew writing and printing, words are never
divided. Hence various expedients are resorted to upon
occasion, in manuscripts and old printed editions, to fill out
the lines, such as giving a broad form to certain letters, >^ ri
S tiD ri , occupying the vacant space with some letter, as p,
repeated as often as may be necessary, or with the first letters
of the next word, which were not, however, accounted part
of the text, as they were left without vowels, and the word
was TVTitten in full at the beginning of the following line.
The same end is accomplished more neatly in modern print-
ing by judicious spacing.
§9.1. The later Jews make frequent use of abbreviations.
There are none, however, in the text of the Hebrew Bible ;
such as are found in the margin are explained in a special
lexicon at the back of the editions in most common use, e. g.
1:^1 for "i^i^l et completio = etc.
2. The numerical employment of the letters, common to
the Hebrews with the Greeks, is indicated in the table of the
alphabet. The hundreds from 500 to 900 are represented
either by the five final letters or by the combination of ri with
the letters immediately preceding; thus 1 or pn 500, Q or in
600, 1 irn or pnn 700, C] or nn 800, "j^ or pnn 900. Thou-
12 ORTHOGRAPHY. ' §10
sands are represented by units with two dots placed over them,
thus i? 1000, etc. Compound numbers are formed by joining
the appropriate units to the tens and hundreds, thus fci^n 421.
Fifteen is, however, made not by rii , which are the initial
letters of the divine name Jehovah, nin'', but by it: O-f-O.
This use of the letters is found in the accessories of the
Hebrew text, e. g. in the numeration of the chapters and verses,
and in the Masoretic notes, but not in the text itself. Whethei
these or any other signs of number were ever employed by
the original writers of Scripture, or by the scribes in copying
it, may be a doubtful matter. It has been ingeniously con-
jectured, and with a show of plausibility, that some of the
discrepancies of numbers in the Old Testament may be
accounted for by assuming the existence of such a system of
symbols, in which errors might more easily arise than in fully
written words.
The Vowels.
§ 10. The letters now explained constitute the body of
the Hebrew text. These are aU that belonged to it in its
original form, and so long as the language was a living one
nothing more was necessary, for the reader could mentally
supply the deficiencies of the notation from his familiarity
with his native tongue. But when Hebrew ceased to be
spoken the case was different ; the knowledge of the true
pronunciation could no longer be presumed, and difficulties
would arise from the ambiguity of individual words and their
doubtful relation to one another. It is the design of the
Masoretic points ( fTnio'a tradition) to remedy or obviate these
inconveniences by supplying what was lacking in this mod(^
of writing. The authors of this system did not venture to
make any change in the letters of the sacred text. The signs
which they introduced were entirely supplement aiy, consist-
ing of dots and marks about the text fixing its true pronun-
§11 VOWELS. 13
ciatioii and auxiliary to its proper interpretation. This has
been clone Avith the utmost nicety and minuteness, and with
such evident accuracy and care as to make them rehable and
efficient if not indispensable helps. These points or signs are
of three kinds, 1. those representing the vowels, 2. those
affecting the consonants, 3. those attached to words.
a. As illustrations of the ambiguity both as to sound and sense of indi-
vidual words, when written by the letters only, it may be stated that "i-T
is in Gen. 12: 4 i3'n he spake, in Ex. 6: 29 na'n speak and li'-n speak-
ing, in Prov. 25: 11 "iS'n spoken, in Gen. 37 : 14 "^y^ word, in 1 Kin. 6 : 16 lin
the oracle or most holy place of the temple, in Ex. 9 : 3 "isn pestilence. So
p^""! is in Gen. 29 : 10 P'^.'f^ and he watered, and in the next verse pi^'^1
and he kissed; K3"'1 occurs twice in Gen. 29 : 23, the first time it is xi^;;, and
he brought, the second Nnj'i and he came; D'^na^ym is in Jer. 32 : 37 first
O-'rhuin^ and I will bring them again, and then D'^naiyn' and I will cause
them to dwell ; W'lZ'O is in Gen. 14 : 19 D'^n^y heaven, and in Isa. 5 : 20 D-iriia
putting. This ambiguity is, however, in most cases removed by the con-
nection in which the words are found, so that there is little practical diffi-
culty for one who is well acquainted with the language. Modern Hebrew
is commoily written and read without the points: and the same is true of
its kindred tongues the Syriac and Arabic, though each of these has a
system of points additional to the letters.
§ 11. 1. The alphabet, as has been seen, consisted exclu-
sively of consonants, since these were regarded as a sufficiently
exact representation of the syllables into which in Hebrew
they invariably enter. And the omission of the vowels occa-
sioned less embarrassment, because in the Semitic family of
languages generally, unlike the Indo-European, they form no
part, properly speaking, of the radical structure of the word,
and consequently do not aid in expressing its essential mean-
ing, but only its nicer shades and modifications. Still some
notation of vowels was always necessary, and this was furnish-
ed in a scanty measure by the vowel-letters, or, as they are
also called, quiescents, or ?/2(2^re5 lectionis (guides in reading).
The weakest of the palatals "^ was taken as the representative
of the vowels i and e of the same organ to which in sound
it bears a close affinity ; the weakest of the labials 1 was in
like manner made to represent its cognates u and o ; and the
14 ORTHOGRAPHY. §H
two weak gutturals x and ri were TVTitten for the guttural
vowel a, as well as for the coinpouiid vowels B aud 0 of which
a is one of the elements. Letters were more rarely employed
to represent short vowels ; n or "^ for c is the most frequent
case ; others are exceptional.
a. Medial fi when written at all, as it very rarely is, is denoted by K, e. g.
'C^h lAL JuJg. 4 : 21, axn dag Neh. 13: 16 K'thibh, nsp kam Hos. 10: 14,
bTSTS 'zuzel Lev. 16: 8, H'xi rash Prov. 10: 4 and in a few other passages,
r-iBX-i sometimes for ramolh, ~N1S tsavvar, -XDX^as Hos. 4 : 6 )( not an
error in the text perhaps for emasak ; final a. which is much more frequent-
ly written, is denoted by n, e. g. nba gala. H-^ia malkci, Hnx attn, rarely
and only as an Aramaeism by X. e. g. SSn Ithngga Isa. 19 : 17, sn-^p korhhn
Ezek. 27: 31 K'thibh, sn:j gabh^ha Ezek. 31 : 5 K'thibh. The writing of
c and I, 0 and u is optional in the middle of words but necessary at fhe end,
e. g. on^ns or o'^n'^ii tsivnthlm, "'n-'is tsivnlhl ; '>'y:i or liro shubhii. In
the former position "^ stands for the first pair of vowels, and 1 for the second,
e. g. npiria menlkoth^ '^nj'iOD ri'sugholhl; S for e and 0 so situated is rare
and exceptional, e. g. TTXi resh Prov. 6 : 11, 30 : 8, and perhaps 7x21 yanels
Eccles. 12: 5 ; rXT zolh, nsis poro//^ Ezek. 31 : 8, irx^jn bitstsolhav Ezek.
47: 11. At the end of words e is commonly expressed by ■*, and 0 by i,
though ti is frequently and X rarely employed for the same purpose, e. g.
•'Dba malkhey 13^^ malkO; ii'^n h'ye, nsns paT*0; xb /o. Final e is re
presented by n, medial e if written at all by "> , e. g. nini yiWye, nii^nn or
na'^nn tili'yena.
b. The employment of the vowel-letters in conformity with the scale
just given, is further governed, (1.) By usage, which is in many words and
forms almost or quite invariable; in others it fluctuates, thus sobhebh is
commonly ::no or 3210, only once a">:D 2 Kin. 8:21 ; ya'kobh is 3pyi ex-
cept in Jer." 33:26 where it is 2ip2"'; thease is n-:JiTi, but in Ex. 25: 31
nirrTi ; etham according to the analogy of similar grammatical forms would
be cnx, but in Ps. 19: 14 it is cn\s; hennr is in Jer. 2:11 written in both
the usual and an unusual way, i"'an and I'^ti-'n ; viHakhlm is czbo except
in 2 Sam. 11:1, where it is D-^sxbo; g'bhidoth is in Deut. 32:8 nbsa, in
Isa. 10: 13 nbiza , in Ps. 74:17 mbiiS; lo meaning not is xb, meaning fo
him is lb, tliough these are occasionally interchanged ; zri is written both
nT and IT; and po ns, id and XS. (2.) The indisposition to multiply the
vowel-letters unduly in the same word, e. g. 'lo^h mbx . 'loh'im c-'nbx ;
ndlhun lirD. jiU/tuiilm D"';r3 or ciirs. (3.) The increased tendency to their
employment in the later books of the Bible, e. g. ms koVih Dan. 11:6,
always elsewhere hd ; UJnip kodhesh Dan. 11 : 30, for u:np ; T'n ddvldh in
the books of Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah and Zechariah, elsewhere com-
monly iTi . Tiiis must, however, be taken with considerable abatement,
as is shown by such examples as addirlin n"'-i">nx Ex. 15: 10, C".lx Ezek.
32: 18.
It is to be observed that those cases in which X is used to record
vowels must be carefully d'slinguished from those in which it properly
^12
VOWELS.
15
belongs to the consonantal structure of the word, though from its weak
ness it may have lost its sound, as XSO matsa, "iTi'Xi rlshon. § 57, 2.
2. When used to represent the Hebrew vowels, a ia
sounded as in father, a as in fat^ B as in there, c as in met,
I as in machine, % as in pin, b as in note, o as in not, u as in
rule, and u as in fulL The quantity will be marked when
the vowels are long, but not when they are short.
§ 12. There are nine points or masoretic signs represent-
ing vowels (niyi2n motions, viz., by which consonants are
moved or pronounced) ; of these three are long, three short,
and three doubtful. They are shown in the following table,
the horizontal stroke indicating their position with reference
to the letters of the text.
Zon^ Vowels.
ya^ Ka'-mets a
""nk Tse'-re B
Dbin Hho'-lem o
Short Vowels.
nns Pat-tahh a ~
bto Se'-ghol t -
?j^bn "}r,2^ Ka'-mets Hha-tuph' o -
Doubtful Vowels,
yrh Hhl'-rik — f or ^
pn^fe Shu'-rek
^-r^^i Kib'-buts
'A
u or u
All these vowel-points are written under the hitter after
which they are pronounced except two, viz., Hholem and
Shiuek. Hholem is placed over the left edge of the letter
to which it belongs, and is thus distinguished from the
accent Il'bhi^ which is a dot over its centre. When fol-
lowed by t or preceded by to it coincides with the diacritical
point over the letter, e. g. nT;Ji3 mbshe, xiis sbnB ; when it
follows to or precedes to it is written over its opposite arm,
16 ORTHOGRAPHY. ^12
e. g. "I'bis shbmBr, ilJS'ip firjjos. Its presence in these cases
must accordingly be determined by the circumstances. If
preceded by a letter without a vowel-sign, "0 will be us/i and
TO OS ,' if it have itself no vowel-sign, to wiU be sO and to s/io,
except at the end of words. Shurek is a dot in the
bosom of the letter Vav, thus ^. It will be observed that
there is a double notation of the vowel u. AVhen there is a
1 in the text this vowel, whether long or short, is indicated
by a single dot within it, and called Shurek ; in the absence
of 1 it is indicated by three dots placed obliquely beneath
the letter to which it belongs, and called Kibbuts.
a. The division of the vowels given above differs from the common
one into five long and five short, according to which Hhirik is counted aa
two, viz., Hliiiik magnum '^. =: Z, and Hhirik parvum -r = ij and Shurek
is reckoned a distinct vowel from Kibbuts, the I'ormer being u and tlie hitter
u. To this tliere are two objections. (1.) It confuses the masoretic signs
witli the letters of the text, as though tliey were coeval with them and
formed part of the same primitive mode of writing, instead of being quite
distinct in origin and character. Tiie masoretic vowel-sign is not"*, but
— . Tlie punctuators never introduced the letter "" into the text; they
found it already written precisely where it is at present, and all that they
did was to add the point. And instead of using two signs for i, as they
had done in the case of a, e, and o, they used but one, viz., a dot beneath
the letter, whether i was long or short. The confusion of things thus sep-
arate in their nature was pardonable at a time when the points were sup-
posed to be an original constituent of the sacred text, but not now when
their more recent origin is universally admitted. (2.) It is inaccurate.
The distinction between "^ . and -r-, 1 and T, is not one of quantity, for I
and u are expressed indifferently with or without Yodh and Vav.
Gesenius. in his Lehrgebiiude. while he retains the division of the
vowels into five long and five short, admits that it is erroneous and calcu-
lated to mislead ; and it has been discarded by Rodiger in the latest edi-
tions of his smaller grammar. That whic.h was proposed by Gesenius,
liowever. as a ."substitute, is perplexed and obscure, and for this reason, if
there were no others, is unfitted for the wants of pupils in the early stage
of their progress. On the other hand, the triple arrangement here
adopted after liie example of Evvald, has the recommendation not only of
clearness and correctness, but of being, instead of an innovation, a return to
old opinions. The scheme of five long and five short vowels originated
with Mo.ses and David Kimchi, who were led to it by a comparison of the
Latin and its derivatives. From them it was adopted by Reuchlin in his
Rudimeiita Hebraica, and thus became current among Christians. The
Jewisli grammarians, betbre tlie Kimcliis, however, reckoned Kibbuts anti
Sl.urek as one vowel, Hhirik aa one, and even Kamels and Kamet»
§13 VOWELS. 17
Hhatuph as one on account of the identity of the symbol employed to
represent them. They thus made out seven vowels, the same number as
in Greek, where the distinction into long, short and doubtful also pre-
vails. That the literary impulses of the Orientals were chiefly received
from the Greeks is well known; that the suggestion of a vowel-system
came to the Syrians from this quarter is certain, both from direct testi
rnony to this effect and from the shapes of their vowels, which still betray
their origin. May not the Hebrews have learned something from the
same school ?
b. The names of the vowels, with the exception of Karaets-Hhatuph
contain the sounds of the vowels which they are intended to represent,
Kibbuts in the last, the others in their first syllable. Their signification
le indicative either of the figure of the vowel or the mode of pronouncing
it. Kamels and Kibbuts, contraction^ i. 'j. of the mouth ; Pattahh, open-
ing j Tsere, bursting forth ; Qeghol, cluster of grapes ; Hhirik. gnashing ;
Hholem, strength; Kamets-Hhatuph, hurried Kamets; Shurek, whistli^ig.
It is a curious circumstance that notwithstanding the diversity of the
voAvel-systems in the Syriac, Arabic, and Hebrew, the name Pattahh is
common to them all.
§13. This later and more complete method of noting
the vowels does not displace but is superinduced upon the
scanty one previously described. Hence it comes to pass
that such vowels as were indicated by letters in the first in-
stance are now doubly written, i. e. both by letters and
points. By this combination each of the two methods serves
to illustrate and explain the other. Thus the added signs
determine whether the letters "'irix (which have been formed
into the technical word ''ins< EVvi) are in any given case to
be regarded as vowels or as consonants. If these letters are
themselves followed by a vowel or a Sh'va, §16, or have a
Daghesh forte, §23, they retain their consonant sound ; for
two vowels never come together in Hebrew, and Sh'va and
Daghesh forte belong only to consonants : thus ^''^p kbvekdy
niS'a mitsvoth (where 2 being provided with a separate point,
the Hholem must belong after 1), t\)ir\ vliCiyCi Dtp kit/yam.
Otherwise they quiesce in a preceding or accompanying
vowel-sign, provided it is homogeneous with themselves ;
that is to say, they have the sound indicated by it, the vowel-
sign merely interpretmg what was originally denoted by the
18 ORTIIOGRAPnr. §11
letter. E and i are iioiiiogcncous to "^ , o and u io*\ ^ and
these being the only vowels which they were ever employed
to represent, they can quiesce in no others ; thns "'3, bi, "^^
■jit, s"*! //v, ia bo, ^b III, bnt "'^to suraj/, "^ia (/u^, ''■iSa g^l^iy,
'\Pitdv, il?!? sMltv, IT z'lv ; the corabination 'T'^ is prononnced
dv, "i^y and liy i/wi/!;, T'rio and "no sthav. A, e, and o
are homogeneons to K and n . These letters deviate so far
from the rule just given that S from its extreme weakness
not only quiesces when it is properly a vowel-letter, but may
give up its consonant soimd and character after any vowel
whatever, e. g. sissu tUB, Tii's^T rlshda, n:^s«E jjiu^Ci ; n is
never used as a vowel-letter except at the end of words, and
there it always quiesces unless it receives a Mappik, §26.
(7. As a letter was scarce'y ever used to express o, the qniescence of "
In Kamets-Hhatuph is very rare, and where it does occur the margin
always substitutes a reading without tiie i, e. g. f^^^t"^ Jer. 27:20,
cir-n Rzeif. 27: 15. "'ii""'"?"!"^^ Ps. 30:4. iH-TijO-^ I.sa. 44 : 17. "biab Jer.
33 : S. Vi-bina^ Nah. 1:3. in ri-'rx 2 Chron. '8:18. and ^P'TaaDeut.
32: 13, "1 represents or quiesces in the still briefer 6 of Hhateph-Kamets,
§ 16. 3.
b. In a Cqw proper names medial ri quiesces at the end of the first
member of the compound, e. g. ^iknns Num. 1 : 10, ij^nb" 2 Sam. 2: 19,
also written bx-n",^? 1 Chron. 2: 16. In such words as nnriD Jer. 22:6,
nssr Deut. 21 : 7. n does not quiesce in Kibbuts, for the points belong to
the marginal readings I^WS , issiy § 46.
§11. On the other hand the vowel-letters shed light
upon the stability of the vowels and the quantity of the
doubtful signs. 1. As / was scarcely ever and ti seldom
represented by a vowel-letter, Ilhirik with Yodh (">.) is almost
invariably long and Shurek (i) commonly so. 2. The occa-
sional absence in individual cases of the vowel-letters, does
not determine the quantity of the signs for i and /( ; but
Iheir uniform absence in any particular words or forms makes
it almost certain that the vowel is short. 3. The occasional
presence of 1 and ■• to represent one of their homogeneous
'ong vowels proves nothing as to its character ; but if in any
§ 15, 16 VOWELS. 19
word or form these letters are regularly written, the vowel is,
as a general rule, immutable. When 1 and "* stand for theii
long homogeneous vowels, these latter are said to be written
fully, e. g. ^ip ^ul, i"^? mr, niia mut/i ; without these quies-
cent letters they are said to be written defectively, e. g
Ti^ipn Ifhlimtkl, cias kdmds,
a. Hhirik with Yodh is short in 1"'Fi''^f7.,l vah^mittlv 1 Sam. 17:35
?;^rinp->2 bikWrOlhekha Ps. 45 : 10, -nri;3^i ''likk'hath Prov. 30 : 17. In
^r'F;'^^ 1 Chron. 12 : 1, 20. i is probahly long, although the word is always
elsewhere written without the Yodh; as it sometimes has a secondary
accent on the first syllable and sometimes not (see 1 Sam. 30: 1), it may
have had a twofold pronunciation tslk'lag, and tsikJag. Shurek as u ia
of much more frequent occurrence, e. g. "'few hluikke, ciiJix^ Vummlm,
nsm hhukka Ps. 102 : 5, fi-'ia^-i^X 2 Chron. 2 ;7, ns^lT Ezek. 16 : 34.
§15. The vowels may be further distinguished into pure,
a, i, u, and diphthongal, e, o ; e being a combination of a and
i, or intermediate between them, and o holding the same re-
lation to a and u.
Sh'va.
§16. 1. The absence of a vowel is indicated by — Sh'va
(SltD emptiness, or as written by Chayug, the oldest of Jew-
ish grammarians, sn©), which serves to assure the reader that
one has not been inadvertently omitted. It is accordingly
placed under all voweUess consonant? except at the end of
words, where it is regarded as unnecessary, the absence of a
vowel being there a matter of course. If, however, the last
letter of a word be "] , or if it be immediately preceded by
another vowelless letter, or be doubled by the point called
Daghesh-forte, § 23, Sh'va is written to preclude the doubt
which is possible in these cases, e. g. ai"i'at3'Q, 1\bb)2, pTpp,
'^y^^, ^^, ^r]?. Sh'va is not given to a quiescent letter,
since it represents not a consonant but a vowel, e. g. •^p"'2''n,
nor as a general rule to a final consonant preceded by a
20 ORTHOGRAPHY. § 115
quiesc(;nfc ; tlius in«iDn , rsii Ruth 3:4; tT>^m Isa. G2 : 3,
though in this case it is sometimes written, e, g. ri^?^ 2 Sam.
14 : 3 ; rr^^nn 2 Sam. 14 -. 2 ; n-^-ini Judg. 13 : 3; rsi-n
1 Kin. 11 : 13. 55 at the end of a word, preceded either by
a vowelless letter or a quiescent, is termed otiant, and is left
unpointed, e. g. i^'jn snH xiin x^n .
a. Final ^ may receive Sh'va for the sake of distinction not only from
T| , as already suggested, but also from 1 with which it might be in danger
of being conlbunded in manuscripts; Freytag conjectures that it is prop-
erly a.part of the letter, like the stroke in the corresponding final i^ \\\
Arabic. In such forms as "'"'^S'l Sh'va is omitted with the closing letters
because the "^ is not sounded.
2. Sh'va may be either silent (n3 quiescens), or vocal
(y3 mobile). At the close of syllables it is silent. But at the
beginning of a syllable the Hebrews always facilitated the
pronunciation of concurrent consonants by the introduction
of a hiatus or slight breathing between them ; a Sh'va so
situated is consequently said to be vocal, and has a sound
approaching that of a hastily uttered e, as in given. This
will be represented by an apostrophe, thus, iS'l'aa b'midhbar,
DP'li^S phadhtem,
a. According to Kimchi (Mikhlol fol. 189) Sh'va was pronounced in
three different ways, according to circumstances. (1.) Before a guttural
it inclined to the sound of the following vowel, e. g. 'iSX';' i/abbSc/h, rxia
t'elh, >i?n d"u, and if accompanied by Methogh. §44. it had the full sound
of that vowel, e. g. isir mil. "^nn (Ihht, cBirb loolam. (2.) Before Yodh
it incUned to /, e. g. -p?''3 b'ycfkobh^ oi-'S k'yonu and with Methegh waa
sounded as Hhirik, e. g. i^a biyadli. (3.) Before any other letter it in-
•Ijned to a. e. g. nina b"rakha, D''l5"'ba g'lllivu and with Methegh was
pronounced as Pattahh niBripiaa batnakhelclh.
3. Sh'va may, again, be simple or compound. Some-
times, particularly when the first consonant is a guttr.ral,
which from its weakness is in danger of not being distinctly
heard, the hiatus becomes still more audible, and is assimi-
lated in sound to the short guttural vowel a, or the diph-
thongal e or 0, into which it enters. This assimilation is rep-
§17 vowET.a. 21
resented by combining tlie sign for Sli'va with tliose for the
short vowels, thus forming what are called the compound
Sh'vas in distinction from the simpie Sh'va previously ex-
plained.
These are,
Hhateph-Pattahh ~; thus, ^b? ""modh.
Hhatcph-Seghol ~; thus, ^bj« %idr.
lihateph-Kamets tt; thus, "'bH JihHi.
a. Hhateph (w|bn snatching) denotes the rapidity of utterance or the
hurried character of the sounds represented by these symbols.
b. The compound Sh'vas, though for the moat part restricted to the
gutturals, are occasionally written under other consonants in place of sim-
ple Sh'va. to indicate more distinctly that it is vocal: thus, Hhateph-
Pattahh =!iT!i Gen. 2:12, W'Z'^in Gen. 27:38: Hhateph-Kamets nhpb
Gen. 2 : 23, nsririrx Jer. 31 : 33 ; but never Hhateph-Seghol except
f^^jba 2 Sam. 6:5 in some editions, e. g. that of Stephanus. This is
done with so little uniformity that the same word is difterently written in
this respect, e. g. 'T^^'s? 2 Kin. 2 : 1, ir'j^ps ver, 11.
Pattahh Furtive.
§17. A similar hiatus or slight transition sound was
used at the end of words in connection with the gutturals.
When y , n , or the consonantal <i at the end of words is pre-
ceded by a long heterogeneous vowel (i. e. another than a),
or is followed by another vowelless consonant, it receives a
Pattahh furtive — , which resembles in sound an extremely
short a, and is pronounced before the letter under which it
is written, e. g. n^-i rW/Ji, ?^t? shamif' , ^'k>^ mag]ihi%,
n?i2© shamdH, "in^ yV'UM.
a. Some grammarians deny that Pattahh furtive can be found under a
penultimate guttural, contei\ding that the vowel-sign is in such cases a
proper Pattahh. and that ri>;';« should accordingly be read shamaat, and
«|n- yihhad. But both tlie Sh'va under the final letter, §16, and the
Daghesh-lene in it, § 21. show that the guttural is not followed by a vowel.
The ?ign beneath it must consequently be Pattahh furtive, and represent
an antecedent vowel-sound. In some manuscripts Pattahh furtive is writ-
ten as Hhateph-Pattahh, or even as simple Sh'va ; thus, 5">p"i or 3Jip"i fo(
22 orthogkaphy. ^18
Syllables.
pS. 1. Syllables are formed by the combination of
consonants and vowels. As two vowels never come toiiretlici
o
in the same word in Hebrew without an intei-vening conso-
nant, there can never be more than one vowel in the same
syllable ; and with the single exception of 'i occurring at the
beginning of words, no syllable ever consists of a vowel
alone. Every syllable, with the exception just stated, must
begin with a consonant, and may begin with two, but never
with more than two. Syllables ending with a vowel, whether
represented by a quiescent letter or not, are called simple,
e. g. ^y^VJchCi, nbiy o-la. (The first syllable of this second
example begins, it will be perceived, with the consonant y ,
though this disappears in the notation given of its somid.)
Syllables ending with a consonant, or, as is possible at the
close of a word, with two consonants, are said to be mixed :
thus urpy^ kam-tem, P^P^^i hCi-lakht. As the vocal Sh'vas,
whether simple or compound, are not vowels j)roperly speak-
ing, but simply involuntaiy transition sounds, they, with the
consonants under which they stand, cannot form distinct
syllables, but are attached to that of the following vowel.
Pattahh furtive in like manner belongs to the syllable formed
by the preceding vowel. Thus ?iiT z ro'^, ''V^ °ni are mono-
syllables.
2. Long vowels always stand in simple syllables, and
short vowels in mixed syllables, unless they be accented.
But accented syllables, whether simple or mixed, may con-
tain indifferently a long or a short vowel.
a. The following may serve as a specimen of the division of Hebrew
words into their proper pyllables ; thus.
cnx o'^n'^x ttna Di^3 ens nnbi'n "^ed irt
ft-dha'm 'lO-hi'ra b'ro' b'yo'm a-dha'm to-1'diio'th ee'-pher ze'
Gen. 5 : I. irx nuir C'fi'rs rs-i-ia
O-tho' a-sa' ""lo-hi'm bidh-niQ'th
§19 SYLLABLES. 23
6. The reason of tne ruie Tor the quantity of syllables appears to be
this. In consequence of their brevity, ihe short vowels required the ad
dition of a ibliovving consonant to make the utterance full and complete,
unless the want of this was compensated by the greater energy of pronun-
ciation due to the accent. The long vowels were sufficiently complete
without any such addition, though they were capable of receiving it under
the new energy imparted by the accent. This pervading regularity,
which is so striking a feature of the Hebrew language, was the foundation
of the systeina mornrum advocated by some of the older grammarians of
Holland and Germany. The idea of this was, that each syllable waa
equal to three viorae, that is, three rests, or a bar of three beats ; a long
vowel being equivalent to two 7norae, or two beats, a short vowel to one,
and the initial or final consonant or consonants also to one : thus n^i?;^
k (1) + a (2) = 3, t (1) + a (1) + It (1) = 3. An accented syllable
might have one mora or beat either more or less than the normal quan-
tity. This system was not only proposed by way of grammatical explana-
tion, but also made the basis of a peculiar theory ot Hebrew prosody. See
Gesenius, Geschichte d. Heb. Sprache, p. 123.
c. The cases in which short vowels occur in unaccented simple sylla-
bles, are all due to the disturbing influence exerted by the weak letters
upon the normal forms of words; thus, rrn ha-elh is for rrri, and N^nr
ha-hu for hah-hu : such words as Xir-n . X~B, Kbc, n^in. n^p are formed
after the analogy of T)^^. A long vowel in an unaccented mixed syllable
is found in but one word, and that of foreign origin, '^SS'i^ijba bel-Vshdts-
tsd? , though here, as in the majority of instances falling under the previ-
ous remark, the syllable receives, if not the primary, yet the secondary
accent, e. g. Tm''"n, n'^nnn . lai'.n. The same is the case when a long
vowel is retained before Makkeph, e. g. '^p~ra. In the Arabic, which is
exceedingly rich in vowels, there are comparatively few mixed syllables;
nearly every consonant has its own vowel, and this more frequently short
than long. The Chaldee, which is more sparing in its use of vowels than
the Hebrew, observes in general the same rule with respect to the quan-
tity of syllables, though not with the same inflexible consistency.
Ambiguous Signs.
§19. It will now be possible, by aid of the principles
already recited, to determine the quantity of the doubtful
vowels, and to remove the ambiguity which appears to exist
in certain vowel-signs.
1, Hhirik, Shurek, and Kibbuts, in unaccented simple
syllables, must be long, and in unaccented mixed syllables,
short, e. g. tjn^;' or iiJT. yi-rash, ^in;^ yihh-nu, i^^n5 or iSna
ghliii-lo, ^i\ or "i^t^ yuUadh, 0^3 or D;ii3 kul-lam, ^ri>^
24 ORTIIOGRArilY. §19
or *^'tTQ mCtKzzl. In accented syllables, whether simple or
mixed, they are always long, e. g. nn^iri or uvr^'Si sl-hhu, "''? /Z,
bnj or b?2a (fbhid, ^nirn-i or in^is^^ cVra-shii-lui, the only ex-
ception being that llhirik is short in the monosyllabic parti-
cles DX , tJN, as?, "jTa, and in some abbreviated verbal forms
of the class called Lamedh-He, e. g. T^;}, airn, ztT'^ .
The only cases of remaining doubt are those in which
these vowels are followed by a letter with Sh'va, either sim-
ple or compound. If the former, it might be a question
whether it was silent or vocal, and consequently whether the
syllable was simple or mixed. If the latter, though the syl-
lable is of course simple, the weak letter which follows may
interfere with the operation of the law. Here the etymology
must decide. The vowel is long or short as the grammatical
form may require ; thus in n^n';', tjSnn , i!5-nx'ii Gen. 22 : 8,
which follow the analogy of '^J?"? , and in ''^29 Isa. 10:3-i,
iiria;? the first vowel is short ; in nibna , T^^ir;' the first vowel
is long. In a few instances the grammatical form in which
Hhirikis employed is itself doubtful ; the distinction is then
made by means of Methegh, §44, which is added to the vowel-
sign if it is long, but uot if it is short ; thus, ^K">';' yi-rii, from
xn^ to fear, and ^bis;' yislinu from '^1 to sleep ; but ^sv
yir-u from nkn to see, and ^bc;! yish-nu from r.jr to do a
second time.
2. Kamets a and Kamets-IIhatnph o are both repre-
sented by the same sign ( t ), but may be distinguished by
rules similar to tliose just given. In an unaccented simple
syllable it is Kamets ; in an unaccented mixed syllable it is
Kamets-ITliatuph ; in an accented syllable, whether simple
or mixed it is Kamets, e. g. 13"=? dd-bhdr, ''rEn hhoph-shl,
nitt mO'Veth, tmi^ Idm-ma, D'^ra hot-tim. Before a letter with
simple Sh'va, the distinction is mostly made by Methegh,
§44 ; without ^Tethegh it is always Kamets-llhatu])h, with
it connnonly Kamets, e. g. "'CDn liltokli-unl, n'osn hhd-Kli'md.
Before a guttural with Ilhateph-Kamets or Kamets- lihaluph
§19 AMBIGUOUS SIGNS. 25
it is frequently 6, tliougli standing in a simple syllable and
accompanied by Metliegli, e. g. '''^ns bo-hh^ri, D"?^<J^ io'
obhcUiBm. The surest criterion, however, and in many cases
the only decisive one, is ' found in the etymology. If the
vowel be derived from Hholem, or the grammatical form re-
quires an 0 or a short vowel, it is Kamets-Hhatuph ; but if
it be derived from Pattahh, or the form requires an <z or a
long vowel, it is Karaets : thus f^'i^3a«l with the prefixed con-
junction vo'^7iiyyot]i, <^tr^v} with the article liii°niyija ; "''227;; in
the Hophal yd'madh, ^nn^fn;' Isa. 44 : 13 in the Piel ytha"-
rehu. The first vowel is u in Dl^'^rii from "in"i, D'^ilJ";;? from
ir^p, D^TSTiZJ from ffi-iTiJ, ''^"n;5Tsy Isa. 38 : 14, ^>"nn)5 Num. 22 :
11, ■'^"nns "Num. 23 : 7 and the like, and the first two vow-
els in such words as obbys from ^vi, DDCij'a Isa. 30 : 12 from
t'^iz, Dbnn]5 Deut. 20 : 2, Tiro;;? Hos. 13 : 14, ^r^]i 2 Chron.
10:10, nif-bni? 2 Kin. 15:10, because they are shortened
from Hholem. On the other hand the first vowel is a in
i-hnio Job 16:19 from "iniiJ, D^Lnn from irnn, \n^a from
ni32, and in S^v'?'?, ^^^1? and the like, because it is originally
and properly Kamets. The word ^^i^'^„ is in Ps. 86 : 2 the
imperative sJiomru, in Job 10:12 the preterite shdmrd.
a. In a very few instances Kamets-Hhatuph is found in a syllable
bearing a conjunctive accent, viz.: ''S'li Ps. 38:21, ^3 Ps. 35: 10, also
Prov. 19: 7 (in some copies), and in the judgment of Ewald 'iJp Judg.
19 : 5, comp; ver. 8 and 255 Ezek. 41 : 25 ; in Dan. 11 : 12 d^ti the points
belong to the marginal reading Dtl, and the vowel is consequently Ka-
mets. There are also a few cases in which Kamets remains in a mixed
syllable, deprived of its accent by Makkeph, §43, without receiving
Methegh, viz. : -rro Ps. 16 : 5, -y^i Ps. 55: 19, 22. "=5 Ps. 74:5; and a
final unaccented Kamets is not affected by the insertion of Daghesh-forte
conjunctive, § 24, in the initial letter of the following word, e. g. Offi nriir^
Gen. 31 : 13. When an accent takes the place of Methegh. it serves
equally to distinguish fl from o, e. g. 'E5;i Ex. 21:22 T^nagh''phu, ^~::'9l
Ex. 21 : 35 umakWru. §45. 5.
b. Inasmuch as t^'^np is derived from "inia mnhhdr, its first vowel
might be suspected to be a; but as it is so constantly written with
Hhateph-Kamets, the preceding vowel is probably conformed to it. • It is
consequently regarded and pronounced as 6. Kimchi (Mikhlol, fol. 188)
declares that the first vowel in "pi'n 1 Sam. 13: 21, nirnnti Eccles. 12 : 11
26 ORTIIOGRAniY. ^ 20
and "i^b^ Num. 21 : 7 was universally held to be Kamols?. and that with the
exception of Kabbi Jonaii ben Gannach, wl\o was of a contrary mind, the
same unanimity prevailed in regard to the first vowel of "1^71^ Ezek. 40r
43. As, iiowever, this last word is in every otlier place written without
the Methegh, and there is no analogy lor such words as those mentioned
above having Q. in their initial syllable, the best authorities are now agreed
that the vowel is 6. and the words are accordingly read dorbli&n. etc. In
^t'::2 junjter, and f"P"in enifvuld. Ezek. 28: 13. which are mentioned by
Kimchi in tiie same connection, the fir.<;t vowel is Kamets.
c. In some manuscripts and a few of the older printed books, e. g. Ste-
phanas' Hebrew Bible and Reuchlin's Rudimenta Hebraica, Kamets-
Ilhatuph is denoted by ( t: ). It then differs from Kamets, but is liable to
be confounded with Hhateph-Kamets. It can. however, be distinguishea
from it by the circumstance that Kamels-Hhatuph is always followed
either by simple Sh'va, Daghesh-forte, or Methegh ; none of which ever
immediately succeed Hhateph-Kamets. Such a form as "i^^.l^ Ezek. 26: 9
in the editions of Michaclis and Van der Hoo^ht is an impossihle one if ( t: )
have its ordinary meaning.
d. It is surprising that in so minute and careful a system of orthogra-
phy as that of the Masorites, there should be no symbol for v distinct frort
that for a; and some have felt constrained in consequence to suppose that
the signs for these two vowels were originally different, but became
assimilated in the course of transcription. This seems unlikely, however.
The probability is that a and 6. whose resemblance even we can perceive,
were so closely allied in the genuine Hebrew pronunciation, that one sign
was thought sufficient to represent them, especially as the Masorites were
intent simply on indicating sounds without concerning themselves with
granmiaticai relations.
§ 20. 1. As simple Sh'va is vocal at the beginning of a
syllable and silent at its close, there can be no doubt as to its
character Avlien it stands under initial or final letters. Pre-
ceding the first vowel of a word it must of course be vocal,
and following the last vowel it must be silent, ori^^J z'khartCim,
nnbT zOkhart. In the middle of a word, the question Avliether
it belongs to the syllable of the preceding or the folfowing
vowel must be determined by the circumstances. If a com-
plete syllable precedes, that is, either an unaccented long
vowel or a vowelless consonant serving as the complement
of a previous short vowel, it is vocal. If it be preceded by
a sliort vowel which cannot make a com})lete syllable with-
out the aid of a following consonant, or by a long accented
^ 21 DAGHESH-LENE. 27
vowel, it is silent : '^"13T zo-Ic7irB, ^"^stn tiz-kWu, ^"^ST -^^/(7/-? a,
njVtbpn lildbl-na. Sh'va under a letter doubled by Daghesh
forte, § 23, is vocal, sucli a letter being equivalent to two^
the first of which completes the previous syllable, and the
second begins the syllable which follows : D"^n3Tri = Q^^stt*^
haz-zkhdrlm.
2. In addition to this it is to be remarked that Sh'va is
vocal after what may be called intermediate syllables ; that
is to say, when the consonant under which it stands per-
forms, as it occasionally does, the double office of completing
one syllable and beginning the next. Thus, when it follows
a consonant from which Daghesh-forte has been omitted,
^T^l??!*!! vayhhak'sliU for vay-yhhali-h'shu, or the first of two
similar letters, in order that the reduplication may be made
more distinct, ^"ibn haVlu, ri^bp? kiClatli, iS'pa UiVlo, ■''ibx
aVlay, '^j^i^n Jihik'ke, and in several other cases, which \\ ill be
more particularly described in § 22.
a. The same double office is performed by gutturals beginning one
syllable and yet inclining to complete the one before jt. §18. 2. c. In
r^n, for example. S belongs in a measure to both syllables. It properly
begins the second, and yet it is preceded by a short vowel just as if it
ended the first, which is accordingly to be reckoned an intermediate sylla-
ble, being in strictness neither simple nor mixed, but partaking of the
nature of both.
Daghesh-Lene.
§21. The second class of signs added to the Hebrew
text are those which are designed to guide in the pronuncia-
tion of the consonants. These are the diacritical point over
Shin, Daghesh-lene, Daghesh-forte, Mappik, and Raphe.
The use of the first of these has already been sufficiently
explained, § 3. 1.
1. Daghesh-lene ('^p ttJ^'^) is a point inserted in the six
letters n s d "i ^ n (technically called B'ghadli ICjjJudh),
to indicate the loss of their aspiration, e. g. l bh, 3 b, etc.
28 ORTHOGRAPHY. § 21
As these letters are always aspirated after a voAvel-sound,
however slight, and never as an initial utterance or when fol-
lowing a consonant, they invariably require Daghesh-lene
whenever they are not immediately preceded by a vowel or
a vocal Sh'va. It is consequently inserted in the initial
aspirate of a word which begins a verse, tT'T^sina Gen. 1:1,
or which follows a word bearing a disjunctive accent (inas-
much as this represents a pause of longer or shorter dura-
tion), ^S3 in^n^ Ex. 1 : 1, "js 1 nn? Gen. 3 : 22, or ending in a
consonant, V^^'-s , "'s-i'i n-'bi^ Gen. 24 : 42 ; but not if it fol-
lows a word ending in a vowel and having a conjunctive
accent, oinri "Ce, ^nin nn-jn Gen. 1:2. The sacred name
njro is followed by Daghesh-lene, even though it may have a
conjunctive accent. Num. 10 : 29, Dent. 3 : 26, Josh. 10 : 30,
11:8, Ps. 18:21, because in reading the Jews always sub-
stitute for it the word ""i^i!;, which ends in a consonant. In
a very few cases, however, e. g. on ■'D-s? Ps. 68 : 18, ^r.hn^
Isa. 34:11, nn lb',y Ezek. 23:42, Daghesh-lene is not in-
serted after a vowel-letter, which retains its consonant sound.
2. Daghesh-lene is inserted in a medial or final aspirate
preceded by a vowelless consonant, whether this be accom-
panied by silent Sh'va or Pattahh furtive, e. g. r>ir)9?' ^?^^;
but not if it be preceded by a vowel or vocal Sh'va, whether
simple or compound, e. g. rr^in^, DJ?'7^? •
a. The primary signification of the name Dairhosli is roiiimonly ex-
plained from the Syriac wa>^? (c:'n), to wliich CastellCis in liis lexicon
gives tiie sense of piercing. This is by some applied to the puncture or
point which is its written sign, by others to its power of sliarpening the
Bound of letters by removing their aspiration or doubling them. Buxtorf,
however, in his Chaldee Lexicon, disputes the existence of such a root in
oither Syriac orClialdee. alleging that in Prov. 12: 18, the passage quoted
to prove the word, the true reading is ]1^ (wSmi). The six letters which
receive Daghesh-lene in Hebrew have the same twofojd pronunciation m
Syriac, a red dot called RukhoKh {^oh .trftvesx). being written beneath
them when they were to be aspirated, and another called Kushoi («wk-4raj
hardness), being written above them when they were not.
§ 22 DAGHESH-LENE. 29
b. Grammarians are not agreed whether the aspirated or unappiraled
eound of these consonants was the original one. There being no data for
the settlement of the question, each decides it by his own theory of pho-
netic changes. The correctness of the Masoretic punctuation has some
times been questioned in regard to this matter, on the ground of the im
probability of such fluctuation in the sound of these letters in the sam«
word. But besides the Syriac analogy just referred to, the Sanskrit lan-
guage shows the almost unlimited extent to which euphonic changes may
be carried by a people possessing a sensitive and discriminating ear. The
Sanskrit aspirates, besides being subjected to other mutations which can-
not here be detailed, regularly lose their aspiration when finals, and under
certain conditions when medials, throwing it back, where this is possible,
upon a previous letter. Bopp Kritische Grammatik, pp. 30. 42. Similar
laws prevail to some extent in Greek, e. g. 6pii, Tptp(os; rpicjiw, ^pe'i/zw; Ovw,
lrvdr]v ; ovk e;^w, oup( e^co ; /i,€^' vixiv.
§ 22. The absence of Dagliesli-lene in an aspirate some-
times shows a preceding simple Sh'va to be vocal when this
would not otherwise have been known. In most of the cases
referred to, a letter originally belonging to the succeeding
syllable is by the prefixing of a short vowel drawn back to
complete the syllable before it ; instead, however, of giving
up its previous connection altogether, it forms an interme-
diate syllable, § 20. 2, the Sh'va remaining vocal though the
antecedent vowel is short ; thus, l^b Vhltabh with the prefix
3 becomes sibs birbhabh, not 33ba bil-babh.
a. The particular instances in which this may occur are the following,
viz. : (1) The Kal imperative of verbs and the Kal infinitive with suffixes,
e. g. Iis^, 'i'^33 , DT^S , ^in^S from *ib?. ; yet with occasional exceptions, as
D=S0i<3 Lev.' 23 : 39. (2) Those forms of Pe Guttural verbs in which the
first radical assumes a short vowel in place of the silent Sh'va in the reg
ular inflexion, e. g. ^I'lnS"', D'nDSn for !i^2:J•', mam. (3) The construct
plural of nouns ■i"i2:y from Ci^?. , ni'srs from m'srs, ninin from ninnn,
though with occasional exceptions, as ''B -;'] Cant. 8 : C, but "'STlJ-i Ps. 76 : 4,
•^'•^yi-S. Isa. 5 : 10, PiQ"in Ps. 69 : 10, ^313 Gen. 50: 23, but cn-^ana .Tudg. 7:6;
■i")a3. "inas from 153 are peculiar in omitting Daghesh in the singular with
suffixes. (4) Three feminine nouns ending in ri, r^isba from "^^, r^'ib^
from lb/;!,, r-i3S (only occurring with suffixes) from 133?, but not rl'n"i^
Also a few other nouns of different forms, viz.: D'^nsn^. but '^ns"^'^, ^ssd,
''iy,, 'J"^'?"J^, D""i3i,'?, "O^X, ^i<f?p;' Josh. 15 : 38^ ' C3."ip7 Josh. 15':'56.
(5) After prefixes, as He interrogative, e.g. cn!>'i';in Gen. 29:5 from
■^^^lo and inseparable prepositions, e. g. "i"'!S'i^ from I'^a'n , riina from rS'n,
"ia*n3 from "iS'^j. Usage is not -initbrm in the case of Kal infinitives follow-
30 ORTHOGRAPHY. ^23
ing iiificparablc prepositions, e. g. -"'nrb, :".r:3; ^2:2, 'E:* , Vs:b; sia^^
lea. 31 :4. N'dsb Num. 4:23, 8:24; nisi?, -lijs. (6) The'sufTixes of the
Becoiid piTson ?}, C3. "(3 never receive Uaghesh-lene, r,:3. ci/ipa.
TliLsi) :ules are sometimes of importance in etymoJofry; thus. T^^siiTS
Ezi'k. 27:12 must have as its ground form li-JS, not "I'Z^S ; atul c£"ix
Hos. 7 ;6, =2""^ Ps. 90: 10 cannot be infinitives with suflixee. but must be
from the segliolates 2";j<. rnn.
j b. The omission of Diighci>h-lcne in the final letter of hD'PI Prov. 30: 6,
abbreviated from rpO'in or Cip/in , is exceptional. The Daghesh occasion-
nlly occurring in initial aspirates alter words ending in a vowel and having
a conjunctive accent, is best explained not as an exception to tlie ordinary
rules, but as Dairhe^h forte conjunctive. §> 24. e. g. "jSJa '^^"'^ Gen. 11 : 31
and elsewhere, 'ti n:j-ix Gen. 46:28, njis njjj Ex. 15:1. 21, tnbxj !IT Ex.
15: 13. r.cfe r.^rn Deut. 16: 1 (comp. l:b n-^''qs Gen. 20:9). cs '"'T?'*7
Deut. 31:2S (romp, -"l nysxn Isa. 8:2), niirS ^•^":1 Josh. 8:24, 10^20,
y~^\ '"^r.'i Gen. 35:29. 12 nrrjisa. 40:7. See also' Gen. 39:12. Ex. 14:
4. 17. isa. 10:9. Job 9:2. Ex.'^S: 11. 16, Ps. 35: 10, Isa. 54: 12, Jer. 20: 9,
Dan. 3:3. 5:11. The old strife as to the Daghesh in the word c"P;tti two
is not yet settled. Kimchi explained it as Daghesh-lene upon the suppo-
sition that the word was abridged from C"ipi'l|!< ; Schultens as Daghesh-
forte arising from an assimilated 3, contending that it was for C^nuJ from
C^r.^ir ; Nordheimer as an anomalous Daghe.'?h-iene, introduced as a
eu})lionic expedient to prevent the combination of an aspirated r with a
sibilant, such as is obviated in the Hithpael of verbs by a transposition
that would here he inadmissible. The puzzle is still further perplexed by
the circumstance that it once appears with the preposition )'C without the
Daghesh, ""rt'is Judg. 16 : 28, and again with the same preposition with it,
cna^a Jon. 4:11, the Methegh showing the Sh'va to be vocal, as might
also be inferred from the fact that Daghesh-forte has been omitted.
Daghesh-Porte.
^23. 1. When the same consonant was repeated with a
vowel or even the shghtest hiatus intervening, so that suc-
cessive movements of the organs of speech were required in
the pronunciation, the Hebrews invariably wrote the letter
twice. When, however, there was no inten^al between the
reduplicated consonants, and the only audible result was a
more protracted or vehement utterance of the same sound
effected by a single effort of the organs, the letter was written
but once. This fact the ^Masoretic punctuators have indi-
cated by placing a point called Daghesh-forte (pl^ C?^) in
the bosom of a letter so affected, to show that it is to be
^ 24 DAGHESH-FORTE. 31
doubled in the pronunciation ; thus, ^is"'] vayyimmdl. Da-
ghesh-forte may be found in any letter with the exception
of the gutturals K n n y , which on account of their weak
ness do not admit of reduplication. The letter i, par
taking of this with other peculiarities of the gutturals, re-
ceives it only in a very few exceptional cases, e. g. ''^^'^t ,
2. The aspirates, when ddlibled, always at the same time
lose their aspiration ; thus, l^fi^ yippdhtdli. Daghesh-forte
in these letters is readily distinguishable from Daghesh-lene
by the consideration that a consonant cannot be pronounced
double except after a vowel. A point in one of the aspirates
is, therefore, Daghesh-forte if a vowel precedes, otherwise it
is Daghesh-lene.
3. Daghesh-forte in 1 may be distinguished from Shurek
in the same way. Inasmuch as two vowels cannot come to-
gether in the same word, if a vowel precedes it is Daghesh-
forte, if not it is Shurek.
a. Some Grammarians speak of Daghesh-forte implicitum in the gut-
turale, by which they mean that these letters appear in certain cases tc
complete a foregoing syllable as well as to begin that in which they prop-
erly sta-nd, in spite of the omission of Daghesh, which analogy would re-
quire them to receive. As these are included under what have already,
§ 20. 2. a. been explained as intermediate syllables^ it is not thought neces-
sary to employ an additional term.
b. The Arabs have a BJgn of reduplication, Teshdid ( « ), which ia
written above the doubled letter. The Syrians have no written sign for
this purpose, and it is disputed whether their letters were ever doubled in
pronunciation. According to Asseraan Biblioth. Orient. III. 2. p. 379, the
Western differed from the Eastern Syrians in this respect, " Oecidentales
nullibi literas geminant."
§ 24. Different epithets have been applied to Daghesh-
forte to describe its various uses or the occasions of its em-
ployment. 1. When separate letters, whether originally
alike, or made so by assimilation, are by the inflection oi
formation of words brought into juxtaposition, the Daghesh-
32 ORTnOGRAPIIY. ^ 24
forte which represents such a doubling is cailed compensa
tive; e. g. '^r?'':^, formed by appending the syUable "'n to the
root rns ; "^rn: composed of the same syllable and the root
■jn: , whose last letter is changed to n to conform with that
which follows ; "^26 from 220. 2. When the reduplication is
indicative of a particular grammatical form the Daghesh-
forte is called characteristic, e. g. in the Piel, Pual, and
Hithpael of verbs ; as, ^|n, ^^nrn, and certain forms of nouns,
as, i*aa . 3. When it has arisen from the necessity of con-
verting a previous simple syllable into a mixed one in order
to preserve the quantity of a short vowel which it contains,
it is Daghesh-forte conservative; e. g. ^b"! for 20^. 4. When
the initial letter of a w^ord is doubled under the influence of
the final vowel of the word preceding, it is Daghesh-forte
conjunctive; e. g. "i-n^, "rjlp-n;):!;!, ^K2z ^12'^p. 5. When the
last letter of an intermediate syllable is doubled in order to
make the following hiatus or vocal Sh'va more distinct, it is'
Daghesh-forte dirimens or separative, because the letter which
/eceives it is thus separated in part from the syllable to which
it belongs ; e. g. "'ifS' inrihliB for "^^.yj inbht. 0. When the
first letter of a final syllable is doubled under the influence
of a previous vowel bearing the accent (mostly a pause ac-
cent, ^ 36. 2. «.), for the sake of increased fullness and force
of pronunciation, it is Daghesh-forte emphatic ; e. g. ^5in for
^'5"n . Ill the first three uses named above Daghesh-forte is
said to be essential, in the last three it is euphonic.
a. Dncrliesli-forte conjunctive occurs regularly after the pronoun ^73,
e. g. CSS-.TOii 2ia nia Ps. 133: 1, and in a multitude of cases after final Ka-
mets or Seg-hol in words accented on the penult or followed by Makkeph,
§43. e.g. r5<T-nn;?.b Gen. 2: 23. cir-nbrx Deut.27:7. ib nr':ni Num.25: 13,
^s-nr3S Gen. SoTsS; rrn»-nT Num.' 34:6. 7. 9. ^^N|'n':;^ E.x. 13:1
(where the accent is on tlie ultimate), "t""^'?^ Prov. 15: 1 (in some edi
tiona), more rarely after other vowels, e.g. !ixs !i"2!ip Gen. 19: 14. X^ n-^rx^^
1 Sam. 8: 19. once after the liquid i, e. g. 5<b i^N'? 1 Kin. 11 : 22. See
also §22. 6. In a few instances words thus united are written as one, e. g.
nj-a Ex.4: 2 for n; ma, so M^ia Isa. 3:15, HsjbnTa Mai. 1:13, nsjsxqa
§ 25 DAGHESH-rORTE. 33
Isa. 27:8, and possibly t^X'iN Isa. 33:7. See Dr. Alexander's Com-
mentary upon this passage.
b. Daghesh-forte separative occurs only in the following examples :
n-i3X Hos. 3:2. -ri-ilsM Sam. 28 : 10. 1^20 183.9:3,10:
^j-^ni^is^a Ps. 45 : 10. nD3-nir&3 (?) Ezek. ^' " 27.
cnr.Tn Am. 5 : 25. ' ' 13 : 20. ^"ip. Dent. 32 : 32.
nriTS'.^sri Gen. 18:21. ?;nib25 Isa. 33: 1. "'rr?? 2 Sam. 23:
' rrinsn Gen. 37 : 32. "i'^?"^ of" ''^'^'^^ ^^- ^7, .Ten. 29 : 27.
'^{zir^ Gen. 17 : 17. ' " 89 : 45. cr-^as? Isa. 58 : 3.
Cn^x-nn 1 Sam. 10: ni-:a^ Joel 1:17. cq-rntis Am. 5:21.
24, 17:25, ninn^?-? Job 9 : 1 S. ' "^rpjr (?)Cant. 1 :8.
2 Kin. 6: 32. X'^l-^. Nah. 3 : 17. r-::;?^ Ps. 89 : 52.
criiiTsr; .Tob 17:2. rn;3TS Ex. 15 : 17. "iT:'!"!'^ Ps- ~~ : 20.
irsan Ex. 2 : 3. n^;?^ Deut.. 23:11. r-iz'iy Prov. 27 : 25.
iins-in-in (?) JiKlg.20: 1nx3 .Inb 30 :8. "SPP^'-.j Ps. 119 ; 139.
43. nns: Ps. 141 :3. •':inpr:a Ps. 88 : 17.
n-srT.ri 1 Sam. 1 :6. ri-;sj: Prov. 4: 1.3. cninV;^ (?) Ps. 37:.
-^i?fen Isa. 57:6. !in!i:;3.r: Judg. 20: 32. ' ' 15.1sa.5:28.
rnpj-; Gen. 49:10. i=20 Jer. 4 : 7. •'^3!l3 Zech. 4 : 12.
rn;5^b Prov. 30: 17. ' ' h^b^^_ Ps. 58 : 9.
This list is corrected and enlarged from Gesen. Lehrg. pp. 86 ff. Those
words wiiich are followed by a note of interrogation (?) are found in some
editions but not in others. Daghesh separative maybe found after He-
interrogative in some instances not included in the above list.
c. Daghesh-forte emphatic occurs only in ^^"in Judg. 5:7, 1 Sam. 2:5;
«^n-i Job 29 : 21 ; sinn^. or ^mn;^ Job 21 : 13 ; iinfi'': Isar 33: 12, Jer. 51 : 58 ;
r^^^^'c> Ezek. 21: 15; rjipj Ezek. 6:9; nn'!r3 Jer. 51:30; !l2r2 Ezek. 27-
19;!!^-c;^(?) Isa. 19:6; and probably ^^nnn Job 13:9 (not in pause).
§ 25. In order to the distinct utterance of a reduplicated
consonant, it must be followed as well as preceded by a
vowel-sound. Dagliesh-forte is consequently never written
in a final vowelless letter, with the exception of the two words
rs , nrp , both of which end in aspirates whose pronuncia-
tion would be changed by the removal of the Daghesh. In
every other instance the doubling is neglected, even though
the letter be an aspirate, which will for this reason resume
its aspiration ; e. g. bj? , ^?jb; no, "^ao; '^r]^^ abridged from
nsn^i ;' ^k1^ from 'r^^T^. . In a medial letter with Sh'va
Daghesh may be written, because the Sh'va being thus ren
dered vocal the reduplication can be made audiljle by means
31 oRTiioGiiAriiY. §26 27
of the hiatus which it represents ; it is, however, quite as
frequently omitted, the Sh'va commonly remaining vocal as
if it Averc inserted, and compound Sh'va being occasionally
substituted for simple to indicate this fact, § 10. 3. b.; e. g.
W'^')V for n^"?^?, ixcs for i^'oS, particularly after prefixes, as
Vav conversive, the article and preposition 12, so ''i7!'5, t'^nrn.
It is seldom omitted from a medial aspirate on account of the
change in its sound involved : yet even this is done occasion-
ally, e. g. n^23^ Judg. 8 : 2 for ^^23^, ^snn Isa. 22 : 10 for
^inri, "jinsT from ')'i"i2T. In a few rare instances it is dropped
from a letter followed by a vowel, wdien the laws of syllables
will permit and the pronunciation will not be materially
affected ; e. g. rcirn Ruth 1:13 for n:i?n .
Mappik.
§ 20. jMapplk (P"'S^ hrwgiug out or uttering), is a point
in one of the letters i? Hi'', showing that it represents a
consonant and not a vowel, or in other words that it does
not quiesce in the preceding voAvel-sign. It is unnecessary,
however, to employ any notation for this purpose in the case
of i? 1 and ■>, for their quiescence can be readily determined
in aU cases by the rules already given, § 13. Although it is
much more extensively used in manuscripts, therefore, ]\Iap-
pik is in modern editions of the Hebrew Bible only inserted
in fina'i n when it retains its consonantal power ; e. g. !^i";'i?
artsdh, ?i2nx artsd, ?^npb Vl-dhkuU, nnpb liJchhd. The point
four times found in x, ^S^^i^i Gen. 43:20, Ezra 8:18,
^K^in Lev. 23 : 17, ^iS"^ Job 33 : 21, though called aDaghesh
in the Masoretic notes in the margin, is probably to be re-
yarded as Mappik.
Raphe.
^27. Raphe (r.Ei wealc), is a small horizontal stroke
placed over a letter, and denotes the opposite of Daghesh-
§ 28 ACCENTS. 35
iene, Dagliesh-forte, or Mappik, as the case may be. As no
mconveiiience can arise from its omission, it is only occa-
sionally used in modern Bibles, and not with entire uni-
formity in the diflPerent editions. It is* chiefly found where
a Mappik has been omitted in n , which according to analogy
might be expected to be inserted, e. g. !^*'79,^r^ Ex. 9:18,
nyjt^ Lev. 13:4, riij"~2 Num. 15:28, nb Num. 32:42,
r^-^y^^ Job 31 : 22 in some copies. In ^^-rw^n Ex. 20:4,
Deut. 5:8, it is the opposite of Daghesh-forte, an^ shows
that b may either be doubled agreeably to the point in its
bosom or not. In n^^ri i5b Ex. 20 : 13, Deut. 5 : 17, it is the
opposite of Daghesh-lene, and shows that the Ji may either
have its unaspirated sound, as the Daghesh indicates, or
may be aspirated. It is often referred to in the marghial
^lasoretic notes even where it is no longer found in the text,
e.g. Judg. 16:16, 28.
Accents
§ 28. The third class of ^lasoretic additions to the text
are those which relate to the words. These are the accents,
Makkeph, Methegh, and the K'ri. An accent ( D?i2 ) is writ-
ten upon every word with a twofold design, 1st, of marking
its tone-syllable, and 2dly, of indicating its relation to other
words in the sentence. The great number of the accents
has respect entirely to this second function, there being no
difference in the quality of the stress laid upon particular
syllables, such for example as is marked by the Greek acute,
grave, and circumflex, but only that difference .in its amount
which arises from the unequal emphasis natiyally laid upon
the different members of a clause or period. The punc-
tuators have attempted not only to indicate the pauses to be
made in reading, as is done by the stops in use in other Ian
guages, but to represent to the eye the precise position held
«J6 ORTHOGRAPHY. §29
by cacli \\ord in the structure of the sentence, and the
various grades of attraction or repulsion arising from the re-
lations whether co-ordinate or subordinate which subsist
among them. Evefy sentence is fancifully regarded as a ter-
ritory, which, partitioned into its several clauses, forms em-
pires, kingdoms, and principalities, ruled by their respective
sovereigns, each of whom has his oAvn train of inferiors and
dependants. The accents are accordingly divided into Dis
junctives or Rulers (Q'^ibia), and Conjunctives or Servants
(D'^'hn?). The former indicate that the word upon which
they are placed is more or less separated from those that
follow ; they mark thus the end of a clause or of the section
of a clause over which they exert control. The latter indi-
cate that the word over or under which they are written is
connected with what follows and belongs to the clause oi
section ruled by the next succeeding Disjunctive.
a. The stress of voice denoted by the accent must not he confounded
with quantity. An accented syllable may nevertheless be short, the
energy with which it is pronounced not necessarily affecting its length.
b. The Jews made use of the accents as musical notes in the cantilla-
tion of the synagogue, whence they are also called r'i3"'53. In the judg-
ment of some this is a part, and perhaps a leading part, of their original
design. Their great variety, the frequent occurrence of accents of oppo-
eite powers upon the same word, and the distinct system of poetical
accents, favor this opinion. Such as are curious to know the details may
find the mode of thekr employment for this purpose explained at length in
Bartoloccii Bibliotheca Magna Rabbinica, vol. iv. pp. 427-444.
§ 29. The Disjunctive accents may be divided into four
classes of various rank or power, as follows, viz :
Class I. Eminrors.
*1. Silllik
(,)
tpiio
*2. Athnahh
(»)
n3P»
•u 1 -
§ 29
ACCENTS.
Class II. Kings.
3.
fe'gholta •
n
l^ostp.
4.
Zakeph KatOa
{')
Ti'JI5 ^PJr
5.
Zakeph Gadhol
C)
"^"^M =ih:j
*6.
Tiphhha
(J
Class III. Lukes.
Nnsa
*7.
R'bhr
(•)
35ih-1
*8.
Shalsheleth
C)
rhxh^_
*9.
Zarka
n
'^Prll
postp.
10.
Pashta
C)
:<-jaJ3
poslp.
11.
Y'thibh
L)
-'^^'?.
prep.
12.
T'bhir
( )
37
Class IV. Counts.
•13.
Pazer
/ ^ \
•• T
14.
Karne Phara
I '^'' \
ilTE '^'pXi
15.
T'llsha Gh'dliijia
/ ^\
n^ina ^iy^x^
prtp?
16.
Geresh
/ r \
^•?i
17.
G'rashayim
1 " \
fiVffl-ia
*18. P'sik (i) .p^ca
The Conjunctive accents, or Servants, are the following,
VIZ
*19.
Meika
\<)
/T : r
*20.
Munahh
\ J /
21.
Merka Kh'phula
^ ji '
<ji : T : r
*22.
Mahpakh
\< /
r^sna
23.
Darga
\« /
^'■r'-'^.
*24:.
Kadhma
, ^ .
xrip
♦25.
Yerahh ben Yomo
\ y/
I'ri^— ]2 nn;^
26.
TMl^Jia K"tar;;.a
(^ \
fiiiriT x":^"';r
38 ORTHOGRAPHY. § 30
a. Merka Kli'phula lias sometimes been reckoned among llie Disjune
tiveti, as by Gesenius in Iiis Lelirgebaude ; but the abgence of Dagliesli*
lene in the word ibllowiiig lliat on wliich it stands in Ex. 5:15. Ezek,
14:4, proves that it is a Conjunctive.
b. According to their mo.st probable significations, the names of the
accents appear to be in part boiroweil lioni their Itjrms and in part from
their uses. Thuii the Disjunctives: Siliuii. e*/f/; Athnahh. rf«/; Segholta,
hunch of grapes ; Zakeph. small and great, causing sn.'ipensio)! ; Tiphhiia,
palm of the hand; R^bh'i", square or reposing ; Shalsheieth, c/io//?; Zarka,
dispersion; Pushtu, c.r pans ion or letting (/own (the voice); Y'thibh. s*7-
ting still ; T'bhir, inlerriiplion ; Piizer, separator ; Karne Phnra, a heifers
horns; T'iisha. great and small, shield ; Geresh, e^ptdsion ; G'rasliayim,
double Geresh ; P'sik, cut off. Conjunctives: Merka, prolonging ; Mu-
nahh, (a trumpet) a< rest, i.e., in its proper position; Merka Kh"phuia,
double iMerkii ; Malipakh, (a U-un\\>ci) hicerted ; Dnrga. progress ; Kadh-
ma, beginning ; Yerahii ben-Yomo. moon a day old.
Other names are given to some of these accents, particularly where they
occur in certain situations or combinations; thus Tiphhha is also called
Tarhha ( xn-^:: ). Munahh with P'sik is called L'gharmeh ( nia-isb ), etc.
c. The classification of the Disjunctives, according to their respective
powers and tluj laws of their consecution, lias been the work of Christian
Avriters, from whom all accurate investigations of the accentual system
have proceeded. In liict, this whole subject is treated by the Jewish
grammarians in the crudest and most perplexed manner. Buxtorf says, in
liis Thesaurus Grammaticus. p. 45: Accentuum ratio hactenus nee a quo-
quam nostrorum nee ab ipsis etiain Hebraeis sufficienter explicata est.
Tlie division exiiibitcd above is the one now commonly adopted. The
current names. Imperatores. Reges. Duces. Comites, are those used by
Wasmuth in his Institutio Accent. Heb. 1664. Others have divided them
ditlerently. The learned Pfeilfer. author of the DubiA Vexata, distin-
guishes one Emperor, one Archduke, lour Dukes, seven Counts, and five
Barons. Boston, the well-known author of the Fourfold State, in an elab-
orate Latin treatise upon this subject left by him in niarmscript and pub-
lished shortly after hi.s death, distributes them into three classes of
superior and one of inferior rank. Mention is made, in a commendatory
preface by Mill, the distinguished critic of the New Testament, of another
manuscript in English, in which Boston aj)plied his views practically in a
twofold translation of the first twenty-three chapters of Genesis, with
copious notes, both philolosfical and theological. This, it is believed, has
never been published. A curious little book upon the Canon by Ferdinand
Parkhurst. London. 1G60, makes six Regal and ten Principial Disjunctives
Y'thibh and P'sik being omitted altogether.
§30.1. Pourtecn of tlie accents are written over, and eleven
under, the words to wliieli they arc attached. P'sik, whose
only use is to modify the power of other accents, is written
after the word to which it belongs, and in the same line
§ 30 ACCENTS. 39
witli it. The place of the accents is either over or under the
letter preceding the tone-vowel, with the exception of the
prepositives Y'thibh and T'lisha Gh'dhola, which always ac-
company the initial letter of the word, and the postpositives
SVzlnlta, Zarka, Pashta, and T'lisha K'tanna, which stand
upon the final letter. Y'thibh is only used when the first is
the tone-syllable. Pashta is repeated if the word on which
it stands is accented on tlie penult, e. g. ^nn Gen. 1 : 2, or
ends "with two vowelless letters, e. g. 'ti'^t'] Ruth 3 : 7, or if
the last letter has Pattahh furtive, e. g. yV"" Gen. 33 : 13, and
in some manuscripts and editions there is a like repetition of
S'gholta and Zarka. When a word bears the other preposi-
tive or postpositives, there is nothing to mark its tone-syllable
unless this may chance to be the one upon which the nature
of the accent in question requires it to be placed.
2. Silluk has the same form as Methegh, <5> 44 ; but the
former invariably stands on the tone-syllable of the last
word in the verse, while Methegh is never WTitten under a
tone-syllable. Pashta is likewise distinguished from Kadhma
only by its position upon the last letter of the word, and
after the superscribed vowel, if there be one, e. g. "it^S! Gem
1 : 7, i2xbT2 Gen. 24 : 7, while Kadhma is placed upon the
letter preceding the tone-vowel, e. g. "i^iif Gen. 2:19: where
this chances to be a final letter the laws of consecution only
can decide ; thus, in ^?-iT Gen. 26 : 4, ^ri552 Deut. 16:3, the
accent is Pashta, but in ^?"iTbi Gen. 17 : 8, ^nxa 1 Sam.
29 : 6, it is Kadhma. Y'thibh is distinguished from Mahpakh
by being written under the first letter of the word and taking
precedence of its vowel if this be subscribed, e. g. nil? y Gen.
1 : 11, ^5 Gen. 31 : 6, Deut. 10:17; Mahpakh belongs under
the consonant which precedes the tone-vowel, and after its
vowel-sign if this be subs^-ribed, e. g. ^\}}T} Gen. 2 : 14, "^3
Gen. 32 : 33, Deut. 4 : 7. AVhen the initial syllable bears the
tone and there is no suljscribed vowel, the laws of consecu-
tion must decide ; thus, in S'n the accent is Y'thibh in Gen.
40 ORTUOGRAPHT. § 31
3:15, 44:17; Deut. 10:17; but Malipakli in Josk
17:1.
§ 31. The accents already explained are called the prosaic
accents, and are found in all the books of the Old Testament
with the exception of the Psalms (a'^lsrin). Proverbs ("'Ipi^P),
and the poetic portion of Job (^'i''^), whose initials form the
technical word r^s . Here a different system of accentua-
tion prevails. Thirteen of the prosaic accents, one-half of the
whole number, nowhere occur in the books just named, viz. :
S'gholta, Zakeph-Katon, and Zakeph-Gadhol of the Kings,
Paslita, Y'thibh, and T'bhir of the Dukes, Karne Phara,
T'lisha Gh'dhola, Gcresh, and G'rashayim, of the Counts,
JMerka Kh'phula, Darga, and T'lisha K'tanna of the Con-
junctives. Such as are common to both systems are in the
previous table distinguished by an asterisk. The powers of
some of these, however, are altered, so that a new arrange-
ment of them is necessary ; and they are supplemented by
additional signs formed by combinhig the prosaic accents or
assigning them unusual positions. The scale of the poetical
or metrical accents thus constituted is as follows, viz. :
Disjr
NCTivK Accents.
Class L
1.
Silluk
(•.)
5 Tibsn
2.
Atliniilili
(J
''"^r?"
3.
Merka-Mnhpakh
C)
Class 11.
*Ti=|r3
4.
R-bhi"
(*)
T -
5.
Pazcr
C)
*ii=3n
G.
R'hhi" Gcresh
n
niisn
7.
Tiphhlia initial
(,)
prep.
8.
Zarka
D
•n-i^rn
postp.
9.
P'sik
(-)
nirsn
postp.
U2
POSITION OF THE ACCENT.
41
10. Merka
11. Merka-Zarka
12. Mahpakh
13. Mahpakh-Zarka
14. Munahh
15. Munahh superior
16. Yerahh ben Yomo
17. Kadhma
18. Tiphhha
19. Shalsheleth
CoNjTjNOTivE Accents.
C) ^^V?^
C) ^^^^
(v) -^^'^t-!
(J ''^T^n
a. It will be perceived that there are fewer Disjunctives but more
Conjunctives than are exhibited by the prosaic accents. iVIerka-Mahpakh
answers substantially to S'gholta; R'hbi"-Geresh to Tiphhha before Siliuk,
and Tiplihha initial to Tiphhha before Athnahh. Tiphhha and Shalshe-
leth are transferred from the list of Disjunctives to that of the Conjunc-
tives, whence it comes to pass that if a word bearing either of these
accents terminates in a vowel, Daghesh-lene will not be inserted in a fol-
lowing initial aspirate, e. g. Di'Da n^-q^ Ps, 31: 10, n"'nr3 Ni^^ Prov. 8: 3,
m'HT732 siirsjn-: Ps. 10:2.
6. P'sik, in the poetic as in the prosaic accents, is never used alone but
always in conjunction with another accent. It serves to strengthen Dis-
junctives and to reduce the power of Conjunctives without disturbing the
order of their consecution. It is thus used with Merka-Mahpakh Ps. 5:13,
Pazer Ps. 10 : 14, Tiphhha initial Ps. 31:4, Mahpakh Ps. 5 : 9, Munahh
Prov. 1:22, Merka Ps. 10:13, Kadhma Ps 10:5, Shalsheleth Ps. 7:6.
Position of the Accent
§ 32. The accent in Hebrew may fall either upon the
ultimate or the penultimate syllable, but never at a greater
remove from the end of the word. In the former case
words are technically termed Milra (^'ib'Q from below), aud
in the latter Milel ("s^i^'sTa from above).
42 ORTHOGRAPHY. § 33
1. The position of tlie accent may be considered in rela-
tion either to the syllabic or to the etymological structnrc
of a word, that is to say, as affected by the nature of its syl-
hibles on the one hand or of the elements of which it is com
posed as a significant part of speech on the other. It is so
far determined by the syllabic structure of words, that a
long mixed sellable or a short simple syllable, whether in the
ultimate or the penultimate, must receive the accent, § 18. 2.
thus: pn^^ ~?7'^?^!i, "i^Cr', ^T..
2. Considered in reference to their etymological structure,
words exist in two conditions, (1.) their primary uninflected
state, by which their essential and proper meaning is con-
veyed; (2.) with added affixes and prefixes, by which that
meaning is variously modified. In their nude or primary
state all words, whether primitives or dtrivatives, are ac-
cented upon the ultimate, and so continue to whatever flexion,
involving no terminatiunal appendages, they may be sub-
jected. Thus,-;!??, ^p2, npb, "ips, ^ps, -p3% "ipsr.n; ]Tci ,
3. The only exception is a class of words called Se-
gholates, in which the last vowel does not belong originally
or essentially to the form, but is introduced for the sake of
softening the pronunciation, §G1. 2; these are accented on
the penultimate, as tjb^, nsb, nr;, r^s, ^nr\, r:n3, bro , b.^^,
a. ■T^'^"3 Is. 50: 8 is said to be llie only instance of a word accented on
the antepenult. The proper tone-syllable of this word is the ultimate, but
upon the reces.sion of the accent by § 35. the vowel next precedinnr. wliich
has arisen from ShVa and is unessential to the form, cannot receive it, so
that it necessarily fills upon the one still furthtr back.
^ 33. The additions wliich words may receive at the be-
ginning or end affect the accent in proportion to the respect-
ive weight accorded to them. Additions to the end of words
are of two sorts, which may be distinguished as affixes and
suffixes. Affixes are so welded to the word or merged in it
^33 POSITION or THE ACCENT. 43
tliat in the popular consciousness tliey have become an in
tegral part of it, and their independent existence or separate
origin is no longer thought of; such are the personal inflec-
tions of verbs and the terminations indicating gender and
immber in nouns and adjectives. Suffixes are not so inti-
mately blended with the word to which they are attached as
to have lost their individual identity and independent charac-
ter, and consequently are of greater weight as respects the
accent; such are the fragmentary pronouns appended to
verbs, nouns, and prepositions.
1. If the appendage consists of a vowel (as n^, h, ^,
i, r, r.), or begins with one (as fi^, \, i^, n\, ri, tf^, tj.., d^,
)^, D^., ^'!,), and can consequently only be pronounced by
the aid of the final consonant of the word to which it is at-
tached, it will attract the accent to itself or to its initial vowel
from a noun, adjective, participle, or preposition, as '^^y^ ,
inn'^, nnn^, inn-v, ^'^'^^'^1 , ^^^"^1 from nbn; Q-'iri^, ^i'-j^,
from thp . Such an appendage to a verb, if a suffix, will
so far accord with the rule just given as to carry the accent
forward one syllable ; but the accent will remain in its origi-
nal position if it be an affix, unless it is either dissyllabic or
causes the rejection of the vowel previously accented ; D"^^nn
with a suffix a^^":^nv) , but with an affix ^^^"^nn ; ^^-J with a
suffix r-^X > t)ut with an affix r\ys , rriv ; D]? , ni2^ , ^^j? ; bp ,
"^fe , ^-P , ""'^'^i? ; ^bi? , ?^?v^ . ^Kk"^^.. ■ It is to be obseiTcd,
however, that a paragogic n^ or ri , § Gl. G, attached to
nouns, pronouns, aud adverbs, and occasionally a paragogic
"'. does not disturb the position of the accent, e. g. 7"ni* ,
n^>v; n:,r-.3:; so n^n, -5y,r,/£fe, >rk-\ Lam. 1:1, but
''rixb'c Isa. 1:21; neither does the feminine ending n.. ,
which is a Segholate formation, e. g. "lii j^ , r^';)S'j'a .
a: Paragogic M^ receives the secondary accent Methegh in D';!*. tiD'ni:
Gen. 2S : 2, 5, 6, 7. '
2. The appending of a simple syllable, such as the
44 ORTHOGRAPHY. ^ 33
suffixes "i; , 'IS , 'in , n , i^ , or the verbal affixes n , ^n , ^3 , np,
will not alter the position of the accent provided it originally
stood upon the ultimate ; if, however, its original place was
the penult, or if the syllable in question be attached to the
word by a union vowel, the accent must be carried forward
one syllable to prevent its standing on the antepenult, which
is never admissible: ncs , ^nis, iiass, "^rriG?; cs"a, rcxis,
i:pcsi2 ; bjb, riijp, ^•^■5(? . Suffixes appended to a word ending
with a consonant mostly require a connecting vowel, and con-
sequently shift the position of the accent. Affixes, by reason
of the less weight accorded to them, commonly do not. The
suffix ^ follows the general rule when preceded by a union
vowel, but draws the accent upon itself when it is not, e. g.
"? , ^"? , 'h^C 5 ^"'^^ • A consonantal appendage to a long un-
accented vowel, inasmuch as it converts the ultimate into a
mixed syllable, necessarily draws the accent upon it from the
penult, §32. 1, e.g. "^ncs^, ^''ncx^, D^i?9i?'9; ^■^■^: , r J^''^? •
3. A mixed syllable, w^hether an affix as dp, in, or suffix
as 03, 1^ , on, in, will attract the accent to itself, cp^rn
from tj^n; oisbia, c^-'Db^, from ^b^; Dnbnn from c^nn . In
the unusual form an53 2 Sam. 23 : 6, the accent stands upon
the union vowel.
4. The only prefixes which exercise any influence upon
the position of the accent, are the Vav conversive of the
futm'c, which draws back the accent from a mixed ultimate
to a siitiple penult, I'as?^ nrs'^:}, nir;^, mri;^ ; and the Vav con-
versive of the preterite, which throws it forward from the
penult to a simple ultimate, r^'^hi< , P-iissn, p^ur;, Pnc;^i ,
a. Some laniruages invariably accent flie same part of the word ; thus,
Bohemian ami Lettish tlie initial syllable. Polisii and Lazian. one of the
Caucasian tongues, the penult of all polysyllables. Otiiers. in which
more freedom is allowed, have no respect to the etymological structure of
words, but are guided entirely by the character of their syllables. Tlius,
in Arabic and Latin words are accented according to the quantity of the
penult; the accent is given to the penult if it is long, to the antepenult
§ 34, 35 POSITION OF THE ACCENT. 45
if the penult is short. In others still the etymological principle is the
prevailing one, and this often has a wider scope than in Hebrew. Thus,
in Greek the accent has the range of the last three syllables. In San-
scrit it may stand upon any syllable whatever even of the longest wordia.
In English, it is almost equally free. e. g. peremptorily, inconsi deration, its
removal from its primary position upon the radical portion of tl»e word
being conditioned by the respective weight of the formative syllables ap-
pended, e. g. person, personate, personally, personify, personality, per-
sonijicdtion.
§ 34. The location of the accent being thus influenced
by the etymological structure of words, it may serve to dis-
tinguish words of like appearance but different formation.
Thus, nn^ Gen. 30 : 1, nkn Gen. 29 : 6, are participles, but
T\tfci Gen. 35 : 18, nsi Gen. 29 : 9, are preterites, the femi-
nine affix receiving the accent in one case but not in the other,
§ 33. 1. So ^33 thei/ built from nba, but r.^ in us; ini^ tliey
carried captive from niis , but ^3^ tUey returned from y^ ;
rnx he has seized, but TJisj Job 23 : 9 I shall see from nTn ;
'sh'2 it shall be evil from y?"! , '$')'}. he shall feed from ns'n ;
Tvrq he ivas rebellious, «T^^ it was bitter from ^^ ; ''^ip arise
thou (fern.), ''^'^p my rising up.
§ 35. The position of the accent may be shifted from the
following causes, viz. :
1 . A Conjunctive is frequently removed from the ultimate
to the penult if a Disjunctive immediately follows, whether
upon a monosyllable or a dissyllable accented on the penult,
in order to prevent the unpleasant concurrence of two ac-
cented syllables in closely connected words, e, g. nb'^'b x"!^
Gen. 1 : 5, n^:^ n^ Gen. 4 : 17, t ^^T?? Deut. 32** 36,
Xh ^"i:i^n) Ps. 2 -.12, Tjb nr^b Isa. 30:8. In a few excep-
tional cases the secondary accent Methegh remains to mark
the original tone-syllable, after the principal accent has been
thrown back, l^p, nynb Num. 24 : 22, T^ bnD Isa. 40 : 7,
bs y^.-iJn Deut. 4 : 33.
2. The special emphasis given to the last word of a
clause or section, and represented by what are called the
46 ORTHOGRAPHY. ^ 2Cx
pause accents, § 3G, 2, a, is sometimes rendered more distinct
by a change of the accented sellable from the ultimate to the
penult, e. g. v:s? , ''Dis ; nnx , nps ; rhv , r^:^'^^ -, i33 , ^ibs ; or
from the penult to the ultimate, particularly in the case of
forms with Yav conversive of the future ^^H , ^^?1 ; so
brpi , Dp;'^ , n'ci5''i . The accent is in a few instances at-
tracted to a short final syllable ending in a weak letter, which
either loses its sound entirely, converting the syllable into a
simple one, or requires considerable effort and energy of voice
to make it distinctly heard, e. g. i?^!? Gen. 41 : 33 for i5"ii] ;
so .Hiri Zech. 9 : 5, Mic. 7 : 10, S^irn Ps. 39 : 14 for :?tn .
Consecution of Accents in Prose.
§36. 1. The second use of the accents is to point out
the relation of w^ords to one another. The Disjunctives in-
dicate a greater or less separation between the word on which
they stand and the following one ; the Conjunctives indicate
a connection. The greatest separation of all is effected by
Silluk, which is written under the last word of every verse,
and is followed invariably by two dots vertically placed ( : ),
called Soph Pasiik (p^cs qio end of the verse). The next in
power are Athnahh and S'gholta. When a verse was to be
divided into two clauses, Athnahh was placed under the last
word of the first clause, Silluk maintaining its position at
i\\<* end of the verse. If it was to be divided into three
clauses, ^vhich is the greatest number that any verse can
have, the last word of the first clause receives S'gholta, the
last word of the second Athnahh, and the last of all Silluk.
Verses of one clause range from Gen. 26:6, containing
three Avords, to such as Jer. 13: 13 and 1 Chron. 28 : 1, con-
taining more than twenty: the most common division is into
two clauses, e. g. Gen. 1:1'. 7>^n . . . D^n:s ; three clauses
^ '37 CONSECUTION OF ACCENTS IN PROSE. 4/
fire nmcli less frequent, Gen. 1:7 ')'?.. ?"^)^"?i? • • • ^'"^PTO
23 : 16, 24 : 30, 26 : 28.
a. In Job 1 : 8 S'gholta occurs in a verse of two clauses without Ath
nahli, probably because the accentuation is conformed to that of Job 2 : 3.
2. Each of these clauses is capable of subdivision ta
whatever extent its length or character may seem to demand
by the Disjunctives Zakeph Katon, Zakeph Gadhol, Il'bhi%
Pazer, and T'lisha Gh'dhola, according to the number of sec-
tions to be made and the various degrees of their completeness.
Thus, ill Josh. 1 : 8 the clause of Athnahh is divided into
five sections, ""n . niifj^^b . . nb^5 . . . ^^b^ . . . m'Q'; , in 2 Kin.
1 : 6 into six, pn^p? . . . irJn'ib n?tj . bxTij;'^ . . nnh;' . . vBx .
The choice of the accent to govern a particular section de-
pends not only upon its power, but likewise upon its rank,
the more exalted officer standing in ordinary cases nearer
the sovereign. Accordingly toward the beginning of a* clause ,
an inferior Disjunctive will be used, even though the separa-
tion is such as would require an accent of much higher
power to indicate it in a more advanced portion of the same
clause. These accents, moreover, have not a fixed value like
the stops in other languages ; their poAver is not absolute but
relative, and varies endlessly with the ckcumstances of the
case. Atlma'.ih in Gen. 1 :1 marks the greatest division in the
verse, but that is not sufficient to require a comma. In the
next verse Zakeph Katon is equal to a semicolon in the first
clause and less than a comma in the second. In Gen. 27:16
the separation indicated by R'bhi* is wholly rhythmical.
a. Those accents which, as above described, mark the limits of clauses
and sections, are denominated pause accents.
^37. In the sections thus created the accents are dis-
posed relatively to the Disjunctive which marks its close.
Each ruler has his servant and subordinate officer, whose
48
ORTHOGRAPHY.
§37
function it is to wait upon liim. In other words, cacli I)is«
junctive is regularly preceded by a particular Conjunctive and
inferior Disjunctive; and the train of accents in each section'
is formed hy arranging the Disjunctives in their fixed order
of succession with or without their regular Conjunctives until
all its words are supplied. The trains proper to the different
sections are shown in the following table :
1
1
PRiMAny
SECTIONS.
^ Ik
2^
O
d
y. ^
^ J
w. '-J
O
5
1
(5
o
I'.
u
O
FT!
(J
u
y.
c
O
*
1
>
SJ
•/
,(;l)
/o
Xkj.
A
J
A
.A.)
~
.(,)l)'
Seconpart
sections.
J -1
L)
,0L)'
:i
•
./,)„0
H
1
J J J J
1
;>
TTxrsnAi,
Sections.
1
y J J J J J
§ 38 CONSECUTION OF ACCENTS IN PROSE. 49
a. Accents of like forms are reaJily distinguishable in the table by the
column in which they stand. Where perspicuity requires it the distinction
will hereafter be made by appending their initial letters, thus : Kadhma *
Pashta '^, Mahpakh '"', Y'thibh'''.
§ 38. Eocplanation of the Table. — The trains preceding
the three principal accents are exhibited in the horizontal
lines of the uppermost division ; those of the ordinary de-
pendent sections in the middle division, and those of rare
occurrence at the bottom.
1 . Train of Silluk. — If Silluk be immediately preceded
by a Conjunctive, it will be Merka ; if a Disjunctive precede
it in the same section, with or without an intervening Merka,
it will be Tiphhha, Gen. 1:1. If there be a Conjunctive
before Tiphhha, it will be Merka, Gen. 1 : 1 ; if two Con-
junctives, which occiu-s but fourteen times, they will be
Merka Kh'phula and Darga, Gen. 27:25, Lev. 10:1, 2
, Chron. 20 : 30. The next Disjunctive before Tiphhha, iti
the same section, will be T'bhir, Gen. 1:4. If T'bhir be pre-
ceded by one Conjunctive, it will be Darga, Gen. 1:12, or
Merka, Gen. 1 : 26 ; if by two, the second will be Kadhma,
1 Sam. 15 : 33, or Munahh, Gen. 2:4; and if by three,
the third will be T'lisha K'tanna, Gen. 2:19.* The next
Disjunctive before T'bhir, in the same section, will be Geresh,
Gen. 26 : 11, 27 : 4, or G'rashayim, Ex. 23 : 4. If Geresh
be preceded by one Conjunctive, it will be Kadhma, Gen.
24 : 7, or Munahh, Isa. 60 : 17 ; if by a second, it will be
T'lisha K'tanna, Gen. 2:5, or Munahh with 1^'sik, Gen.
28 : 9 ; if by a third, it will be Munahh, 1 Sam. 14 : 34 ; if
by a fourth, it will also be Munahh, Deut. 1:19.
a. The parentheses of the table contain alternate accents. Thus,
Merka is substituted for Darga and for Mahpakh (before Pashta in the
clause of Zakeph Katon) if no more than one vowel intervenes between
the Conjunctive and the king which it precedes, e. g. Gen. 1 : 22, Gen.
1 : 24, 26 ; Gen. 5: 17, Deut. 1 : 2. 35. Munahh is also regularly substi-
tuted for Kadhma, whenever the accent stands on the initial letter of the
word, Gen. 25 : 8. Gen. 19 : 35 ; 1 Kin. 19 : 7, Deut. 1 : 28 ; Gen. 19 : 12 ;
4
60 ORTHOCRAPnT. § 38
Eccl. 5 : 7. G'rashayim takes the place of Geresh providerl the accent' ia
on the ultimate and it is not preceded by Kadhma either on the same or
the previous word, Ex. 16 : 23, 36 : 3. When two accents are included in a
parenthesis the meaning is that if an additional accent is required, these
two will take the place of the one before the parenthesis. P'sik has no
separate place in the consecution, but is joined with the other accents to
modily their power. It is constantly associated with the Disjunctive
Shalsheleth to add f.o its strength, and occasionally with the ditTerent
Conjunctives to reduce their strength, but without disturbing the order
of their consecution, e.g. with Merka Ex. 16:5, Muiiahh Gen. 46:2,
Mahpakh Ex. 30:34, Kadhma Lev. 11:32, Darga Gen. 42:13, T'liaha
K'tanna 1 Sam. 12 : 3.
2. Train of AihnaJih. — If Atlmalih be preceded by a
Conjunctive, it will be Munahb, Gen. 1:1; if by a Disjunc-
tive in its own section, it will be Tiplihlia, Gen. 1:1. The
accents which precede Tiphhha have already been mentioned
in explaining the train of Silluk.
3. Train of S'yltolfa. — The first Conjunctive before
S'gholta will be Munahh, Gen. 3:3; if there be two, the
second will be Munahh, Lev. 8 : 31, or Merka, Gen. 3 : 14.
The first Disjunctive in its section will be Zarka, Gen. 1 : 28;
and if this be preceded by one Conjunctive, it will be Mu-
nahh, Gen. 1 : 7, or Merka, 1 Chron. 5:18; if by two, the
second will be Kadhma, Gen. 30 : 16, 31 : 32 ; if by three,
the second will be Munahh and the third Kadhma, Lev.
4 : 35. The next Disjunctive before Zarka will be Geresh,
Gen. 24 : 7, or G'rashayim, Ex. 39 : 3. The accents pre-
ceding these have been explained in 1.
4. Train of Zakeph Katon. — The first Conjunctive before
Zakeph Katon will be Munahh, Gen. 1 : 2, the second like-
wise Munahh, Gen. 27 : 45. The first Disjunctive will be
Pashta, Gen. 1:2; or, if the proper place of the accent be
the first letter of the word, Y'thibh, Gen. 1 :11, 2:11
The first Conjunctive before Pashta will be Mahpakh, Gen.
1 : 9, or Merka, Gen. 1:2; the second, Kadhma, Gen.
39 : 19, or Munahh, Gen. 1:12; the third wiU be T'lish:t
K'tanna, Ezr. 3:11. The Disjunctive before Pabhta will l,c
^ 38 CONSECUTION OF ACCENTS IN PROSE. 51
Geresh, Gen. 1 : 24, or G'rasliayim, Gen. 1:11; the furtbeJ
consecution is explained in 1.
a. In some instances Pashta is found not in the train ofZakeph Katon,
but seeming to govern an independent section, e.g. Ex. 29:20, Deut.
9 : 6, Josh. 10:11,2 Sam. 14 : 7, 2 Chron. 18 : 23.
5. Zakepli Gadliol is mostly used instead of Zakeph
Katon when no other accent precedes it in its own section,
whether upon the same word or one before it : "lip^ tjs Gen.
9 : 4 (in some editions), in which it is preceded by Munahh,
is exceptional.
6. Train of R'bhi^. — The first Conjunctive before U'bhia'
will be Munahh, Gen. 1:9; the second, Munahh commonly
with P'sik, Gen. 2:5, or Darga, Gen. 6:15; the third,
Munahh with P'sik, Gen. 7 : 23, 31 : 29, or Merka, Ex.
14 : 10. The Disjunctive before R'bhi* wiU be Geresh, Ex,
16:3, or G'rashayim, Deut. 1:11, which are preceded as
in 1.
7. Train of Pazer. — Pazer may be preceded by one
Munahh, 1 Sam. 14 : 34, by two, Ezek. 9:2, by three, 1
Sam. 14 : 34, or by four, Isa. QQ : 20.
8. Train of Tlisha GJidhoIu. — T'lisha Gh'dhola is the
weakest of the Disjunctives which are ever set to rule inde-
pendent sections. Its weakness is in fact such, that it is
sometimes drawn into the section of a stronger Disjunctive ;
thus, in Gen. 1 : 12, Lev. 4 : 7, 1 Sam. 17 : 51, Isa. 9 : 5,
Neh. 5 : 1 8, it takes the place of T'hsha K'tanna among the
antecedents of Pashta, standing between it and Geresh or
G'rashayim ; in Gen. 13 : 1, 21 : 14, Deut. 26 : 12, it stands
similarly between T'bhir and Geresh or G'rashayim. And
in many cases, perhaps in most, when it rules a section of
its own, this is a mere subsection, not so much a division of
one of the principal clauses as a fragment broken off from
one of the larger sections at a point where T'Hsha K'tanna
would have stood had the connection been sufficiently close
62 ORTHOGRAPHT. § 39
to require a Conjunctive, e. g. Gen. 19 : 2, 1 Kin. 20 : 28,
That tliis is not always so appears, however, from examples
like 2 Sam. 14 : 32, Gen. 7 : 7, Isa. 6Q : 19, Jer. 39 : 5, and
particularly Gen. 31 : 52, where nns'nx'i corresponds to the
preceding "'^S'cs . T'lisha Gh'dhola may be preceded by
one IMunalih, Gen. 27 : 46, by two, Josh. 2:1, by three,
or by four, 1 Kin. 2:5.
9. Shalsheleth occurs but seven times, viz.. Gen. 19:1G,
24 : 12, 39 : 8, Lev. 8 : 23, Isa. 13:8, Am. 1 : 2, Ezr. 5:12,
and in every instance stands upon the initial word of the
verse, and is accompanied by P'sik. It has consequently no
antecedents.
10. Karne Phara is only used sixteen times. Its section
never contains less than three w^ords : its immediate prede-
cessor is always Ycrahh ben Yomo, to which may be added
one Munahh, Num. 35 : 5, Neh. 5:13, 13:5, 2 Chron.
24 : 5 ; two, 2 Kin. 10 : 5, Jer. 38 : 25, Est. 7 : 9, Neh. 1 : 6,
2 Chron. 35 : 7 ; three. Josh. 19 : 51, 2 Sam. 4 : 2, Jer.
13:13; four, 1 Chron. 28 : 1 ; or five, Ezek. 48: 21.
§39. 1. The complete trains of the several accents con-
tain one Disjunctive from each of the inferior orders, dis-
posed in due succession of rank, with one Conjunctive
immediately preceding the first class of Disjunctives, two
Conjunctives preceding the second class, three the third class,
four or more the fom-th class. These trains are adapted to
sections of different length and character by omitting such
of the Conjunctives, and more rarely by repeating such of
the Disjunctives, as the mutual relations of the words may
seem to require, and breaking off" the series as soon as every
w^ord in the section is su2:)plied. Thus, while the general
order of consecution is fixed and invariable, there is the
utmost liberty and variety in particular cases.
a. In a very few instances the Conjunctives go beyond the number
here aBsigned. Thus, Athnahh is preceded by two Munahhs in Ex. 3:4,
§ 39 CONSECUTION OF ACCENTS IN PROSE, 53
kind, according to some editions, in Isa. 48: 11. T'bhir is preceded by foui
Conjunctives, Joslr. 10: 11, 2 Chron. 22: 11, Isa. 66:20; Pashta by four,
Ex. 5 : 8, 2 Kin. 5 : 1, and even by five, Josh. 19 : 51.
2. If a section consists of but a single word, this will re-
ceive the appropriate Disjunctive, the entire antecedent series
of the table being then omitted as unnecessary ; thus, Silluk
J rm Gen. 5:5; Athnahh n^X'^T Gen. 24 : 34 ; Zakeph
Katon nbDn Isa. 1 :30; R'bhi^ D:'i2ni Gen. 7:19; Pazer
^mh Gen. 22 : 2 ; T'lisha Gh'dhola p5 Gen. 19 : 8. This,
as has been already said, is the regular length of the sections
of Zakeph Gadhol and Sbalsheleth; but those of S'gholta
are never composed of less than two words, and those of
Karne Phara never of less than three.
3. In sections of greater length there is a disposition
towards a regular alternation of Disjunctives and Conjunc-
tives upon successive words, e. g. Gen. 23 : 11 '• , , ^ , , , ,
Gen. 24 : 7 \, "^ ' '^, and consequently though two or more
Conjunctives may be allowed before a particular Disjunctive,
only the first of these is in the majority of cases employed.
Tbe actual relations of words may, however, so interfere with
this regularity as on the one hand to cause the intervening
Conjunctives to be dropped entirely, e. g. Gen. 1 : 22 ,,.,.,
1 Cliron. 15 : 18 '''',/''', or, on the other, to introduce
as many Conjunctives as the table will admit, e. g. Gen.
3-14 "\, , \^ '''\ But if either of the three primarv sec-
tions consist of but two words, the first must have a Dis-
junctive accent, however close its relation may be to the
second, e. g. : Dn3 ya^i Gen. 9 : 20, D3^r? 1)71???^ Gen. 3 : 5,
bsir^ nnp Gen. 19:4.
a. In Gen. 24 : 15, where, however, editions differ, Silluk is in a section
of two words immediately preceded by Merka.
6. Sometimes an excluded term of the series will take the place of the
eecondary accent MeLhegh, §44. Tiphhha is thus five times written upon
*he same word with Silluk. e. g. Nun. 15 : 21, and eleven times with
64 ORTHOGRAPHY. ^ 40
Athnahh. e. g. Num. 28 : 26. Munahh, Gen. 21 : 17, for which Kadhma la
Eometimcs substituted, Gen. 18: 21, ot'ien stands upon the same word with
Zakeph Katon. Kadlima is also joined in this manner with Munahh, Lev.
10:12, Merka, Judg. 21:21, Neh. 12:44, Mahpakh, Lev. 25 : 46, and
Geresh, Ex. 16 : 15. 21 : 22, 35. Mahpakh with Munahh, Lam. 4 : 9.
4. Occasionally a subordinate Disjunctive or its alternate
is repeated in the same section with or without its ante-
cedents. Thus, T'blm-, Deut. 2G:2 '^^ . '^ so
Deut. 30 : 20, 1 Sam. 20 : 21, 2 Kin. 17 : 36. Zarka, 2 Kin.
1 : 16 ■■//"/, so ver. 6, Gen. 42 : 21, Jer. 21 : 4, Neh.
2:12. Pashta, Gen. 24:14, 42, 48, 65; 1 Kin. 20:9.
Pashta, Pashta and Y'thibh, 2 Kin. 10:30, Ezr. 7:25.
Geresh and G'rashayim, Gen. 28 : 9.
a. There is a double accentuation of part of Gen. 35:22, and of the
entire decalogue, both in Ex. 20 : 2-17, and Deut. 5 : 6-21, which involvei
a double vocalization in certain words, e.g. : ^33 Ex. 20:3, i.e. either
'."'ja or "^is. Single words also occur with alternative accents, e.g. with
G'rashayim or Gere.sh and T'lisha Gli'dhola nY Gen. 5 : 29. ISip Lev.
10 : 4, ^nb' 2 Kin. 17 : 13, n|i<b?i Ezek. 48 : 10, nwxY Zeph. 2:15.
Poetic Consecution.
§40. 1. The princi}3le of the consecution is the same in
the poetic as in the prosaic accents, although there is consid-
erable diversity in the details. There is a like division of
verses into clauses and sections rided by a Disjunctive at the
end, which imposes upon them its own special train of
accents. The sections are fewer, however, and the trains
shorter than in prose, on account of the greater brevity of
the sentences in poetry for the most part. But this reduc-
tion is more than compensated by the new complexity arising
from the latitude allowed in the choice of Conjunctives,
which it seems impossible to reduce to fixed rules, and is
probably to be referred to their use as musical notes for the
^ 40 POETIC CONSECUTION. 55
cantillation of the synagogue. It should be added, that the
embarrassment arising from this inherent complexity of the
subject is seriously aggravated by the numerous discrepancies
in the different editions of the Bible, by which the true ac-
centuation in the three poetical books is often involved in
doubt and uncertainty.
a. In addition to availing himself of the researches of others, particu-
larly of Nordheimer and Evvald in their discussions of this subject, the
author has examined verse by verse the entire book of Proverbs and the
first division of the Psalms (Ps. 1-41), as well as other selected Psalms
and portions of Job, As the result, he confesses himself quite unable to
disentangle the mystery; and as the only contribution he can make
towards its solution he has concluded to present in detail, and in as con-
venient a form as possible, the facts observed, hoping that some future ex-
ploration may discover the principle of order, if any such principle there
be, in this apparently inextricable confusion.
2. Verses may consist of one, two, or three clauses, dis-
tinguished by the three Disjunctives of the first class. If
the verse contain but one clause, Silluk will be written upon
the last word, Ps. 4:1; if it contain two clauses, the divi-
sion will be made by Athnahh, Ps. 1:4, or by Merka-
Mahpakh, Ps. 1 : 2. 3 : 3, upon the last word of the first
clause ; if it contain three, the last word of the first will have
Merka-Mahpakh, the last word of the second Athnahh, and
the last word of the third Silluk, Ps. 1 : 1. Clauses may
consist of a single section when no subdivision of them is
necessary ; or they may consist of two or more sections,
when the subdivision is effected by R'bhi^ or Pazer, e. g.
:,...' Ps. 18:51, : . ' Prov. 1 : 10, '. " Ps.
41:7, * ." Ps. 7:6,/. ' .."Ps. 17:14.
56
OIlTIIOGUArilY.
HI
^41. The order of the accents iu the various sections
is exhibited in the following table
Principal
Sections.
O 03
« ■<
Conjunctives.
Conjcnctives.
•
1
.^.);. OiO^T. '■'
-
.;.(.);<
or ■'s :
: -'''■' :-'
A
1 : 1 1 . !
j^ V I . j-j I ^. j^ js !>
1 • • 1 1
^ in.
■h-(h:i
"\:-0'-\\s\
>
fl
CVJ
Sl'BORDIXATE
Sections.
•
%-m-\
H
■%\¥^
Explanaiion of the Table.
a. Train of Si link.— U Silliik is preceded by a single Conjunctive, it
will be Munahh, Prov. 1 : 4, or Merka either alone as Prov. 1:2, or com-
pounded with Zarka, Ps. 10: 5, and P'sik, Ps. 10 : 3. If it be preceded by-
two Conjunctives, they will be ^ ^ Ps. 5: 5, ^ ^ Ps. 10 :C,^ ^ Prov. 12: 1
(in some editions), ^ ^ Prov. 25 : 26, \^ Ps. IS : 7, ' ' Ps. 36 : 1, or ' ' Prov.
§41 POETIC CONSECUTION. 57
8: 13. If it be preceded by three Conjunctives, they will be ^ , , Ps. 24:6
'Ps. 10:2(or 'Ps. 7:6), Prov. 26:25 (or ^ "Ps. 28:8 or
Prov. 29 : 13), , . ■* Ps. 4:8,^^ ' Prov. 3 : 27, ■* ■" . If it be preceded by
four Conjunctives, they vs^ill be ^ ^ \ Ps. 89:2, ^ ^ / ^' Ps. 32:5, or
"' ■* *^ Ps. 3 : 3 (in some editions "" "" \). If it be preceded by five Con-
junctives, they will be ^ ^ \ ^ Job 32:6, 37:12 (in this latter example
some editions substitute a Makkeph for Merka).
If Silluk be preceded by a Disjunctive in its own section, it will be
R'^ii^-Geresh, Ps. 1:1, 5:3, 10. R'bhi"-Geresh maybe preceded by one
Conjunctive,^ Ps. 5: 4 ; by two,^ ^ Ps. 8:2, or^^ Ps. 31:10, 19; by three,
or, ^^ Ps. 73:4.
There are occasional deviations from the Conjunctives of the table;
thus, R'bhi^-Geresh is in Ps. 34:8 preceded by ^ " ^. In some of these
cases, however, editions differ in their notation of the accents. Thus, in
Ps. 5:7 some editions have ' before Silluk, others '; in Ps. 18:36,
Prov. 30: 17, some have , , others , ; in Ps. 20:2 some have ^ ^ , others
J , ; in Prov. 24 :S some have , ^ , others, , the two words being joined
by Makkeph. So, again, some editions have in Ps. 9: 11 ^ before R'bhi"-
Geresh, in Ps. 18:44 , in Prov. 27:19 . in Prov. 21:17 ; while
other editions do not depart in these passages from the order given in the
table. Similar discrepancies exist in the other sections likewise.
b. Train of Afhnahh. — Athnahh may be preceded by one Conjunctive,
^ Ps. 5:8 (or ^^ Prov. 8:30,34),^ Ps. 5 : 3 (or ^, Ps. 35:21,, " Ps. 69:2),
^ Prov. 23:3,^ Ps. 14:3, Prov. 6:3 (or _ ^ Pro'v. 16: 10) ; by two, ^ ^ Ps.
6:8 (or^ ^^ Ps. 7:17), ^ ^ Prov. 28:25, Ps. 5:2 (in some editions the
latter example has _ ^ ^ ), ^ _ Ps. 14 : 5, ^ ^ Prov. 11:12, 14-.21, , ' Ps.
37 : 1, , ^ Prov. 8 : 21, ^ ^ Ps. 25 : 16 ; by three, ^ ^ , Prov. 24 : 21, ^ ^\ Ps.
6:6(or, ^ / Ps. 9:10, or^^ _^ Ps. 16:10), , ^ ' Ps. 10:17. ^ ^' '/ Prov.
8:13, ^^ ,^ Ps. 18:50, ,, ^ ,, Ps. 10:13, "' Prov. 6:27./ Vps.72:3;
by four, ^^ ^ Prov. 3: 12, ^ ^ ^ , Prov. 24 : 16, ^^ ^^ Ps. 34:7, ^ ^ ""^ Ps
32 : 2 (in some editions), "" \ , , Prov. 1:19,^" ' \ Ps. 65 : 2.
If Athnahh be preceded by a Disjunctive in its own section, it will be
Tiphhha initial, Ps. 1 : 6, 26 : 4, Tiphhha initial may be preceded by one
Conjunctive, ^ Ps. 5 : 6 ; by two, ^ ^ Ps. 9 : 19 (or " Ps. 14 : 1, or Ps.
16:9),^ 'Ps. 32:11,^^ Ps. 35:14,15,^ / Prov. 25:20; by three.^\^^
Ps. 23:6, , ^ ' Ps. 27:1,^ ,\ Ps. 12:5 (or " Prov! 27: 14),"" ' *
'' Ji< ji< -"ji
Ps. 9 : 14.
c. Train of Merka-Mahpalih.—Merka-Mahpakh maybe preceded by
one Conjunctive, which is almost always Yerahh ben Yomo, Ps. 1:1
68 ORTHOGRAPHY. § 42
though occasionally it is, in some editions at least, Merka, Ps. 15:5, 35: 10,
or Mahpakh, Ps. 24:8, 31:10. If it be preceded by a Disjunctive in its
own section, Zaika will be employed, Ps. 1 : 1, Prov. 1:11.
Zarka may be preceded by one Conjunctive, Ps. 12: 7 (or j Prov
1 : 22), ^ Ps. 6 : 3, ^ , Ps. 12 : 3, / Ps. 31:12; by two, ^ ^ ' Prov. 30 : 15 (in
some editions '), Ps. 24 : 10 (or Ps. 13:6). Ps. 21 : 10, '
Ps. 27 : 2 (or ,\ ■ Ps. 35 : 26), / ' Ps. 7 ; 10 ; by three, , , ' , Ps. 29 : 9,
* Ps. 31:14. * " Ps. 10: 14: or by four, ' Ps. 40 : 6.
d. Train of Ji^bhi". — R'bhi" may be preceded by one Conjunctive, Ps.
5 : 1, , Ps. 8 : 2 (or ^ " Ps. 23 : 4, or ^ ^ Ps. 6 : 7),^ Prov. 28 : 22. ■" Ps. 22 : 2?,
' Ps. 11 :2(or, ' Ps. 5 : 11); by two, ^ ^ Prov. 8 : 33, ^ ^ Ps. 28 : 7 (or ^ ^ ^
Ps. 18 : 3). * Ps. 9:7, " Ps. 1 1 : 4, ' Ps. 26 : 1. ■" Ps. 27 : 6 (or ■* "
Ps. 5:9). 'Prov. 6:22, ' Ps. 18:1 (or ' " Ps. 7 : 7. or ' " Ps.
39 : 5), / ■" Job 16 : 10 ; or by three, ^ / ^ Ps. 40 : 7, ^ _ \ Ps. 41 : 7 (or
" ' Ps. 39:6, or " ' " Ps. 3 : 8, or ' " Ps. 41:14), ■" ' Ps.
19 : 14 (or ■■ ^ \' Ps. 39 : 12), ■* / ■* Ps. 40 : 1 1, ^ ^ " ' Prov. 24 : 31.
e. Train of Pazer. — Pazer may be preceded by one Conjunctive, ^ Ps.
89:20 (or_ ^ Prov. .30:8),* Ps. 32:5 (or _ Ps. 17:14); by two, ^ ^ Ps.
5: 10, Prov. 7:23 (or ^ _^ Ps. 28: 5), ^ ' Ps. .3:3 (or ^ / Prov. 27: 10),
Ps. 90:4. ' Ps. 7:6, ' Ps. 39:13, Ps. 11:2, 'Ps. 5:12: or
J« ■!« II 'V« 'V '
by three, ^ ^ Ps. 22 : 35, 23 : 4, ^ ^ ^ Prov. 2'6 : 29 (where sone editions
have ).
§42. The trains of these several accents are adjusted
to sections of varying lengtli by expedients similai to those
employed with the prose accents, viz. : 1 . Omitting the Con-
junctives in whole or in part. 2. Repeating the Disjunc-
tives, e. g. " Ps. 14 : 1, " Ps. 17 : 14, or their equivalents, e. g.
Tiphhha initial before " Ps. 7:10, before ' Ps. 9:1; " before
" Ps. 18 : 1, before ' Ps. 22 : 15 ; ' before Tiphhha initial Ps.
16:17. 3. Writing two accents upon the same word,
an^niss^n^ Ps. 5:11, ^?nin Ps. 27:11, ^s"?:!] Ps. 18:16.
4. Uniting two or more words by jMakkeph, so that they
require but a single accent. 5. Writing the different parts
of a compound accent upon separate words ; thus, ]\Ierka-
Mahpakh ^?« b5tti< Ps. 6 : 3, Merka-Zarka r?'^ "^? Ps. 22:9,
Mahpakh-Zarka nsn ''5 Prov. 6:3.
§43 MAKKEPH. 59
a. Sometimes when two accents are written upon the same wor 1. one
is the alternate of the other; thus, y^2 I'rov. 1 : 19, may be either r^3 or
ysc2 according as the accent remains in its proper position in the ultimate,
or is thrown back upon the penult in consequence ol^ the next word being
accented upon its initial syllable
Makkeph.
§43. Makkeph (^y^ joining) is a horizontal stroke by)
which two, three, or even four words may be united.)
?l^-'}r)X, '''is-nic^n-nx Gen. 30:81, biir-'b-TZJ^ Gen. 33:11,
iS-mcs-bs-nsi Gen. 12 : 20, 25 : 5, Ex. 20 : 11, yirs-nnvba-by
Ex. 22 : 8, fnir-^rs-bi-b:? Job 41 : 26. It belongs properly
to the accentual system, words which are closely related
being often connected in this manner in order to obviate
the necessity of unduly multiplying Conjunctive accents.
Thus, the first fifteen words of Ex. 22 : 8 are in this manner
reduced to eight. Monosyllabic particles are frequently, and
some almost constantly, linked with the succeeding or pre-
ceding word, of which they may be regarded as in a manner
appendages ; thus, bi« , b:? , rx , bis , bj^ , ]d , Da , i^D , etc. Exam-
ples are not wanting, however, of longer words similarly
united, e. g. D^irnrjbiJ^ Deut. 19:15, nb^TT^ss 1 Kin. 17 : 21,
n'inpi2i? Isa. 31:4. This use of Makkeph is not to be con-
founded with that of the hyphen in modern languages between
the members of a compound, as self-same, master-builder.
Words united by Makkeph are still as separate as ever in char-
acter and signification ; but they are pronounced together and
are accented as though they formed but one word. Plence,
whatever number of words be thus joined, the last only will
receive an accent. And, as a further consequence, if a Avord
preceding Makkeph properly ends in a long mixed syllable,
this will, by the loss of the accent, be shortened, "^iic-nij,
qis^bs, nrtf^nnn, or failing tliis, will commonly receive the
secondary accent Methegh, Cioi-^-niiJ, nJ!?n;^-i^5j .
60 ORTHOGRAPHY. ^44
a. Tsere remains before Makkcph in "13, ">3, 1?, yS ; it sdmctimes re-
mains and is sometimes shortened in DlU, \ad six, rs e.g. Gen. 16:13
nin7~C!U. but ver. 15 "iss'ctj. It once remains according to some editions
in TN Job '11:26, a word whicli is three times written rx without
Maiik^ph, Ps, 47 : 5 60 : 2, Prov. 3 : 12. Comp. § 19. 2, o.
b. Makkeph is pccasionally found in the middle of a long word, wliich
lias been erroneously divided into two, e.g. n^S"!!?"^ Jer. 46 : 20, and
perhaps JiipTifrc Isa. 61 : 1. Sometimes words are thus divided without
a Makkeph to unite the sundered parts, e.g. Dijr ^3 Lam. 4: 3. cn'r's "ina
2 Chron, 34: 6, and probably ■nzri dnx Hos. 4: 18. ni-is -iBnb Isa. 2 :'20'.
(See Dr. Alexander's Commentary on this passage.) The last two ex-
amples are plainly intended by the punctuators to be read as separate
words. This micht likewise be done in the preceding examples if they
were pointed CJi) 13 and ch^ri3 nna .
Methegh.
§ 44. Methegh (sn'a bridle), a small perpendicular stroke
under the initial letter of the syllable to which it belongs,
is a secondary accent denoting a stress of voice inferior to
the main accent. As this latter always has its place in
Hebrew either upon the ultimate or the penult, distinctness
was promoted and monotony relieved, especially in long
words, by giving prominence to one or more of the antece-
dent syllables. There is a natural tendency to heighten the
force of the accent by passing lightly over the immediately
preceding syllable, this diminished force creating in its turn
a new stress upon that next beyond it, and so on in alternate
elevations and depressions to the beginning of the word.
Agreeal)ly to the principle just stated, Metliegh regularly
stands in polysyllables upon the second syllable before the
accent, and again upon the fourth if the word have so many,
e. g. D"7sri , qcs;; , '^:x-'2i;' , Dh"^na , Dn^ninac^^ , nirD'^pn^i .
And so upon two or more words connected by Makkeph,
which are pronounced as one, e. g. Vrrrxn';' Gen. 22 : 8,
onVos-'S 1 Sam. 21:7.
a. Sometimes, however, particularly when the nature of the syllables
requires it, §32. 1, Methegh takes the place of the principa. accent before
§45 METHEGH. 61
Makkeph irrespecti^^e of the position of the accent upon the following
word, i'i-TjNain Num. 21:3n, 'i^'afi"^^ Num. 21 : 33, bi3~^.7: Jer. 34:1
Diin-nb-bDi Gen. 30:32, iiKsibri/l Sam. 21 : 12, ■'if-^S Ex. 19'': 5.
6. It is to be observed that the position of Methegh is determined bj
that of the tone-syllable, not by that of the accentual sign when these are
not coincident, as Ir-equently happens with prepositives .and postpositives,
e. Of. '■TiT'S.'n Deut. 4:26. «irini'!l Josh. 22:27, where the tone fails on
the penult, cp^ini Jer. 26:21, where the tone is upon the ultimate.
§45. The secondary accent is liable to be shifted from
its normal position for the following reasons, viz. :
1. If the syllable which should receive it is mixed, it
may be given in preference to an antecedent simple syllable,
e. g. nnrirnr^^i 2 Sam. 2.2 : 24, ?f'?nnrte^ Job 1 : 7, niihnpnr
Ezek. 42 : 5, ■©^sn-bsis Gen. 43:7; or if none such precede,
it may be omitted altogether, e. g. np^^^l Jer. 33 : 24,
■'?5<?7r'^ 1 Kin. 21 : 1, ni^^n-bs-ns? Deut. 6:25.
2. It is always given to simple syllables when followed
by a vocal ShVa, whether simple or compound, or a vowel
which has arisen from ^h'va, the slight pronunciation proper
to the Sh'va or its derivative giving new prominence to the
preceding vowel, ^'^'nik'^ , n^n"^. , iTCii.b, ninj^m Gen. 30 : 38,
^inn,^ ; sometimes to intermediate syllables, § 20. 2, e. g?
''DID Isa. 9:17, 10:34, Ti^-av Obad. ver. 11, particularly
after He interrogative or when Daghesh-forte has been
omitted as after the article, Vav conversive, and the prepo-
sition p , e. ff. biij^an , n^wnn , ibbn , nin:3 , nij^'inssn , nszs^ab .
"^T}'^'} ; rarely and only as an exception to a mixed syllable
standing in the first place before the principal accent, e. g,
KTZinn Gen. 1:11, D^pan Ex. 12 : 7, Zech. 14 : 2.
a. It hence appears how Methegh comes to be of use in distinguishing
the doubtful vowels, § 19, and to what extent it can be relied upon for thia
end. As it invariably accompanies the vowel of a simple syllable when
followed by vocal Sh'va, it must always be found with a, I, and u preced-
mg Sh'va. inasmuch as this will necessarily be vocal. Initial i u. the un
emphatic conjunction, is an exception, with which it is commonly not
written, e. g. naj^J!! Gen. 6: 19, nxbbii Gen. 31 : 4, though it is sometimea,
62 ORTIIOGUAPHY. §45
e. g. ^''^I^Ht? Gen. 1 : IS, nat^i Judg. 5: 12. The absence of Methegh,
except in llie case just mentioned, is consequently conclusive fvidence of
the sliorlness of tlie vowel. As, however, short vrtwels in intermediate
syllables, and in a few rare instances even in mixed sylial)les, may receive
Methegh. the presence of this sign does not of itself determine the vowe'
to be long; the ultimate decision must in this case depend ou other con
siderations.
3. When by the operation of the prececUng rnle Me*
thegh comes to stand in the first place before the accent,
another Methegh is nevertheless occasionally found in the
second place, the two thus standing in immediate succession,
e.g. niriTaa Gen. 32 : 22, ^h^il}. Gen. 45 : 25 ; and even three
occur upon successive syllables, e. g. T|'ii2?'a'Qi Isa. 22 : 19.
But commonly where there is more than one Methegh, their
position relatively to each other is governed by the same
rules as the position of Methegh generally with relation to
the principal accent, e. g. =iiny^'©''^ , rihrni , ^jninnxn ,
4. Methegh is sometimes written under a letter with
Sh va, e. g. xrnbir Job 1 : 11, 2 : 5, icx-^r^ Job 19 : 6, n{5p:3
Ps. 2 : 3, nsEH^as Jer. 49 : 18, "^y^a Ruth 1:11.
a. A Methegh so situated is called Gaya (N^^^a bellowing-) by Jewish
grammarians, and, according to Elias Levita, it occurs eighty-four times,
the number yielded by its name arithmetically reckoned. Methegh upon
a short vowel before a compound Sh'va was called Ma"rll<h ( "^ ;N.^ pro-
longing), with a short Hhirik it was called HhlrQk (pli'^n gnashing).
5. The place of Methegh is frequently supplied by an
accent chosen agreeably to the laws of consecution, ^39.
3. .5., e. g. as^TOX Isa. 66:13, Dhr-bs^^ Dent. 12:31,
O'^^c.v?) Zech. 7:14, xni^-byi Num. 10:23, ^-nj^!'? Josh.
22 : 12.
o. The want of consistency or of uniformity, which maybe occasion
ally observed, in regard to the insertion or omission of Methegh, e. g
r^lHV: Cant. 1 : 7. tii^nut Cant. 3:1; cn«i Cant. 6 : 5, on^r Lam. 4 : 9
§46 K*Ri AND k'thibh. 63
md-is Num. 31:12, ria"iS Josh. 4: 13, and the discrepancies between
different manuscripts and editions, e. g. ns^x or ni^x Gen. 45 : 2S,
nnai-s.xb or n^TSt-ilsia Ps. 81 : 3, if not arising in the first instance from
clerical errors, are prokibly to be attributed to the inferior importance of
the sign itself, whose place might be presumed to be sufficiently determine)]
pven if not written.
K'ri and K'thibh.
§46. Various notes extracted from the Masora (n^ica
traditioii), a collection of remarks upon the text, are found
in the margin of the Hebrew Bible, which are explained in
the glossary at the end of most editions. The most im-
portant of these are the various readings known as the K'ri
(■^'np read)^ and K'thibh (i'^ns written). If in any instance
traditional usage sanctioned a reading different from that
which was written in the text or the K'thibh, the punctuators
did not venture to alter the text itself for the sake of making
the correction ; they went no further than to connect with
the letters of the text the vowels of the word to be substi-
tuted for it in reading or the K'ri, with a reference to the
margin where the letters of the substitute might be found.
Thus, Avith the word T^.^i?^!] Josh. 6 : 7 is connected the
marginal note "^"ip "TaKil, The vowels here attached to the
K'thibh belong not to it but to the unpointed word in the
margin, which is accordingly '^'a^^i . The proper vowels for
the pronunciation of the K'thibh are not written, but must
be supplied from a knowledge of the form indicated by the
letters, which in this case is l"i^!spi . Again, in ver. 9, l^pri
in the text refers to J? ''ypn in the margin ; the K'ri is here
''^pn, and the K'thibh, whose vowels are left to be deter-
mined by the reader, ^5^jn. Jer. 42:6 has VDi|! where the
marginal note is ^~\\> i:n:i5 ; the K'ri is accordingly ^:n2s? ,
and the K'thibh ^is: . In order to indicate that a given word
was to be omitted in reading, it was left unpointed, and the
64 ORTHOGRAPHY. § 47
note ""ip x^l I'^nD, loritten hut not r<?«^, placed in the margin,
e.g. ©lan Ezek. 48:1(3, s: 2 Kin. 5:18, inT Jer. 51:3.
If, on the other hand, a word was to be supphed, its vowels
were inserted in the text and its letters placed in the margin,
with the note itd sbi inp, read hut not written, e. g. Judg.
20:13 in the text _.. , and in the margin "'in, to be read
:.:a; so Jer. 31 : 38 D\s:a . In 1 Kin. 21 : 8 the first letter
of D"^"iBcn is left unpointed as superflnous, and in Job 2 : 7
n?^ is explained by the margin to stand for ^?i : so Jer. 18:23
^^n,.'! for T1y^^ .
a. The number of these marginal readings differs in different editions.
Elias Levita states that there are 848. Others have computed them to
be 1,000; others still, 1,200.
§47. Sometimes a different reading from that of the text
is suggested by the points alone without a marginal note
being added in explanation, as when a particular word or
orthography is regularly substituted for another of frequent
occurrence. These cases are presumed to be so familiar to
the reader as to require no other index of their existence
than the presence of the appropriate vowels. Thus, the
divine name T'\^r\'^ , which the Jews had a superstitious dread
of pronouncing, was and still is read by them as if it were
■'ins Lord, whose points it accordingly receives, rrih^ , unless
these two names stand in immediate connection, when, to
avoid repetition, it is read D'^n'^s* and pointed nnh;; Gen.
15:2, Hab. 3:19. The antiquity of this superstition is
attested by the Kvpi,o<; of the Septuagint, followed in the
English as well as in other modern versions by the rendering
Lord. The trae sound of the name never having been
noted, is now lost ; the only clue that is left being its ety-
mology and the form which it assumes in composition,
§ G2. 1, from which the conclusion has been variously drawn
that it was nin;;', nin;; , or nnn'; . The common pronunciation
Jehovah is manifestly founded upon the error of combining
§48 k'ri and k'thibh. Gn
the consonants of this word with the vowels of another and
an entirely different one. There is, however, especially as it
is uncertain whether Ya/we or Ya/i"va, or either of these, was
its original sound, no good reason for abandoning the pro-
nunciation familiar to the Christian world and hallowed by
the association of constant usage for the sake of adopting
another which is, or is supposed to be, phonetically more
exact, any more than we need be guilty of the pedantry of
preferring YesUayahi to Isaiah because it approaches more
nearly to the original pronunciation of the prophet's name.
Other standing K'ris, unnoted in the margin, are xin , the
form of the pronoun of the third person feminine which is
used throughout the Pentateuch ; this is designed to be read
x^n , though the sound indicated by the letters is in all proba-
bility i^^n . So nii'^/f ^ read "liis^ , and qpTC^"^^ read ^']^-^r\^. .
§48. In the absence of definite information respecting
the origin and sources of these various readings, it is difficult
to determine wath absolute precision the Aveight to which
they are respectively entitled. The current opinion of the
ablest Hebraists, based upon a careful scrutiny of their in-
ternal character aud the relation which ordinarily appears to
subsist between them, is that while tlie K'ri may perhaps, in
a few cases, correct errors in the K'thibh, and so restore the
original reading, it is in the great majority of instances an
explanatory gloss rather than an emendation. With the rare
exceptions already suggested, the K'thibh is esteemed the
true reading, the object of the K'ri being to remove ortho-
graphical anomalies, secure grammatical uniformity, substi-
tute usual for unusual, prevailing for obsolete words and
forms, and occasionaUy to introduce euphemistic expressions.
While the K'ri is probably not to be esteemed the original
reading, therefore, it deserves attention as the grammatical
or exegetical comment of a steadfast tradition.
66 orthography. § 19
Accuracy of the Points.
§49. 1. All the Masoretic additions to the text designed
to facilitate its reading have now been considered. The cor-
rectness of the pronunciation, which they yield, is vouched
for not only by the esteem in which they are universally
held by the Jews, but by the scrupulous minuteness of the
system, its consistency with itself and with the vowel-letters
of the text, its affinity with and yet independence of the
vocalization of the kindred languages the Arabic and Syriac,
and the veneration for the already established text which
evidently characterized its authors, since they did not venture
to change the text even in the slightest particular.
2. The only additional information which has come down
to us respecting the true sound of Hebrew words, is furnished
by the mode of writing proper names in the Septuagint
version, and the few Hebrew words preserved by ancient
authors, particularly Origen and Jerome. These have been
subjected to an elaborate comparison with the Masoretic
punctuation, and the result has been to establish their sub-
stantial agreement in the main, with, however, not a few
remarkable points of divergence. In relation to this subject
it should be observed, that the Hebrew pronunciation of the
Seventy is inferred entirely from their mode of spelling
proper names, not from words in living use in the language.
The chances of inaccuracy, on the part of the translators, are
here peculiarly great. Many names were not familiar and
were of rare occurrence ; and as no system of vowel notation
then existed, they were left entirely to their independent
knowledcre of the sound of each individual word. These
words were written by them in a foreign alphabet, whose
sounds did not coincide precisely with those of the Hebrew,
and in which the proper equivalents varied somewhat accord-
ing to their combinations. The true sound was also de-
^49 ACCURACY OF THE POINTS. 67
parted from sometimes because the laws of Greek euphony
forbade its exact reproduction. The neghgence with which
they are chargeable elsewhere was also probably aggravated
here, and in fact there are many instances in which they not
merely deviate from the vowels but transpose or change the
letters. Leaving out of view, therefore, such incidental dis-
crepancies as are to be accounted for in the ways now sug-
gested, a thorough and extended examination of the subject
reveals, with all the general agreement, a number of regular
and systematic deviations.
a. These are thus stated by Ewald, Lehrbuch. p. 1 16. (1.) An e or e de-
rived from a is written a, as nnpi 0apa, CS^b2 BaA.aa/x. "il'^a Ta^awv. C^^TO
Mapia/x ; and on the other hand, a is sometimes written e, ni3^"'bnx
OAty8e/x.a. Tip Kevet,. PJ TeS^, especially before n, as nn'p Kope, niT Zape.
(2.) e is written for i and 6 for u, dns Xerratot, cbnij Teevva, V^'14
TeSecov, Q":'°!:f^ Meo-pai/x rn-ns^ Oxo^a^, n^T;' O^ta, (3.) for the diph-
thongal e and o their constituents ai and au are substituted, IJ";;; Kaivav,
123 Na^au. (4.) The vowel letters are softened into their homogeneous
vowels X'^p.''^ ovLKpa, "'3"!'^!i owtSa/J^jp. (5.) Vocal Sh'va is written as a
full vowel, commonly a, or if an o follow, 0, niwXns 2a/3aa).^, bx^is'n TayovrjX,
fi^tns XepovBLjj., CIO 2o8o/xa ; the final vowel of Segholates is also
written 6 if o precedes, Ti^'^ MoXox, "i^A" yop,op.
3. The regularity of these deviations seems to be best
accounted for by the assumption that the pronunciation
represented in the Septuagint is that which prevailed among
the Jews in Egypt, which would naturally be less pure than
that of Palestine represented in the vowel points, and which,
moreover, betrays in the particulars recited above a strong
leaning to Aramaean forms and sounds. Accordingly the
view now commonly entertained is that the vowel notation
of the Masorites is correct, at least in all essential particulars,
and that it is properly to be put at the basis of all investiga*
tions into the phenomena of the language.
68 ORTHOGllAPHT. ^ 50
Orthographic Changes.
^50. The signs thus far described represent all the
sounds of the Hebrew language. Its stock of words is
formed by combining these in various significant ways. The
laws of such combinations, and especially the nmtations to
which they are subject, or which they occasion, next demand
attention. When a particular idea has been attached to a
certain combination of sounds, its different modifications
may naturally be expressed by slightly varying those sounds.
This may take place,
1. By the substitution of one letter for another of like
character, and for the most part of the same organ, e. g. :
n^n to be. exist, M^n to live ; s'33 to pour forth. N23 the same idea ap-
plied to words, to prophei^!/ ; ~3S to encircle the neck with an ornament,
pan to strangle, poN applied to sounds uttered in strangulation, to groan ;
bji to go about as a s}>y, hzn to go about as a merchant; 0:3 to collect,
C'^na treasures; S'^aa a cup, J'^IS or S2ip a. helmet (of similar shape);
""] tender, delicate, pT thin ; "isri to make straight, isn to straighten the
beam of the balance, to weigh ; "133 firstborn, "'iss first ripe, ^|?3 the first
portion of the day, the morning ; nbn to suspend, nb'n applied to a bucket,
to let down; "^la to cut, iSf? to reap; 3nt gold, 3Hs yelloxo ; '{^'^ to con-
ceal, "(S^U and "lEii to hide away as treasures, "ED to cover with boards ;
]'r3 to destroy by tearing down. l!Jr3 to destroy by uprooting ; nr:: to slay,
n3T to sacrifice ; bsn to bind, bsa to bound ; n"i3 to break up, jite, nng
to break out, blossom, p"is to break in pieces ; 33p to cut ofi". 3sn to hew
stone, 3:2n to cut wood ; "iP3 to surround, "la? to encircle the head with a
crown ; Tjr3 to pour out, ~p3 to pour in libation or in casting metals ; "•ns
to shine, "in:: to be pure; nnn to engrave, uinn to plough; ins to prove,
"ins to approve, choose ; nrny /o r/rnz/r. its causative npil'n ; ~rn to break
through, ipn to investigate ; 3S3 to place, its reflexive 3S]Pn.
2. By the transposition of letters, e. g. :
l^ns lo deal violently, iSB to urge ; "'Sp to cut with the sickle, reap, V"i|3
to cut with the teeth, bile; Ti'^i: to blow, i:JE3 breath; 033 to collect, 033
riches, P'i3lD'0 storehouses.
3. By the addition of a letter :
Thus, from the letters i3l, in which inheres the idea of compression,
are formed ii; a to bind, ^'^:i to press together, '^:iii to heap up, "S^ to be
^ 51 ORTHOGRAPHIC CHANGES. 69
straitened. "^^J to guard, besiege, "iSi' to restrain, "isn an enclosure ; from Tl
are formed ^la to cut, fis /o czji of, TIJ io c?t^ /oose, go away. TT5 /o shear,
bta ?o plunder, ni^a Aeu)/z stone; t"'^a ^o unfold, make distinct, fir"nB f^
spread out ; D"i3 a vineyard,, i'^o'iS a garden.
^51. Such literal changes as those just recited not onl)
serve to express new shades of meaning, but even where the
meaning remains precisely the same, they may represent
diversities of other sorts. Thus, the distinction may be,
1. In point of currency or style : One form of the word
being in more common and familiar use, the other more rare
and savoring, perhaps, of the elevated or poetic style, e. g. :
^:i; to guard, ^133 poetic; ll'iia cypress, nii3 once in poetry; "iJO to
s/tvt, rarely "i?0 ; "T^^'P storm, nnriu rare and poetic; "?0 to cover, once
T\^h : T|^^ to be quenched, once T\"_l ; 2J"ri to abhor, once jXn ; ^30. to be
foolish, once ^"03 ; ■^^!'? iniquity, once Hibs .
2. Of antiquity : The pronunciation of a word or its
form may undergo changes in the lapse of time. Of the
few instances of this sort, which our imperfect data enable
us to fix upon Avith some measure of confidence, the follow-
ing may be taken as specimens, e. g. :
To laugh in the Pentateuch pn:i , in other books (Judg. 16 : 25 ex-
cepted) pnia ; to cry out in the Pentateuch prs , only once (Ex. 2 : 23)
pST which is the more frequent form in other books ; niL^S , f^2':3lr a. lamb,
occur in the Pentateuch interchangeably with iuss , nbns , which are the
only forms found in other books ; a sceptre ijaa . but in the book of Esther
a'^nnttJ ; Damascus pb^a':? . in Chronicles pii;^"!^ ; how 1 Chron. 13 : 12,
Dan. 10 : 17 rrn , in earlier books TpX .
3. Of Dialect : The same word may come to be pro-
nounced differently by those who speak distinct though re-
lated languages. Thus, the Aramaean dialects, the Chaldee
and Syriac, in very many words regularly substitute N for the
Hebrew final n , and the corresponding Unguals for the He-
brew sibilants, 2 being sometimes still further weakened by
the loss even of the lingual sound to that of the guttural ^ ,
e.g.:
70 ORTHOGRAPHY. ^ 52
Heb. nrn to u-ander, Chald. xr-j . Syr. \Ll ; Heb. =nj oro/r/. ChalA
-"■^j Syr. ).soi?; Heb. nia a /m7f, Cliiikl. nrj , Syr. ]iiLi ; Heb. dbo
5 ^ ^
fAree. Chald. n^P) , Syr. L^Z , Arab. ^^,^0 5 Heb. y-X //it fa///i. Arab.
^jO.( . Clialil. "^x, Syr. ll^?j . Other consonant changes: Heb. "2 a son,
Arab, ^'t , Chald. ^3, Syr. j-c ; Heb. hzsp^ to kill. Arab. ^JJ3 ; Heb.
^12^-:, Syr. '\a4ai5; Heb. XS3 « //iro«e, Chald. -D-jnSjSyr. i-lrjoa, Arab.
llr^; Heb. np^bn a Jield, Chald. xbpn , Syr. \L1 , Eth. /!l^A '. .
4. Of simple euphony : An alternate form of a word
may be produced to facilitate its pronunciation or make its
sound more pleasing, e. g. :
■)iQi>"iX , ""-""15? purple; c::r , ■|::":J to hate; ns'l'b , Hr^: chamber,
'iSs/izy Achan ; -ax:n=!l33 , ^SXinDi:? Nebuchadnezzar; 5X^ , a.'J'il
Doeg ; Cy^bx, o-'Hiabx almug OT algum trees ; nis'nb-Q, ni3?^n^ teeth.
a. Mere varieties of orthography must not be mistaken for consonantal
chano-es, e. g. xb occasionally for lb and vice versd. probably r^brb for
Piiibro, and such permutations of gutturals as abound in the manuscripts
of the Samaritans, who, making no distinction in the sounds of these
letters, perpetually confounded them in writing, Gesen. Sam. Pent. p. 52.
A like faulty pranunciation has been attributed to the Galileans, to which
there is a probable allusion in Matt. 26:73. Buxtorf Lex. Chald. p. 434.
§52. The changes thus far described result in the pro-
duction of distinct words, and belong to the domain of the
lexicon rather than of the grammar. The lexicographer re-
gards such words as cognate, and traces them back to their
common source ; but, in the view of the grammarian, they
are totally distinct. The nnitations with which the latter
concerns himself are such as take place in the direct deriva-
tion and inflection of words. These are altogether euphonic,
are more restricted in their character, and take place within
far nari-ower limits, than those heretofore considered. When
words are subjected to grammatical changes their sounds
are brought into new connections, attended, it may be, with
^ 53 CONSONANT CHANGES. 71
a difficulty of utterance which demands some measure of
rehef, or they pass readily and naturally into other sounds,
which are easier of pronunciation or more agreeable to the
ear. The mutations thus induced are of three sorts, viz. :
Consonant Changes, the Conversion of Consonants into
Vowels, and Vowel Changes. These will require to be con-
sidered separately.
Consonant Changes.
§ 53. The first class of changes embraces those which
afiect the consonants. These mostly arise from the concur-
rence of two consonants, creating a difficulty in the pronun-
ciation or yielding a sound displeasing to the ear. This may
take place either at the beginning or the closfe of a syllable.
Syllables in Hebrew may, and often do, begin with two con-
sonants, §18. 1 ; but the necessity of this is avoided in
certain cases by the following expedients :
1. In the beginning of words the weak letter Si is some-
times prefixed with a short vowel, thus creating a new initial
syllable to which the first consonant may be transferred.
a. The only instances of this are afforded by the second and seventh
conjugations of verbs, the Niphal and Hithpael, e. tj. ^i:|3in = ^iii^?"! for
ba;?? ; b-jpnn probably for ^^py\ §82. 5. h. In irn'nx Ezek. 14 : 3 X is
prefixed instead of n . Prosthesis is more common in the domain of the
lexicon, where N is always the letter used, e.g. SJinT . SiTTS arm ; ^"ron,
biianx yesterday. A prefixed X is even occasionally employed to soften
the pronunciation without the necessity stated above, e. s,. cniinx, D'SSX ,
cibn'nx, D"'ptx^. So in Chaldee Cix Wood, Heb. M ; "isx garden.Hfih.
15. In Arabic the concurrence of two consonants at the beginning of a
word is regularly obviated by prefixing t . Comp. Greek x^^'^> ^X"^^'^-
2. The first of the concurrent consonants, if it has a
comparatively feeble sound, is sometimes dropped.
c
72 ORTllOGRAniY. § 53
a. This occurs regularly in verbs wliose first radical is "^ or 3 , and in
nouns derived ii-oin such verbs, e.g. -h ibr -t;^ , nj-n lur nrn-i. b^ia for
bsiii , in for ",r3 . ■'n Ezek. 2 : 10 for ■'ris , bsuin Ezek. 1:4 for br wins , and
perhaps "isS Am. 8 : 8 tor iK";? .
X is liius dropped in i:n: for !l3n:s.Ui forit;N; also in a few instances from
the bfiTiiining of the second syllable of words, e.g. "(Ir.S?^'', Ezek. 28:16
■ )r r,i?NN.; ; t'tx -Tob 32: 11 for t'-nx ; o-A^on Eccl. 4: 14 for cniioxn ;
:^53-n 2 Chron. 22:5 for C^B-ixn ; rno^^ Ezek. 20:37 Ibr r-)OSr; rVs^
1 Kin. 5:25 with Daghesh-lorle conse'-vative lor rbzN^l? ; rnx Prov.
8:17 for =nXN ; "pTp Prov. 17:4 for TT^^; Mr^d 1 Sam. 1:17 ibr
TinbNUJ . These examples likewise admit ol" a dili'erent explanation ; j^
may give up its consonantal power, losing its sound in that of the pre-
ceding vowel, agreeably to §57. 2 (2), after which it may readily be
dropped altogether.
a is occasionally dropped from the participles of the Pual or fourth
conjugation, as njjp for njsbT: ; h in n;^ for n;rb ; n in rib Ex. 3:2 for
rinb; ^h"^^ Ex.'7:22 Ibr'cn^^-b Ex. 7:11; and perhaps 3 in nrao
Gen. 49 : 11, which appears to be for nhncs .
b. The rejection of a consonant from the beginning of a syllable, when
not immediately followed by another consonant, is exceptional ; as in
Judg. 9:11 for in'; ; nnn 2 Sam. 22:41 n)r nnpD ; in Ezek. 33:30 for
nnx; msan Neh. 3:13 for risirsri; "'ribnnn Jodo-. 9:9 for ^nbinnn, and
j>erhaps ni'r Jer. 42: 10, which seems to be ibr aid';.
3. The second consonant is sometimes dropped, if it is a
letter of feeble sound.
a. This is reiiuiarly the case with n of the article and of verbal pre-
fixes, ano "^ as the final radical of verbs, e. g. n?ab for n^anb; blj;?^ for
bbi^n^; !iba for 1^'ba.
It occurs besides in a few sporadic examples with these same letters,
and more rarely still with !< , i, and S, e.g. if for iriT , ''3 Ezek. 2 : 10 for
•^n: . :;b'-T' for lib'^in";!, "S^isp'^ and ^Pi^^:;? with Daghesh-forte conserva-
tive foV'sinry-Jp?*' and inr^-jp ; si^i Lam. 3:53 for ^^1^1, "ri'^n Gen.
3: 16 for -^•'•in'; njE^-? .Tob 35 : 1 1 for !i:E^xr . C^kn Ex. 26:24 forc^fexFi,
bin": Isa. 13 : 20 for bfix"^ . ^:nTni 2 Sam. 22 :'40 for ^S'nTxnn ; "^3 Isa. 3 : 24
for ■'"3, '^'S for •'I?. . cia^ for cii^"^ ; "'a as a particle of entreaty, probably
for ■'ra , npTi;3 Am. 8: 8 (K'thibh) for ni-pt': ; ba the name of a Baby-
lonish deity for bsa is a foreign contraction. The conjecture that 133
Mic. 1 : 10 is for i3?a in Accho'xs ingenious and favoured by the occurrence
of r;3 in Gath in the parallel clause; but it is at variance with the points,
which, upon this hypothesis, should be "isa.
b. In rare cases this rejection occurs even after a mixed syllable,
whose final consonant is thus drawn forward, e. g. nrs for ^^'>y!< , nrn
Job 29:0 for nxrn, akrn Ex. 2:4 for ak'rn and probably p©i< Ps.
139:8 with Daghesli-forte conservative for pbpx .
§54 CONSONANT CHANGES. 73
^ 54. When the concurrence takes place at the close of
a syllable, whether the second consonant belongs to the same
syllable with the first as at the end of words, or to a ditler-
ent syllable as in the middle of words, the following changes
may be produced,
1. An aspirate following another consonant loses its
aspiration, §21 ; or if it be brought into juxtaposition with
its like so as to form a doubled letter, the aspiration of both
will be removed, § 23. 2, unless the combination occurs at
the end of a word, where the reduplication is not expressed,
§ 25. Thus, n^ for nnia , ofenn for D^nnn , ^h^b for -nnnb ,
but nn from nnn, ti'i-qri 1 Kin. 1 : 15 for r\r))t-i2 or nnnir^,
ni™ Ezek. 4 : 3 for ^nia, mt^ Mai. 1 : 14 for nnnir^ .
2. The first of two concurring consonants is in certain
cases assimilated to the second, the doubling thus occasioned
being expressed as in the case of letters originally alike by
Daghesh-forte, except at the end of words, §25, where
Daghesh disappears or is only virtually present, being re-
sumed upon the addition of a fresh vowel or syllable. This
is most frequently the case with the liquid 2 , rarely with b
and T and only in particular words ; so n of the Hithpael
of verbs before 1 and 13 , and in a few instances before sibi-
lants and other letters, and 1 at the end of a few words
before n . Thus, "jn^ for "jna^ , nnia for r\;pDT3 ; n'^^ for njpb:' ,
ns3 Ezek. 27 : 23 for nibs Am. 6:2; ^jw for ''b itcn ; ^ia^^^
for '^ss^ri'?, NisJai for siat^n;', ^3-7n for ^i^rnn, niaiii^n for
oiaiffinn , ^siasn for ^&^35nn , n©3n for n&snn ; nb for mb , nnx
for n^nx .
a. So perhaps 3 in nki2 according to Gesenius for iifes^ and Oa for
S3B. Compare Greek avyyev-q^ for o-wyevTjSj TeVu/A/Aat for TeTUTr/xai, and
Eng. il-logical, ir-religion, im-mature formed by the negative prefix in.
3. A few isolated cases occur of the reverse process more
common in Chaldee and Syriac, by which a doubled letter is
resolved into two different consonants by the change of the
74 ORTlIOGRAniY. § 55
first or tlic second member of the I'ediiplicalion to a liquid
"I or 3, e.g. '^■i^'a forbiD^a, pi?^"i"^ for p'^.^l , ^""-.yj^ Isa.
23 : 11 for n-^Tyia, ■•ipp Job 18:2 in the judgment of some
for ■'ip e?ids, though others make the 2 a radical, and give
the word the sense of snares. The conjectm-e that ^i^in Ps.
C4 : 7, Lam. 3 : 22 is for ^isr) is unnecessary and unwar-
ranted.
4. When n of the Hithpael of verbs would stand before
a sibilant, it is transposed with D and 113 , and with s it is in
addition changed to 12. Thus, nrinc^ for npcn^, ^iint^ foi
ni2TEn;i , nynir:* for "lyiwro , py^i'? for pv^"ri? .
a. Ill n;:;i2it."rin Jcr. 49 : 3 the transposition does not take place in con-
sequence ot" the number of simihir letters wiiich would thus be brought
into proxiiniiy. In tiie cognate laniruagL's n is likewise transjjosed with t
and changed to "i: thus, Chald. "K'lin for "jainn; so. also, in Syriac and
Arabic. The only example of a Hebrew verb whose first letter is T ap-
pearing in this conjugation is !l2Tn Isa. 1:16, where T\ is assimilated
agreeably to 2. Compare with these transpositions the frequent Doric
change of ^ (=: 8cr) into aS, as avpiaBiD for crvpt^a).
§ 55. The occurrence of a consonant at the end of a
word may, inasmuch as the succeeding word nmst necessarily
begin with one, be regarded as an additional case of the con-
crn'rence of consonants. As the contact is less close, how-
ever, than when they meet in the same word, it is less fruitful
of changes than in the cases already considered.
1. There are three instances in which it has been doubt-
fully conjectured that a final ) has been assimilated to a fol-
lowing initial 'Q ; viz. DiiiJto^ Isa. 35:1 presumed to be for
Iict;^. Di^ns Num. 3 :49 for 'jr'iB Ex. 21 : 30, Ps. 49 : 9 ;
D^oGen. 28:12.
a. Pinal consonants are in Sanskrit perpetually modified by the initia4
letter of the following word. But it is by no means clear that this is so in
Hebrew, even in the examples alleged, as the forms admit of a difTcrent
explanation. See in regard to the first passage, Dr. Alexander's Com
mentary.
^56 CONSONANT CHANGES. 75
2. A few cases occur of the rejection of a letter, chiefl)'
'J and ^ , from the end of a word.
a. T of the verbal endings '|1 and "j"^ , is almost always dropped, being
only retained as an archaic or emphatic form, and cliiefly at the end of a
clause, e. g. l^s'i;; Dent. 8 : 16, but mostly ^li'-i';;; "^l-i^nn Gen. 32:20, com-
monly 1"i3iri; T'^"..^ Ruth 3:4, commonly "'^^n . So, too, in some
proper nouns, li^?^ Zecii. 12: 11. ^^yq Josh. 12 :2l ; "i^'^HJ, whose original
T is shown in the derivative "'iil3"'d and is perpetuated in the modern name
Seilun.
h. In like manner a is rejected from the dual and plural terminationa
of nouns upon their entering into the close connection of the construct
state with the following word, "^iTX ll-om C^JIN, "^ria from 0'n3 .
c. If the feminine endings n^ and n^ have, as is probable, a common
origin, this may be best explained by the assumption that n is in many
cases rejected li-om the termination, leaving only the vowel, though it ia
always retained when any addition is made to the word: thus, the con-
struct state niDDn, absolute nrian, but with a suffix ■^n'ODn ; n^::;?
(comp. n"?T5< Deut. 32 : 36), ''ir^'C'P; . It is to be observed here, that this
phenomenon does not establish the possibility of an interchange between
the consonants n and n, -because n in this case represents not h but the
vowel a.
§ 56. A few other changes remain to be mentioned which
are due to special causes.
1. Nun is often inserted in certain forms of verbal
suffixes to prevent the hiatus between two vowels, ^rcnny;;
Jer. 5 : 22, or § 53. 3. a. ^^-nn^p. Isa. 33 : 21 for '.nnny;. ,
inDibiainx Ex. 15: 2 for ^r.b^inN! . Comp. Gr. avoaio^ and
English indefinite article a7i.
2. Vav at the beginning of words is changed to "^ , e. g.
"T?^^ for ^?i , ^"7": for lb;) , bibp;! for bbjpi . The only exceptions
are the four words ^^ , nn Prov. 21 : 8, "i^i Gen. 11 : 30,
^b"; 2 Sam. 6 : 23 (K'ri), and the prefixes Vav Conjunctive
and Vav Conversive.
3. Vav, though capable of being reduplicated, e. g. "i?ii?
is in most instances relieved from this necessity by the sub-
stitution of '', or by doubling the following letter in its
stead, e. g. D!;pN or DTaipji: for D^i^s •
76 ORTHOGRAPflY. §57
a. In one instance after such a change of 1 to "'j a followincr "^ euffers
the contrary change to 1 to pjcvent the triple recurrence of the sama
letter, Ti^.t'!''?: Isa. 0:9 for Tjll'ji'^N^.
4. Yodh before the plural termination w^ , is in a few
cases changed to K to prevent the conjunction of like
sounds, D^sibn Hos. 11 : 7 for n'^ibn Josh. 10 : 20; D^xiaa
Hos. 11:8 for D'^hs Gen. 10 : 19 ; n-^k-i^n from ''"i^^; D-'icns
(also nifiiaii) for u^'-j^i -, ^s,^^ Jer. 38 : 12 for "'iba (or as some
read, r'^i^) ver. 11.
a. In like manner "i is changed to S before Hi in the word r-ixs for
ni^S from ni3; it is consequently unnecessary to assume, as Gesenius does,
a singular ni<2 which never occurs.
Change of Consonants to Vowels.
§57. The second class of changes is the conversion of
consonants into vowels, or the substitution of the latter foi
the former. This occurs,
1. Occasionally in reduplicated syllables or letters, aiia
for nsn? ; nis-Lpit: for niBt:si2; bi:a for b^bn Gen. 11:9; ninb?
2 Chron. 35 : 13 from nn^s Prov. 19 : 24.
2. Much more frequently with the quiescents.
(1) A prefixed ) is softened to its homogeneous voAvel u
before other labials or vowelless letters, e. g. rr'i^, ni^i; the
softening of an initial "^ io i only occurs in '''fc''K 1 Chron.
2:13 for ^i?!' ver. ] 2, ©i? 2 Sam. 14 : 19, Mic. 6 : 10 for CJ: .
(2) Medial or final quiescents without vowels of their
own often lose their sound in that of a preceding vowel.
This is invariably the case with 1 and '' following their homo-
geneous vowels, e. g. Ti^n for Tiin § 59, n^^roa for n^in^'a,
unless they are doubled, as ""ii?!*^ , f^^^, and occasionally even
§ 57 CHANGE OF CONSONANTS TO VOWELS. 77
then, e. g. ''t?''^ for '^'k'^'o . Pinal K always, and medial X fre-
quently, gives up its consonant sound after any vowel what-
ever, e. g. ss^ , s'i^ , nsib for Pxi'a .
a. Medial S regularly loses its consonantal power in the (liture Kal of
Pe Aleph verbs, e.g. bix^ ; in -i?2X preceded by b, thus nrixb ; in Q^n'^X
and certain forms ol' 'ins preceded by the prefixes 2^31, thus, c^n'bsb ,
iri''bx^ but riii^xib; "^nxb, T'psb, ■'nxb but ')i"i5<.b . -"inxb . ii^-flihwNib . The
tbllowing examples are of a more individual character, e.g. ni>fD for n^N3,
nb\>ti 1 Kin. 11:39 for ns^xv -bsoxn Num. 11:4, c^fsTxa Jer. 40:'l,
n'^nsaNuJ Isa. 14: 23. In a few cases this has led to a change of ortho-
graphy, the s which is no longer heard being dropped, or another vowel
letter substituted for it. e. g. lb=ii Ezek. 42:5, and b-'iis Hos. 11 :4 from
biij, -iiffliT Job 8:8 for "iiiX"), ^i"i Deut. 32:32 for ^\s-i, and the exam-
ples cited §53. 2, a.
b. The consonant n never loses its sound in that of a preceding vowel
like the rest of the quiescents. The letter n is often used to denote a
vowel, but if in any word it properly expresses a con.<=onant this is never
converted into a vowel, or vice versd. The exceptions are apparent not
real, as in the frequent abbreviation of the ending ln^ in proper names to
rrj, thus li^^i^fn, rt^i:?7n . The change here does not consist in the rejec-
tion of the vowel 1 and the softening of the consonant n. but the syllable
in is dropped, whereupon final Kamets is written by its appropriate vowel
letter, §11. 1, a. just as >in'^3"'7: after the rejection of ^in^ becomes ni"!^ .
So in those rare cases in which n is substituted for the suffix PT , e.g.
nnrb Lev. 13:4 for "t'"''^'- The proper name bxnns Num. 34:28 is de-
rived not irom ITiQ but nia, a root of kindred meaning, of whose exist-
ence, though otherwise unattested, this word is itself a sufficient voucher.
(3) Medial i5 often gives its vowel to a preceding vowel-
less letter and rests in its sound; "^ occasionally does the
same with a homogeneous vowel, when preceded by a vowel-
less prefix.
a. Thus, N: D^iiixn for Q'^iixi , nxisn for nx'jn ; ?i'JJ<ttJ Ezek. 25:6
from ax'l? ver. 15; X^lOJ Ps. 139:20 for ^VI)3 . so n^V^"^ Jer.'l0:5; ''i^ilX-i
from •nilwsn; DX-iia Neh. 6:8for nxni's ; sin Isa. 51:20, "iXFl Deut. 14:5;
D-'xph 1 Sam. 'l4:33 for Q-'N'jn ; 'n^3X3 Isa. 10:13 for "iiaw><3; iirrsT
Zech. 11:5 for laiS'X'^; tliis even occurs after mixed syllables, e. g. riD.sbia
for nrxb^ ; 1^X3^ trjr 7"Xj^; ^^''^i^b for nxipb, particularly in proper
nounsbxr^odi for bxs^ir"^ ,'bsj-in for bxsnn.' So, "':')i'in"'3 Eccles. 2: 13
for "|inn':3; nbb-ii Jer. 25:36 tor nHb^l ; nri;5"ib Prov, 30:17 for r^i;5';'b .
There is no instance of this with l . on the contrary, niSip Cant. 5:2, 12.
(4) At the end of words 1 and "^ , when without a vowel
of their own and preceded by a vowelless letter, invariably
78 OBTHOGRAPHT. ^58
quiesce in their homogeneous vowels, "^ in an unaccented m,
■i in 7, which draws the accent upon itself and frequentl}'
causes the dissolution of a previous syllable and the rejection
of its vowel, 'iniii for 'it^a , ^npx"? for inpir-i ; ^n-; for "jro , ^"^a
for ;^ns , ^TQT for ^-tt^ .
(5) Wlien preceded or accompanied hy heterogeneous
vowels, 1 and "' are sometimes dropped, or if the vowel be «,
they not unfrequently combine with it, forming the diph-
thongal 0 and e, §62. l,e. g. pic^n for p^^n, n'bii for ^'55, nSa
for "iSa, D)? for D-ip, D-^pn for n^'ipn, ntt for nnia; n-cin for
a^iLhn , TC'Hp for Tcin? , ni)b construct state of nj-a , n-^i const,
of n^i , b^^^n for b^^;^n , n^j^^ for ^"^T. .
a. Vav rarely remains with a heterogeneous vowel unless accompanied
by weak letters, by contrast with which it becomes comparatively strong,
Vowel Changes.
§ 58. 1. The third class of changes embraces those which
take place in the vowels. The primary office of the vowels
is to aid in pronouncing the consonants, to which conse*
quently they are quite subordinate, merely occupying, so to
speak, the interstices between them. Their number and
variety being greater, however, than is demanded for this
single piu'pose, they have besides to a certain extent an in-
dependent value and meaning of their own in the constitu-
tion of words. (1) Changes of vowels, while they cannot
like a difference of consonants create distinct verbal roots, are
yet fruitfid of those minor modifications of which etymology
takes cognizance, such as the formation of derivatives and
grammatical mflexions, e. g. '^n^i to be (/reat, ^"iS (/rcatness,
bi^a ffrcat; -"07 he tilled, bii2p fo kill, Vap kill thou, bt?p
killing, ^"^ killed; c^D a horse, nc^D a mare. (2) They
may indicate differences in the forms of words which have
^58 VOWEL CHANGES. 79
arisen in the lapse of time; n?: in the Pentateuch means in-
differently girl or hoy, in later books girl is nn?? ; x^n in the
Pentateuch he or she, in other books site is always s'^n ; the
form of the demonstrative ni^n is found only in Genesis,
T^n in writers after the time of Moses, ^T"in in Ezekiel ;
the plural of the demonstrative in the Pentateuch bs or n>i« ,
elsewhere, with a single exception, n5s . The imperfect no-
tation of the vowels in the original mode of waiting by letters
alone has, however, left us without the means of ascertaining
to what extent such changes may have taken place. (3) They
may indicate diversity of dialect, e. g. b"Jp to kill, Chald. b^p,
Syr. V^ , Arab. Jj;S- , Ethiop. ^i-A : .
2. The vowel changes with which orthography is con-
cerned, on the other hand, are purely euphonic, being in
themselves void of significance, and springing solely from the
natural preference for what is easier of utterance or more
agreeable to the ear. Orthographically considered, vowels
are either mutable or immutable, the latter being unaffected
by those circumstances which occasion changes in the former.
A vowel may be immutable by nature, or made so by posi-
tion. A short vowel in a mixed syllable before the ac-
cent is ordinarily immutable by position, being beyond the
reach of the common causes of mutation, e. g. "i^^^, '^VmV^ •
Long vowels are immutable by nature in certain words or
classes of words ; but they are only distinguishable as such
by a knowledge of the etymological forms which require
them. It may, however, be observed, as a general though
not an invariable rule, that the vowels of such words and
forms as are prevailingly written with the vowel letters are
less liable to mutation than those which are prevailingly
written without them. Mutable vowels are liable to changes
both of quantity, from long to short, and the reverse, and
of quality from pure to mixed {ii to o, i to e, a to r) and the
reverse, these changes being confined,' except in rare in-
80 ORTHOGRAPHY. § 59, GO
stances, to the cognate forms ; thus, i never passes into u or
0, nor these into a. Only as c stands in rekition to both i
and «, it serves to mediate the interval between them, and
thus accounts for the occasional changes of i to a or the re-
verse, e. g. ^^'Jpn , r\b"j]?n ; rn for n:a , '•na ; c^ , ubyi'^, comp.
a. The exreptional change from it nr o to e orcnrp only in the pro-
nouns, e.g. cr.biip . belbre suffixes in~ap ; and in the particle TN . before
suffixes rx,. There are also a few examples of the change of .*hort
vowels in mixed syllables before the accent, e. g. "^^^iTa , construct r^snis,
plural niisniq.
§ 59. The mutations of vowels are due to one or other
of the following causes, viz. : 1. Syllabic changes. 2. The
influence of consonants. 3. The influence of vowels. 4. The
accent. 5. The shortening or lengthening of words. As the
vowel of unaccented mixed syllables is always short, and that
of simple syllables long, ^18. 2, it is evident that a change
in the character of a syllable will involve a corresponding
change in its vowel, imless the accent interfere to prevent.
Accordingly, when for any cause a mixed syllable becomes
simple, its short vowel will be converted into a long one ;
and when a simple syllable becomes mixed, the reverse
change will take place, e. g. "in , Dinn ; rrcp , p'cp . In
the case of the vowels i and u there is frequently an addi-
tional change of quality, viz., of / to e and u to o, e. g. O'^pn
for n^ipn ; p^i^ for "ji^D in place of 1^3 ^ 56. 3.
a. Daghcsh-fortc is thus resolved by the prolonfration of the previous
vowel in "OiTsp. iriTs-'p ; ^J5|q , Ti':'l?'2 ; "^li"'?'! , "'i'^^n ; c^j.-n'o, c-iji-i--:;
ipn. "ipin; c-^ipii^ Eccies. 9:12 for ciijs^TD §:]3. 2.a; ^nporn for "-cnn ;
nn-'S Lam. 1:8. if this is for !Tn3 see ver. 17; and if the conjecture of
Gesenius (Thesaurus, p. 483) be correct as to the true reading in 1 Chron.
23:6,24:3 Cibbm for cp^nv
^ GO. Contiguous consonants may give rise to vowel
changes by their individual peculiarities, as is the case with
^60 VOWEL CHANGES. 81
the gutturals, or by their concurrence. The peculiarities of
the gutturals are fourfold, viz. :
1. A preference for the vowel Pattahh of the same organ,
into which, consequently, a preceding or accompanying vowel
is frequently converte.l, e. g. nbr for nbir ; ays for D>E ; l^aro
for i^Hro ; y^© for y:2Ti5 ; r\i^,yiij from i?:© .
a. The instances in which this permutation occurs cannot easily be
embraced under any general rules. In some cases it was optional; in
others, usage derides for it or against it without, however, being absolutely
uniform. The following statements embrace what is of most importance.
(1) The stability of the vowel often depends upon the weight attached to.
it in the etymological form ; thus, Sisir in the imperative but not in the in-
finitive for rbi::; 5-731^7 for riir^, but riiu not rrb ihr ria. (2) The
vowel preceding the guttural is more liable to change t.h,an that which
succeeds it. e. g. r^d^ always, but ^J'ts^ and hs'C'r]; n;ni but Onnl; flp">.
but =n"2^ . (3) An accented vowel is sometimes retained where one un-
accented would suffer change, e. g. 'in'^ but "|n»j; "^n'fi; cn^. (4) O and
n are less subject to alteration than / and e, e.g. ^5?3 for ^^Q : a which is
already cognate with the gutturals is mostly retained, though it occasion-
ally becomes a before n . e. g. C"'nN from nx, "^nDSTS Job 31 :24 (in most
copies) from ria::^, 0537 from r!n:>3i . (5) X in many cases prefers the
diphthongal vowels ^and n thus -tipx, •'nNi^;3, "Nirn, "iDNl but C!l"ipx-_;
Ka^ , ?rX"'. (6) "1 partakes of this preference for d to a limited extent,
e.g. ^^^^ for '^p^?] or "^0^"; ni^t from f^xn^ .
2. The reception of Pattahh furtive, § 17, at the end of a
word after a long heterogeneous vowel (i. e. any other than
a), or before a vowelless final consonant, e. g. ^i , ^''^'0, ni „
a. This is necessary when the vowel preceding a final guttural cannot
be converted into Pattahh. Sometimes the form with Pattahh and that with
Pattahh furtive occur interchangeably, e. g. n^'^b and n^w"b , or with a.
slight distinction, as ri|'rx, in pause tn^'rx; HST^, construct nSTn. In
a few instances a guttural preceding a final vowelless letter takes simple-
Sh'va instead of Pattahh furtive, e.g. rinpb 1 Kin. 14:3, and in most
editions nnsaJ Jer. 13 : 25. As final S is always either quiescent or otiant,
it never receives Pattahh furtive. The letter "i never takes it unless it be
in a single instance, and that in a penultimate syllable r,^-:' Ps. 7 : 6,
which is probably to be read yi'rdoph ; though it might be pronounced
yiraddoph, which some conceive to be an anomalous form for rn'Ti.^ , after
the analogy of pri:^^ Gen. 21:6, the compound Sh'va being lengthened
into a vowel followed by euphonic Daghesh, as in the related words
6
82 ORTHOGRAPHY. § GO
n^^sn Isii. 1:6, arul nnnn Isa. 53:5. while others adopt the explanation
ol" tlie olil Jewish Gratiiiiiariaiis, that it is a. peculiar combination of the
Kal r|'"n"J": and the Piel ti^-^l-
3. A preference for compound rather tlian simple Sh'va,
§16. 8, whether silent or vocal, inasmuch as the gutturals
arc more readily made audible at the beginning than at the
close of a syllable, and the hiatus accompanying them as-
sumes more of the complexion of a vowel than is usual with
stronger consonants.
a. The gutturals occasionally retain simple Sh'va when silent. This
is regularly done by a final radical n . n or S. followed by a servile letter,
e. ar- Pnij) ''2^!"!!r> ^^^.'2''., ^^"V^."^ • "'Pins'-V"^ > with iew exceptions aa
r,n3;n7 Hos. 8:2, rpir?? Gen. 26: 29, cizv'i^in 2 Sam. 21 : 6. Other cases
have more of a casual or sporadic character, and occur chiefly with the
stronger gutturals n and n. njin^. . -BnD, f^'ri-^ . banp, rin-'rn. riirnig
but mirn?2. u;in^_ but liuin^, n3n: a ijussftmiuii, i)ut nbrii from bni a
brook; more rarely wilh N and V. cs^'J Lev. 4 : 13, Nisrs 1 Kin. 15:16,
C^Sa Isa. 11 ; 15, r\yjh Dcut. 25 : 7 but in pause innsr isa. 28 : 6. ■'•"^X.?
Ex. 15 : 6; i has for the most part simple Sh'va rii2i , cC"i5^ , though in
a few instances it has compound ist^. ^ns";:^].
b. (l) Among the compound Slrvas the preference, unless there is some
reason for choosing another, is ordinarily given tolihateph Pattahh, as
the simplest and most in accordance with the nature of the gutturals, and
to this an antecedent Hiiirik when unessential to the form, ia tommonly
made to correspond, e. g. n^?. . 1"2^.^_ for "i^y7 . Sometimes, particularly
with X (see 1. a. 5.) Hhateph Seghol is taken n^i^^x . n:n"2x . n^jx . rrx ,
^iax. cinx. cn^-^n, t^it:?, ni::y, rii-.r Joel 2:5, Tj'tTnN^ Jrr. 13:21, which
not infrequently becomes Hhateph Pattahh upon the prolongation of the
word ^i^X , ""'''2X Prov. 25:7. iri^N . "^■biiX . nnirn.N'i Judg. 10:2. or the
carrying forward of its accent "^nTixn, "'n■!?^5^^ , "'P^nnn, ■'M":iqni .
(2) If, however, z or d, characteristic of the form, precede, this commonly
determines the ShVa to be selected, e. g. T'SSri for "ftt^'n. tir;: for "its';;,
•'^ys lor "ly^'S; thoutjh sometimes Hhateph Pattahh is retained and the
intermediate syllable. §20. 2, resolved into a simple one by prolonging the
vowels, e. g. ri~2?n Josh. 7 : 7. n^r.h. Iprs I.«a. 1 : 31. Hhirilc may. how-
ever, ren)ain short, e. g. "Hnpi . yfe3?.0, I'l^VL" Job 6: 22. particularly if a
Daghesh-forte lias been onutted from the guttural, e.g. hex: Jer. 3:8,
though even in this case the as.similation sometimes takes place, e. g.
«n;i Gen. 30:39 for I^PI"", =l"^n5< Judg- 5:28 for npix. If a vowel hag
been rejected from the form, the corresponding Hhateph is generally pre-
ferred, e. ff. n^-iE^^ Horn -SS. D-'Cnn. "''^n-in Ezek. 16:33, "'n^ Gen.
16:13; ir-^rn l Kin. 13 : 20 from S-'irn : ^'z'tr^. Gen. 37 : 22 from l"Cr\.
There are occasional instances of the same word being variously written
m this respect, e.g. ■'inx Ruth 3:15, ^inx Cant. 2:15j 'innxn^ and
§61 VOWEL CHANGES. 83
innsri'; Ina. 44: 13 ; 1^"2^^rt^ Job 16: 16 (K'ri in some copies), 'n^'n^n Lam.
1 : 20,' insn Isa. 52 : u', 'i-ixn 1 Sam. 28 : 14.
c. Before another guttural the compound ShVa is frequently re-
placed by the corresponding short vowel, e.g. 7|^Nn for 7(^xn, ^riTiSJn
tor "'n'T'i'n , C3"inNri for cp'nxn ; and occasionally under N by a long
vowel betbre other letters as well as gutturals, or by a short vowel with
Daghesh. e. g. oipHN for n-'p.-ix, linh-ix. O^iSN for D^iix , -lilX for niiS ,
"lex for "iDN . This disposition to render the gutturals niore audible by the
aid of a vowel is further shown by their attracting to themselves the
Vowel of another letter, particularly in triliteral monosyllables, e. g. snt
for 35-1T {-J"}},), suJn, yij. -ci^, rnj? 2 Kin. 12:9, lixa for rxs, -'xaj
also' "iS^-ip Ex. 2:20 for jxnp' Ruth'l : 20, ^linxPi Prov.'l : 2'^ lor 'lin.wNn,
sinBDxn Job 20: 26 for -inyaxn, D-i^-oxl Zech. 7 : 14 for U'^vviii, and by
their sometimes causing an antecedent or accompanying vowel to be re-
tamed where analogy would require its rejection, e. g. ''XSI^ for ^l<siia
from wxiio, ""XwH, "'itJO, ■i6-'":0 and "O"^":©, c^ninS from -iina comp.
1. a. (4), •1~X^'3-; Deut. 32:10; n*nr^. f'^vv}'.
4, An incapacity for being doubled, whence they never
receive Daghesh-forte, and the previous syllable thus becom-
ing a simple one, its vowel is generally lengthened, § 59, a to
a, I to 8, a to 6, e. g. )^'q for is?'^ , isia for ^ih > T3^? for
a. Sometimes an intermediate syllable, §20. 2. is formed, and the vowel
remains short. (1) This is commonly the case before n, frequently be-
fore n, less often before 5. rarely before X, never before 1, e.g. Dn3,
^no, "ITTQ, ::rr! , yso . (2) It is more likely to occur in the body of a word
than after a prefix, e. g. '^nbrp Ps. 119 : 43 from bn^, but p^n;; Job 38:24
from pBn . (3) When the guttural comes<to stand at the end of the word
the short vowel is often resumed, e. g. "'^npi Prov. 22 : 24 from ninnPi, -I'rn
Ps. 141:8 from n'ni^ri but "ijrJn Deut. 2:9. There are a very few in-
stances in wh.ich Da^hesh-forte is found in i , e. g. Tjii'^ n'nS Ezek. 16 : 4,
rti^ Prov. 14: 10. T(ti-n5?^^ Prov. 15: 1 (in some editions), ■'liix'^d Cant.
5 : 2, see also § 24. 6.
§61. The concun^ence of consonants gives rise to the
following vowel changes, viz. :
1. When two vowelless letters come together at the be-
ginning of a syllable in contravention of the law in § 18, the
impossible combination is relieved by giving to the first of
them a short vowel. This, if there be no reason for prefer-
ring another, will be the briefest of the vowels, Hhirik, e. g.
84 ORTHOGRAPHY. ^61
■'■ia? for ^12^ , nina for "in-3 , ^pm for ^pjn . If a vowel has
been omitted from tlie word, the corresponding short vowel
is frequently employed, e. g. ''ibi? for "^sb-a from 'ij'pTQ ( if^'h ) ;
'^i)^ from l(^ ; ""Ipan from bnn , v^in"^ for ^ifn;" from "jfr . Or
if one of the consonants be a guttural, the vowel mostly con-
forms to the compound Sh'va, which it has or might have,
e. g. ''"ia? for '^'13? , ^prn^ for ^pyn'^ , i^nb for ■'rn: , ibnb for
nbnb , ?jby3 for ?|by3 .
a. Vav before a guttural follows the rule just given; before "", and
sometimes before n or n tbilowed by ''j it takes Hiiirik; before other
vowelless letters it gives up its consonant sound and quiesces in its homo-
geneous vowel Shurek, §57. 2. (1), thus in^"; . ^n-'i . rni and r^y^^ . zih^,
rn.T -I .
b. In triliteral monosyllables or final syllables with the vowel P*ittahh,
the first letter sometimes receives an accent«vl Segliol. to which the fol-
lowing Patlahh is then assimilated, e. g. Cirs for Cirs construct of TM,
rs^oi: for r35Ta?a , the Seghols being liat:le to be changed to Pattahhs by
the presence of a guttural rnB-''2 for rJiSt'^a .
c. In oixi^ia Gen. 32 : 20 for TDN^a the vowelless letters belong to
different syllables, and the introduction of the new vowel makes it neces-
sary to lengthen the one before it.
2. Although two vowelless letters are admissible at the
end of a word, §18, the harshness of the combination is
commonly relieved by tlie insertion of Seghol, e. g. a")"^ for
a"!'^ , f 35 for rob . If either letter is a guttiu-al, Pattahh is
mostly used instead, e. g. ns? , bys, 'jn'i . If either letter is
"', its homogeneous vowel Hhirik is used ; if the second letter
is 1, it will rest in Shurek, §57. 2. (4.), e. g. n-a, ^bs, ^np,
but n-.ib .
a. When tlie penultimate letter is !i or n, it in a few instances takes
Seghol, as bnx, -jna , cn3, cnn. When the final letter is N, it either
remains otiant. §16. or requires Seghol, X'^iia, N"i!! , it';!^! . Sf^B ; a penulti-
mate 6< either quiesces in the antecedent vowel or attracts it to itself,
§60.3. c. rx?^. rxb or f^it'q , iriii. The alternate mode of facilitating
the pronunciation of gutturals before a vowelless letter at the end of a
word by means of Pattahh furtive, has been explained §60. 2.
3. Wlien the same letter is repeated witli or without a
mutable vowel intervening, there is often a contraction into
§ 61 VOWEL CHANGES. 85
one doubled letter, and the vowel is rejected or thrown back
upon the precedmg consonant, e. g. ^3©? for ^^^^'^ » -^^^ foi"
niap;' (Daghesh-forte disappearing at the end of the word),
nb for nnb, r^^^Z)-^ Job 31 : 15 for ^22:12;' (see 4. below); if
another consonant immediately follow the contracted letters,
a diphthongal vowel '^.. or i maybe inserted to render the re-
duplication more audible and prevent the concurrence of
three consonants, ''O'^SP, f"'?"'^?'^!-
4. In accented syllables the diphthongal vowels e and 0
are employed before two consonants or a doubled consonant
in preference to the pure I and ti, e. g. i"'t?r\ , "piipn ; n^p ,
n:T9p; b^ibpn, ^^rr'^I?^, so "'^on, 'Jirp, '^f^::^ . This is still the
case when at the end of a word an auxiliary Seghol or Pattahh
has been inserted between the letters (according to 2.), e. g.
■jci^ , "lED , b^JB, nppTa from p^ria , or the reduphcation of the
doubled letter is no longer heard aud the Daghesh-forte does
not appear, § 25, e. g. non comp. bitDpn ,
a. The vowel e if? in like circumstances often reduced to one of its con-
stituents a. e. Of. "'n^6pn from ^"^h'vf, "'f?^i?p ^'om ^ap , '"iPr^P} from T\?'P\,
nST^'Pi. nD-i3jri, ^xcn, awd occasionally to its other constituent ?", e. g.
cn'r'ni?pn from ^■i;:?rn , cfnd--;i from C-n;!. The only example of Shurek
in a Segholate form is n^lbri Lev. 5 : 21.
5. In unaccented syllables t and ii are preferred to e and
6 before doubled letters, "ni« , ■'nif: ; -nn , inr\ ; ninpn from
npn ; no^n , -^z^o-^ -, m-a comp. b-jp^ , -pn , ^pn , though such
forms as "'pin, Tijy, r'^3, n^n'a likewise occur.
6. A vowel is occasionally given to a final consonant to
soften the termination of the word, and make the transition
easier to the initial consonant of that which follows ; thus,
^'^, nb;'?; nnba for r\% ; nn, nriri; bs, nbx ; "^x, si^X; ^sh,
liEh; n^i.)i2, '^ni3;^'a; n^^n, inrri; i^ss Ex. 15:10; ^^^P?!'
Ex. 15: 5.
a. These paragogic vowels have established themselves in the cur-
rent forms of certain words, as n??^ , nari, nsx, lix , inx, "^B. But,
86 OllTIIOGKAl'lIY. ^ G2
witli these rxcopfions, ihoy are chiefly fomu] in poetry. The vowels "* ^
and "i are mostly attached to words in wiiat is called the construct state,
n ^ to words in llie absolute; and all of them to the Icminine ending n.
Examples of i : isa Num. 23 : 18, 24 : 3. 15, in^n several times, "ii-rT: Ps.
114:8. Examples of ■«.: Ti^inx Hos. 10: 1 1, "^^px Gen. 49: IJ, "^aa 't>id.,
"n^ra Gen. 31:39, "r^r^ I's. 110:4. ^zzri Ps.'ll4:S. -rr"; Ps. i23:l,
•'n^a;^ Ps. 113:5, ""'^^^S'w'^ vcr. G, •'S'^po ver. 7, ■'i"'lL"*n ver. 8. "'i'lriia
ver. 9, "rxsri Isa. l:i!l, "'•^-^5 Ex. 15:6.' 'biiv Zech. 11:17, Tsn Lam!
1 : 1, ■'riy^y ibid., ■'isi' Deut. 33 : 16. It is also attached to ilu; fir.«t member
of the compound in many proper names, e.g. -Xi"i2r\, p"!:j"isb^. to certain
partichis, as ^P^a , "P^^', '^t'O, and perhaps to such participial forms as
■'naqi Jer. 22 : 23. Of n ^ : nrti^N Ex. 15:16, r^-l-^iik isa. 8 : 23. Job 34 : 13,
37 i 12, no-in Judg. 14 : IS, nrrvr^' Ps. 3 : 3. 80 : 3, Jon. 2:10. nb-^ almost
constantly, nn^i Ps. 1 16 : 15, nbni Num. 34,: 5, Ps. 124 : 4 nrp^y Ps. 92: 16
(K'ri). 125 : 3. Ezek. 28 : 15. Hos.' 10: 13. nrbi? Job 5: 16. nrnfr Ps. 44:27,
63:8, 94:17, nns? Job 10:22, nri-:ri Jo.-^]" 19:43, Judg. iV: 1. and regu-
larly in the third person I'eiuinine of the preterite of nb verbs. In
modern Persian z is similarly appended to nouns in close connection with a
following word, to remove the obstruction of the final consonant and serve
as a uniting Iiid\.
§ 62. The changes due to the influence of vowels may
arise from their concurrence or proximity.
1. Concurring vowels may coalesce; a uniting with a
forms a, uniting with / or n it forms the cli})hthongtil e or o,
e. g. n-Dcn Neh. 3:13 from n-srsn after the rejection of x
by § 53. 2. b ; fT'S after the softening of "^ to i becomes rr^? ;
^nSipp by the rejection of n becomes i'itpjp ; in;' prefixed to
proper names is from '^T\i for 'in;' , ^57. 2 (4\
2. One of them may be hardened into its corresponding
semi-vowel ; I "^ . with i "^ may form I '^ ., or the first i may
be changed to 1?/, which, upon the leduplication of the "^ to
presei-ve the brevity of the antecedent voAvel, § 24. 3, becomes
■"' . , e. g. "^nnj? witli D"" . becomes Q-'nns? or a-'hny . So, \ be-
fore n , forms n^ . , and before i forms i' . , e. g. npny ,
ni'inny ; in like manner ^ is changed before i into uv, form-
ing i^. , which, by § 56. 3, becomes i". , e. g. n^ib"?? , by the
substitution of ni for n , ni'^Dbia . J^ followed by Ti 'i forms
Iv, in-^rib-Jip, TPbi:]?; ^n-'S, i-'D; rhriT) for r^'qi27\ Josh. 14 : 8.
U "• . before I "^ . or u ^ is resolved into <5y, which, joined with
the appropriate semi-vowels, becomes "^ . and T" , , the virtual
§ 63 VOWEL CHANGES. 87
reduplication of the final consonant in the one case preserv-
ing the short vowel, which is lengthened in the other ; thus
iD^D with ■> . becomes "^oio , and with ^n , "i'^D'^d . The same
resolution of "^ .. occurs before final tf , forming ^^ ., and by
§01.2 T. ., thus ■'■i^y? with 1\ becomes ?I?n^3?2 .
o. Grammarians have disputed whether in such words as C'^i^as.
TTzb^ ihe point in "^ is Daghesh-forte or Mappik. §26, and accordingly
whetfier they are to be read ibhn'yylrn, inalkhuyyoth, or ibhilyini^
vialkhuyoih. If the exphmation given above be correct, it is Daghesh-
forte Conservative. Comp. C^p, U^p_ .
b. Such forms as "''^"iQ. 'i''"}3. c^na from """iS are only apparent excep-
tions to the above rules. The word is properly 1'iQ , and to this the addi-
tions are made, the auxiliary Hhirik being dropped with the cessation of
the cause from which it originated, §57. 2. (4). In D-'i<"'::"ir 2 Chron. 17 : 11
from "'S'lS and D"! _ the vowels are kept separate by an interposed X.
c. In words of nb formation, such as Tvav. iib^, Q^or from niL"3? and
M^, i, c^ , it might appear as though one vowel were rejected before
another. But the correct explanation is that "^ is the true final radical,
and the forms above given are lor J^^iiJi', 'i"'Cy, n^'CS" (like D"b:;'|r) from
which "^ is rejected by §53. 3. In the same way ^i"S' . ""ry. etc., from Hii"?
are for 1''bs . ^"'ii^^. In such alternate forms as ^'^'^'^ from n-iQ. the radi-
cal "^ is retained by preserving the antecedent vowel, which, before
Daghesh-forte Conservative, becomes Hhirik, §61. 5.
§ 03. The following euphonic changes are attributable to
the proximity of vowels, viz. :
1. Pattahh before a guttural is often changed to Seghol
if another a follows, and the same change sometimes occurs
after a guttural if another a precedes.
The particular cases are the following':
a. When (_) stands before a guttural with (^) always before n, e.g.
ann for :nn, nii-j;^ Prov. 21:22. cznn. Ti^nrn (also when n has
Hhateph Kamete, e.g. D"'C"7nn , ■'r/'^nn judg. 9:9), often before n and s ,
particularly if it receives the secondary accent, e.g. Ci"^.riii for D^""n.
nnnb but rrnb, ^^n-jli; r^'^v^^. n-ti^' n?:. rarely before X and i, r^-h
Gen.' 14:10, ni:£x: Neh. 9 : IS, 26 but ^("'r'i^xD Ezek. 35 : 12.
6. When ( ) before a guttural is followed by another consonant with
(.) or (J ^■^n;;, ib^^n';; but ^V-nn^, sin: but nx^ns, xan';], once before
the liquid b, e.g. '^\^'^.^, Ex. 33:3 for "i^i^X , and once before 3, e.g.
njrnb for R:3nb. ' '
c. In f^x^p.x; 1 Sam. 28:15 and the combination ^T) cbis) a similar
change takes place after a guttural to prevent the repetition of the vowel
a; so in n:^"]? Ps. 20:4, and n:i<i n:x after the liquid 5.
88 ORTHOGRAPHY. ^ 64, G5.
2. Pattahh is soinetinics assimilated to a following
Segliol, or to a preceding Kamets or Tsere.
a. The as-siniilatioii to ( .) takes place rcgiilarly in wliat are called
Segiiolate forms, in wiiicli an auxiliary Segliol lias by §61. 2 been intro-
duced between two vowelless letters, Tjbt; lor ~(^.o, 'Z~}\ lor -"!'!, y^X for
y^M ) but n"a . ere ; only belbre 1 , wliich can combine with a and not
with e, a is retained and lengthened to (J by §59, "X, T\'7\. Rarely in
other cases can;) for ci"!^, where the change is facilitated by the pre-
ceding "^ .
b. The assimilation to (J occurs in a ^cvf cases after a guttural with n
prefixed, e. g. ci"n for ci'n, "^r-.T) for ^^'^'^ . 7"!i<^ for fX^ .
c. The assimilation to ( ) occurs in the Kal future of Pe Yodh verbs
where the alternate forms are -ti|] and yi?"''].
§ G4. The following vowel changes are due to the accent,
viz. :
1. If a long vowel in a mixed syllable be deprived of its
accent, it will be shortened, § IS, e. g. "i^airn, "^'21?^; =^o^ ,
-9t- ; o'^?j °^'t"^; ^''^?,-> "^T?,- •
a. If a vowel preceding Makkcph is incapable of being shortened, it
will receive the secondary accent Methegh. agreeably to §43.
2. The accent prefers to be immediately preceded by a
simple syllable and a long vowel. Accordingly an antece-
dent vowelless letter often receives what may be called a pre-
tonic vowel. This is commonly the simplest of the long
vowels a, e. g. 'I5j^ , ^c;' , rnj:b , "S-n;; , occasionally B, e. g.
bp-i , n'-bTD , yr^i , yn2ikr\ , rarely 0, e. g. '^T^'^"!^^ . Such a
vowel is sometimes inserted, even though a pre-existing
mixed syllable is thereby destroyed, e. g. in the plurals of
Segliolates jnid of feminine nouns derived from them, W'2)i2
from i^V, niibti from nib^ .
§G5. The special emphasis, with which the last word of
a clanse is dwelt upon, gives rise to certain vowel changes
in connection with the pause accents, §36. 2. <2. These are
(1) lengthening short vowels, viz., (.) and not infrequently
(.) which has arisen from (.) to (,), e. g. ntx, n^x ; pnn2,
p=rr- px, pS; W, i2'j^ and brinmnof back Kamets
§ GQ VOWEL CHANGES. 89
Hhatupli shortened from Hliolem to its original length trgh ,
^^r^ • (~) Restoring vowels which have been dropped
in the course of inflection, e. g. ^"^y , ^tn:^" ; T\2'^ , ^in'^ ;
Tixiv , ^~b? , (3) Changing simple Sh'va in trilileral sylla-
bles and before the suffix ^ to Segliol, e. g. ^^"^3, ^n'^3 ; ^n^,
'^Ti^ ; DDT^ , DD'C . (4) Changing compound Sh'va to the cor-
responding long vowel, e. g. "'iii:, ■'?«; ''S?'!! (i"'^'7), ^^^ ; "^f^,
a. Pattahh sometimes remains without change, e.g. "is Ps. 132:12,
n-^S-n 2 Sara. 2:27, «3ba3 Jer. 7:10, "nn:.:. Prov. 30:9. "Tipn:: Job 34 : n,
:'^rr53N Neh. 5:14. Seghol more frequently, 7(^5.. p"!^. • ^lij- "H'^. and
T("!'n . Long vowels are mostly unaltered; only Tsere is in mixed syllable^
occasionally changed to Pattahh. e.g. :Trn Isa. 18:5 lor tnn. so !3\rn
Isa. 12:22, fsn Gen. 17:14, br_j*1 Gen. '21:-8, -^^] Gen. 25:34, which,
in one word of Segliolate formation, is converted to Seghol. e. g.. "d^ ,
Sd'^ . Where the same word has alternate forms, one is sometimes se-
lected as the ordmary and the other as the pausal form, thus ysn;; , ^sn;;;
irin^;, il"3~:: ; '^^^^ i P!];^'!' 5 ■''^^^'^\ ' "'^^i?'^ Glen. 43:14; p")^ Eccl.
12: il, :"i^"i^ 1 Sam. l'3:21; i:s, MS Gen. 49:3. rairn . radp Lev.
26:34, 35; ^T^"3"', l-ilJS^ . Sometimes, instead of changing the Sh'va be-
fore ^ to Seghol, its vowel is shifted thus T^3. "3; T\^ . T(^^,, ti^N , and in
Ex. 29: 35 nzrx. The position of the pause accent, so far as it differs
from that of the ordinary accent, has been explained §35. 2.
b. Of the pause accents, or those which mark the limits of clauses and
sections, the first class, viz., Silluk, Athnahh, and Merka with Mahpakh,
almost always give rise to the vowel changes which have been described;
the second and third classes, S'orholta. Zakeph Katon, Zakeph Gadhol,
R'bhi" and Shalsheleth, e. g. ^-fi^Jl Isa. 13: 8. do so frequently ; the fourth
class. Pa zer, e.g. 2 Kin. 3:25,'Prov. 30:4, and T'lisha Gh'dhola, e.g.
Ezek. 20 : 21, but seldom. Pausal forms are occasionally found with other
Disjunctives, thus, Tiphhha fl3bn Deut, 13 : 5, Pashta ^i-ri'rn ibid,, Geresh
rbd Ezek. 40 : 4, and even with Conjunctives, e. g. "^rx Isa. 49 : IS , nb^^n
Ezek. 17 : 15, 1^3 2 Chron. 29 : 31.
^QQ. 1. The shortening and lengthening of w'ords has an
effect upon their vowels. The shortening may take place
(1) At the end of a word by the rejection of a vowel.
This occurs only with („) or (..) in certain forms of hb verbs, e. g.br«ri from
n^jn, i^?!! for i^-i.^'^?, in^i) 1 Sam. 21 : 14 for n'iir'^T, rni'lll for nn^T'^l . In
the last two examples the short vowel is lengthened upon its receiving tiie
accent, comp. §64.1. If the rejected vowel was preceded by two con-
Bonants, these will now stand totrether at the end of the word, and be lia-
ble to the changes described §61. 2, e. g. "j"?! tor nc"in .
90 ORTIIOCKArilY. §00
(2) 111 tlic body of a word by shortening a lc):ig \ owcl in
a mixed syllable, which innst, of course, be the one benring
the accent, §82. 1, or rejecting a long vowel in a simple syl-
lable before the accent (the pretonic vowel, § C'l. 2), "lii ,
a. Tliis is in fjciieral the only reduction possible. The vowel of a
mixed syllable, if short already, is capable of no further abbreviation; and
it cannot be rejected, or there would be a conmrrence of vowellcss con-
sonants which the language seeks to avoid (Pip"n Prov. 30:6 is an excep-
tion). And the vowel of a simple syllable, if short, must have the accent,
§32. 1, which preserves it from rejection. The ciianges above recited are
confined to the last two. or, in case the accent is upon the penult, the last
three syllables of the word; for the antecedent portions of polysyllables
are already abbreviated to the utmost. Contractions due to the peculiari-
ties of certain letters, as the gutturals and quicscents. wliich have been
before explained, are not here taken into the account, e.g. ?^'J , S'?^ ;
niiQ , n'o ; D"^-!; , '>'}'^ .
b. Where the last vowel cannot be shortened, it sometimes experiences
a change of quality from pure to diphthongal, such as is produced by the
pressure of two following consonatits. §61. 4. e. g. is'^l^ , --^2:"; -"'Cin,
2. If a word be lengthened by additions at the end, its
vowels are liable to changes in consequence.
(1) Such additions create a tendency to shorten the pre-
vious part of the word in the manner just described. For
the normal length of words in Hebrew being dissyllabic, the
genius of the language is opposed to transcending this limit
any further than is absolutely necessary. If the addition is
not of sufficient weight to affect the position of the accent,
no abbreviation results. But if it is of weight enough to
remove the accent, an abbreviation follows if it is possible for
one to be made, e.g. nil, n^^2i , DD^nni for ai^^nT by
§61.1.
(2) They produce changes in an ultimate mixed syllable.
If the appendage begin with a consonant, the antecedent
vowel will now be succeeded by two consonants and be liable
to the changes consequent upon such a ])osition, § 01. 4, e. g.
nib-jpr fi-om ^^t2pr> ; T^}'qp from D-p ; Tr'^I?'^ fi'om -^w^n ;
§66
VOWLL CHANGES.
91
"^nbtip from ^Dp . If the appendage begin with a vowel, it
will attach itself to the final consonant, which will in conse-
quence be drawn away from its own syllable to begin the new
one. This may occasion the following changes :
(«) If the preceding vowel is an auxiliary Seghol or
Pattahli, introduced to facilitate the pronunciation of the
second of two vowelless consonants, § 61. 2, it will be rejected,
inasmuch as it is no longer required for this purpose, e. g.
isbig from tfbt , innp from nnp .
{b) If it be a short vowel, it must either be lengthened
to adapt it to the simple syllable in which it now stands, or
rejected on account of the disposition to abbreviate words
upon their receiving accessions at the end, e. g. •^^'Jj' and
nrjj5 from "^i?]^ . The cases are very rare in which a short
vowel remains unchanged in consequence of its having the
accent, § 18. 2, e. g. rnn-i^ 1 Kin. 19:15 from "lii^, nb^irn
Fzek. 8 : 2 from b^icn .
(c) If it be a long vowel, it may be rejected, as i^'^"^"!
from bi:p;i , ^^izii from Di? , or retained either unaltered, as
ri72"ipn from D"^pn, '•isTr^ from'j5ffi^,or with a change of
quality from pure to diphthongal or the reverse, n^in^ from
pin^ , "^n^ics from y^b} , ^:^pn from nyn , n'^bba from I2"^bs ,
TABLE SHOWING THE CHARACTER AND AFFINITIES OF THE VOWELS
AND THE ORDINARY LIMITS OF EUPHONIC CHANGES.
Guttural, .
Palatal, .
Long,
a
Short.
. pure
C dijMiongal B
( pure I
Labial, .
C diphthoiifjal b
I pure
PART SECOTs^D.
ETYMOLOGY.
Roots of Words.
§ G7. EtimolOgy treats of the various kinds of words,
their foriwation and inflections. Three successive stages are
here to be distinguished. The first is the root or radical
portion of words. This embraces those fundamental sounds,
in which the essential idea originally inheres. Roots do
not enter, in their nude or primitive form, into the current
use of language, but they constitute the basis upon whicTi all
actually occurring words, with the exception of the inorganic
interjections, are constructed. The second stage is the word
itself in its simple uninflected state ; this is formed, if a prim-
itive, directly from the root, if a derivative, from a pre-existing
primitive, by certain changes or additions, which serve to con-
vert the radical idea into the precise conception intended,
which is as yet, however, expressed absohitely. The third
and only remaining stage is the word as it a])pears in the ac-
tual utterances of speech, so modified by inflections as to
suggest the definite qualifications of the idea, such as the
tense of verbs, the gender and number of nouns, and the de-
gree of adjectives, or its relations whether of agreement or
subordination, such as the persons and modes of verbs and
the cases of nouns.
^ 68. There are in Hebrew, as in most languages, two
classes of roots, which may be denominated respectively pro-
^ 68 ROOTS OF WORDS. 93
nominal and verbal. Pronominal roots form the basis of snch
words as express the relations of things to the speoker or to
one another, viz., pronouns and certain prepositions, adverbs,
and other particles. From verbal roots, which are by far
the more numerous, spring words expressive of ideas, viz.,
verbs, nouns, and such particles as are derived from them.
Verbal roots consist exclusively of consonants, and are almost
invariably triliteral. The introduction of a vowel or vowels,
even for the sake of pronouncing them, destroys their abstract
radical character, and converts them into specific words of
this or that description. Nevertheless, for reasons of conve-
nience, the letters of the root are usually pronounced by the
aid of the vowels belonging to them in the simplest form of
the corresponding verb, which is mostly the third person sin-
gular of the preterite, e. g. ^t2j5 , ?y^i3 . This must not be
suffered, however, to lead to the confusion of identifying
that particular verbal form with the proper radical, nor of
supposing the verb to be the radical part of speech from
which nouns in all cases are derived : verbs and nouns are
rather to be regarded as co-ordinate branches springing from
a cipmmon root.
a. The few quadriliterals and quinquel^erals which occur are mostly
fiirmed from pre-existing triliterals by the addition of a weak letter, or a
letter similar to one of the original radicals, e. g. BD13 to lay loasle comp.
CDS; vi?bT to burn comp. Cii'j ; nEJ"~iO a branch comp. nQ?D ; C^s^nb
thoughts comp. n''Q3!b ; ijiiiiy a sceptre comp. t:^'b ; 'isVr tranquil
comp. 'JX.'i?; ^'iJIS to spread comp. ti~E ; or hy blending tAVO ditierent
roots, e.g. l^Sti^i to be fresh composed of -tJT and IL'Ei: ; "^i^^s a. certain
one = ■'itbx "'i'^^S ; VD^.^ c frog from ^E:j to leap ynn (in Arabic) a
marsh. Some, which are not thus reducible, may perhaps be ol' foreign
origin.
b. Many of the triliteral roots appear to be based upon pre-existing
biliterals. Thus, the cognates "itj , bn. TT5, ma, T'na, T!ia , have in com-
mon the two letters U with the associated idea of cutting. §50.3. The
frequent examples of this description, together with the fact of the exist-
ence of a few biliterals, e. g. 2X father^ nx brother^ CN mother, have
suggested the thought that the ultimate roots may in all cases have been
biliterals, and that the triliterals were a secondary formation. Various in-
genious but unsuccessful attempts have been made to demonstrate this
94 ETYMOLOGY. » ^69
position by an actual analysip, and to efTfct the rndnrtion of all roots to
two primitive letlcrs. Still more extravagant and tiuiritiil i.s the endea-
vour, w liicli has actually been made, to exj)lain the ori<j:iM of roots from the
individual letters of which they are composed, and to deduce their mean-
ings from tiie names, the shapes, or other peculiarities of those letters.
The existence of roots and the nieaninga attached to them nuiPt be ac-
cepted as uiiiaiate facte. Some have arisen, no doubt, from the imitation
ol' .soulld^: ill nature; but in nio.^l cases no satisfactory reason can be given
why a given combination of sounds has that particular sense, which is in
fact connected witli it.
§ 09. The formation of words and their inflection are ac-
complished partly by internal changes and partly by external
additions. The internal chanij;es are the insertion of vowels
and the reduplication of consonants in various significant
ways, e. g. ^"jp , ''op , biop , b'jj^ . The external additions are
significant syllables welded to the root or to the word, either
at the beginning or the end, e. g. ^up , i^^'^p , "^bp;', ^rbiajinn.
a. The triliteral and exclusively consonantal character of Semitic
roots is their most remarkable peculiarity in distinction from those of the
Indo-European languages which are as prevailingly monosyllabic, the
vowel being an essential constituent, while the number of consonants is
variable. The fact of the vowel being an integral part of the root in
these languages interferes with their employment of internal changes for •
purpost-s af derivation and inflection, and confines them almost entirely to
external additions, e. g. men. vocabam. vocatio. rocabuhnn. %'ocifo, etc.
The composition of words ol' which such large use is made in the Indo-
European tongues, e. g. ad-voco, in-roco, etc., is almost unknown in He-
brew except in the formation of pn)per names.
b. Dilferent languages differ greatly in their flexibility, that is to say,
in the variety of words wiiich may spring from a common root, and the
number of forms which the same word may assume to express the various
relations into which it enters. Relations, which in some languages are
expressed by flection, as the cases of nouns, tenses of verbs, concord
of adjectives, are in others indicated by additional words, as prepo-
sitions, auxiliary verbs, etc., or suggested by the order of words in the
sentence.
c. Formative syllables, added either at the beginning or the end of
words for the sake of inflection, are, in the ordinary consciousness of those
who use the language, completely amalgamated with them, so thai their
separate oriL'in and signification is never thought of. They are thus to
be distinguished from those words which, by reason of their dependent
character, are attached to others as prefixes or suffixes, but yet preserve
their separate identity as prefixed conjunctions and prepositions and suf-
fixed pronouns.
§70, 71 PRONOUNS. 95
§70. The parts of speech in Hebrew are either declina-
ble as prononns, verbs, and nouns (including adjectives) ; or
indeclinable, as the article, adverbs, .prepositions, conjunc-
tions, and interjections. As most if not all of the syllables
employed in the formation and inflection of verbs and nouns
are of pronominal origin, it will be necessary to consider the
pronouns first.
a. The classification usual with the Jewish grammarians is into verbi
(c^^::'D actions), nouns (riad names), and particles (D"'^^ words).
pRONOtJNS.
fEESONAL PEONOtTNS.
§ 71. The Hebrew pronouns are personal, demonstrative,
I'elative, and interrogative or indefinite. The personal pro-
nouns are the following, viz. :
SINGULAR. PLtBAL.
• 1. I "^^-K, ''i^ We wiij:, isni, i;j$
^ j Thou vi. mPS? Ye m. Qnx
I Thou/. P5?, --ns? Ye/. -iPfi?, nspi?
o (He s^n They wz. on, niGn
'^•(She N^n They/ in, n^n
There are, it will be perceived," distinct forms for singular
and plural in the three persons, and for masculine and fem-
inine in the second and third. There is no form for the
neuter, as that gender is not recognized in Hebrew.
a. (l) The alternate forms of the first person singular ''3bi< (in pause
''33X with the accent on the penult except Job 33 : 9), and ''Si* (in pause
"'JSi) are used interchangeably and with perhaps equal frequency. It has
been observed, however, that while the former is the more common in
the Pentateuch, it never occurs in the books of Chronicles, and but once
in Ezekiel. viz.. 36:28. a passage borrowed from the Pentateuch. The
usual plural of this person is *i:n:X; IsriD occurs but six times, viz., Gen.
96 ETYMOLOGY. §71
42 : 11. Ex. 16 : 7. 8, Num. 32 : 32. 2 Sam. 17 : 12, Lam. 3 : 42 ; !i35<. thou<:h
common in later Hebrew, occurs but once in the Old Testament, viz., Jer.
42 : 6 K'tliibli, where the K'ri eubstilutes the usual form.
(2) The second person masc. sing, nris (m pause occasionally nps Ps.
2 : 7. 25 : 27. 40 : 18. 70 : 6. but mostly nnx ) is in five instances written px
without the final He, which is however restored in the K'ri, viz., 1 Sam.
24 ; 19, Ps. 6 : 4, Job 1 : 10, Eccies. 7 : 22, Neh. 9 : 6. and in three instances
ns without the final vowel Num. 11 : 15, Deut. 5 : 24. Ezck. 28 : 14. The
feminine Fix is occasionally written "^nx .Tudg. 17:2, 1 Kin. 14:2.2 Kin.
4 : 16. 23. 8 : 1, Jer. 4 : 30, Ezek. 36 : 13 ; the K'ri invariably retrenches the
superfluous "^j though it is probable that the original pronunciation proper
to this orthography was "^nx . The feminine plural "nx occurs only Ezek.
34: 31, where a few manuscripts read "itnx ; the alternate form n;rx oc-
curs Gen. 31 : 6. Ezek. 13 : 11, 34 : 17 ; in Ezek. 13 : 20 most editions have
nrnx .
(3) The third person fern. sing. X'^rt occurs but eleven timof; in the
books of Moses, viz.. Gen. 14 : 2, 20: 5, 38: 25, Lev. 2'- 15 (in some editions).
11 : 39, 13: 10. 21, 16:31, 21 : 9. Num. 5: 13, 14. In its stead is found XiH
a combination of the letters of the masculine with the vowel of the fem-
inine. The explanation of this is that xin hu was at that early period of
common gender and used indifl'erently for both masculine and feminine.
As this primitive usage subsequently became obsolete, the word, when
used for the feminine, was read X"'n /il according to the uniform practice
of the later books, and the punctuators have suggested this by giving it
the corresponding vowel. § 17. According to Kimchi "jfi Ruth 1:13 and
nrn 2 Sam. 4 : 6, Jer. 50:5, stand for the masculine plural; this assump-
tion is unnecessary, however, as in the first passage the feminine may
have the sense oi" the neuter "these things,"" and in tlie last two it is an
adverb of place, meaning here.
b. (I) The pronoun ^bbx unites the palatal found in the nominative
singular of the first person in Indo-European languages, Gr. cyw, Lat. ego.
Goth. ik. with the nasal of its other parts Gr. fj.e, vwi, Lat. me. 770.s. Goth.
mik. The same combination is found in the Coptic and the Phcpnician.
The Arabic and Syriac have retained only the abbreviated form in the
singular and the prolonged form in the plural. The second person npiX
is based upon the lingual n as tlie Doric tv, Lat. /?/, Ger. clu, Eng. thou ;
and tlie third person X^in upon the guttural n as the Zend ho. Gr. 6,
Lat. hie. Eng. he.
(2) Words in such constant and familiar use as tlie pronouns are sub-
ject to more or less irregularity in all languages. The original plural
termination, as will be shown more fully hereafter in the case of verbs
and nouns, i-? csi. In the first person D is omitted to prevent the concur-
rence of nasals in the same syllable, "'^{J. , *3X ; the plural of the prolonged
lorm seems to be best explained by supposing it to have been originally
■'SJJX , which WHS in the singular softened to "bsx by §57.1, and in the
jilural by a transposition and weakening of the palatal to a guttural (cnmp.
Gr. iyu). Sans. oAa?«). became Isn'jX^ or by §53.2, sisni . The plurals of
the second and third persons were originally Cinx, Cin, which are still
^72 PRONOUNS. 07
preserved in the Arabia, and have left their trares in the inflections of
verbs, e.g. "ibz^iT^j "i^'Sinsap , The vowel m however, which in the plu-
rals of masculine nouns has been converted into I. has in the pronouns
undergone a still further modification into the diphthongal e Cii or e CFiX .
The distinction of gender is indicated in the plural not by affixing the
characteristic termination of that gender as in nouns, but by a change of
the final nasal. An unaccented n ^ is often added by §61. 6. to relieve the
harshness of the consonantal ending.
c. In the technical language of the Jewish grammarians pronouns are
called C^liS cog-immina ; the first person is ^2T^ the speaker^ the second
N3T33 present^ the third "rp: hidden or absent.
§ 72. When the pronouns are used in their separate form
as distinct words they have the fonns ah'eady given. When,
however, they stand in a relation of dependence to verbs,
nouns, and particles, they are appended to them in the follow-
ing abbreviated forms, called the pronominal suffixes :
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
1.
Com.
1
■^3
^5
2.
{ Masc.
^
0?
\ Fern.
n
P
3.
( Masc.
^n
D
on
\ Fern.
ri
n
1
10
In the first person singular "^ . is attached to nouns, and
''5 to verbs. In the second person the palatal D is substituted
for the lingual n of the separate pronoun. For a similar
change in the first person see § 85. «. (i). The modifications
in the forms of the suffixes, occasioned by the endings of the
words to which they are attached, will be considered here-
after, §§101,220. The third plural forms cn, "jn aroused
with plural nouns ; Q , 1 with verbs and singular nouns.
The suffixes of the second and third persons plural DD ,
1? , DO . 10 are called (jrave, the rest are UgM. The former
being mixed syllables, always receive the accent, § 33. 3, and
tend more strongly to shorten the words to which they are
attached than the latter.
98 ETYMOLOGY. § 73, 74
Demonstrative Pronouns.
^73. 1. The ordinary demonstrative is —
Maac. Fern. Common.
Singular, nr rsT f/iis Plural, ^i? n^i? f/tese.
The poetic form IT is sometimes a demonstrative, Ps.
12 : 8, Hab. 1 : 11, hut more frequently a relative (like the
English f/iat), in which case it is used without change for
both genders and numbers. The feminine is occasionally
written without tbe final n and with a diiferent vowel letter
rlT or it . The plural, coming from a different root, is suffi-
ciently distinguished without the usual termination ; bx occm-s
eight times in the books of Moses and once in 1 Chron. 20:8;
in all other places the consonantal termination is softened by
an appended n . .
2. The singular of this pronoun is in a few instances
compounded with b either without any change of meaning, or,
as Ewald and Nordheimer follow Jarchi in supposing, in the
sense of the remote demonstrative t/taf. Thus (with the
article 0 prefixed) —
Masc. Fern. Ccm.
Sing, this or that nf |n ^T^n tSh
a. The first form occurs twice in Genesis (24 : 65, 37: 19), the third sLt
times in the post-Mosaic books as a masculine (Judg. 6 : 20, 1 Sam. 14 : 1,
17:26. 2 Kin. 23: 17, Dan. 8:16, Zech. 2:8). and once as a feminine
(2 Kin. 4 : 25), the second once in Ezekiel (36 : 35).
3. The personal pronoun of the third person K'.n is used
for the remote demonstrative that.
Relative Pronoun.
§ 74. The rcliitive who, which is it"i< , which may be cm-
ployed as a separate word, or may be shortened to a prefix "O
§75 INTERROGATIVE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 99
with Dagliesh-forte compensative in the following letter,
unless it be a guttural and consequently incapable of receiv-
ing it, §23. 1. In a few instances the prefix ts takes the
vowel (.) followed by Daghesh-forte, Judg. 5 : 7, Cant. 1 : 7,
Job 19 : 29 ; once it has (J before J? Judg. G : 17, and twice
{.) Eccl. 2 : 22 (in some copies), 3:18. The relative suffers
no change for gender or number either in its separate or its
prefixed state. Its objective relation to verbs and particles
and its possessive relation to nouns are expressed without
changing the relative itself, or removing it from its position
at the beginning of its clause by appending the appropriate
pronominal suffix to the governing word, e. g. '^'nbt it's? ?r//o
/te sent him, i. e. whom he sent, is?"!! iiox w/iic7t its seed, i. e.
whose seed- It may also receive an adverbial sense froQi
being followed by the pronominal adverb Qi^ tZ/ere, e. g.
00 — nt!5? w/iere, n72i» — nrs iD/dt/wr, nm — ncs ichence.
a. The prefix '>!J occurs to the exchision of the full form of the relative
in the Song of Solomon, and with great frequency in another production
of Solomon's, Ecclesiastes. There are besides occasional examples of it in
other books, e. g. Judg. 5 : 7, 6 : 17, 7 : 12, 8 : 26. 2 Kin. 6:11,1 Chron. 5 : 20,
Job 19: 29, Ps."l22-124, 129, 133-137, 144, Lam. 2:15, 16. The word
njida Gen. 6:3 is in several ancient versions and in the common English
translation rendered as though it were made up of the preposition 3 , the
relative IS and the particle u\ for that also; but the most recent inter-
preters derive it from the verb asiij lo err, and translate in their erring.
b. "ICK or lU is also used for the conjunction that. Comp. Lat. quod.
Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns.
§75. 1. The pronouns "^'Q who? or zr/zoerer relating to
persons, and nia what? or whatever relating to things, are
employed both as interrogatives and in an indefinite sense.
They experience no change for gender or number.
The vowel of •".'a is regulated by the initial sounds of
the succeeding word. Before a letter capable of receiving
Daghesh-forte it is pointed t^ and the following letter is
doubled, e.g. i7bT|-ri^ Ex. 3 : 13. Before the stronger gut-
100 ETYMOLOGY. ^ 76
turals n and n it also commonly receives (.), e. g. s^'^nT.^
Ps. 39 : 5, T«t?n TVQ Gen. 31 : 36. Before the weaker gut-
turals X , 'J and "1 , it commonly takes (J, e. g. r.^s-nTa Zech.
1 : <J, 7|-a? ni2 2 Kin. 8:13, cn\s:n np Judg. 9 : 4S. Before
n , n , and r with Karaets, and occasionally before other let-
ters it takes (..), § 63. 1. r/, e. g. i^ '^^T'^^ Ex. 32 : 1, ^ns-bn-ma
Gen. 20 : 9, r.^ir-nia ib., bip nia 1 Sam. 4 : 14, ^iti2 n^
2 Kin. 1:7. In a few instances the final vowel letter is
omitted and the inteiTogative is joined with the following
word, e. g. niia Ex. 4 : 2, r.'^)')2 Isa. 3:15, nkbra Mai. 1 : 13,
DTO Ezek. 8 : 6 K'thibh.
2. Another interrogative is formed by prefixing the par-
ticle ''X to the pronoun nr , rsT , thus ni •'X which? or lohat?
1 Kin. 13 : 12,Eccles. 11:6, ns^rb \>{/or ichat? lohij? Jer. 5:7.
3. The words ''ibbx ■'ibs which are always used in com-
bination, or contracted into one ''ibbs , arf in usage equivalent
to an indefinite or indeterminate pronoun, Eng. a certain one,
\j^i. quiclau) , Gr. 6 helva; they are, however, derived not from
pronominal but verbal roots.
Verbs.
THEIR SPECIES.
§76. 1. Hebrew verbs have seven different forms which
have been denominated species or conjugations (D''r^22 build-
i?iffs). These represent as many modifications of the verbal
idea, and arc as follows, viz. :
1. bp Kal Simple active.
2. b?E3 Niphal " passive.
3. brs Piel Intensive active.
4. bys Pual " passive.
5. b-i^En Hiphil Causative active.
0. bytn Ilophal " passive.
7. byenn llithpacl Reflexive.
§77 SPECIES OF VERBS. 101
a. The term conjttgations was introduced by Reuchlin, and is very gen-
erally employed in Hebrew grammars and in those of the cognate hm-
giiages. It must he borne in mind, liowever, tliat Hebrew conjugations
are totally unlike the conjugations of Latin and Greek. The latter denote
the various modes of inflection adopted by different roots. The former are
modifications of the same root, which differ in meaning while their inflec-
tions are substantially alike. They correspond rather with voices or with
derivative verbs, such as frequentatives and causatives. although they not
infrequently require to be translated by words radically distinct. The
term species proposed by Schultens, though less commonly adopted, is
more descriptive.
2. Kal means li^/d, and denotes that species in which no
other than the thr^e radical letters appear, and these only in
then* single power. The other species are called /leavj/
(D'nns), because burdened by the reduplication of the radi-
cals or the addition of other letters. Their names arc de-
rived from bi's to do, which was the model for inflection, the
form assumed by this verb in each species serving as its
designation. Unusual verbal forms are in like manner de-
noted by the corresponding forms imposed upon its radicals.
3. Other technical expressions, such as the names of the
various classes of verbs, are also to be traced to this source.
A verb whose first radical is a guttural, a Nun, or a Yodh, is
called a Pe Guttural, Pe Nun (i'e), or Pe Yodh (^S) verb,
Pe as the initial of bys becoming the technical designation
of a first radical generally. So a verb whose second radical
is Vav is called an Ayin Vav ("ic ) ; one whose third radical
is He, a Lamedh He {^^) ; one whose second and third rad-
icals are alike an Ayin Doubled (55?), etc.
§77. The general idea of the several species already
stated is liable to certain modifications in the variety of cases
to which it is applied.
1. The Niphal is commonly the passive of Kal or of the
simple idea of the verb, sia to steal, Ni. fo he stolen ; sns to
write, Ni. to he icritten.
2. Sometimes, like the Greek middle voice which coin- ■
cides with the passive in certain of its forms, it lias a reflex-
102 ETYMOLOGY. §73
ive signification, lis-j to hide, Ni. io hide ones self ; i^C to
keep, Ni. io keep one's self, ^vKuTreaOaL; onp Ni. to lupent,
lit. to grieve ones self, fierafxeXeadat; or expresses recii)rocal
acticQ, yy^ to counsel yls'i. to take counsel together ; cnb Ni. to
fight, iid-)(e.<xQai,, lit. to devour one another. In some verbs it
has both a passive and a reflexive sense, li^s Ni. io be sold
and io sell one's self ; nxn Ni. io be seen and io let one^s self
be seen, io appear.
3. Sometimes when the Kal is intransitive and does not
admit of a ])roper passive, the Niphai is either identical with
it in signification, 3^]^ K. and Ni. to approach, or retains a
shade of its original force by representing the state or condi-
tion not absolntely as in Kal, but as something effected and
involving a change from another previous condition, ^712 to
be full, Ni. io be filed, rrjiri to be, Ni. to become.
§78. 1. The Piel gives new intensity to the simple idea
of the verb, by wliich its meaning is variously modified ac-
cording to the nature of the case, t:y'a to be few. Pi. to be
very few ; 5l"7 io follow, Y\. io follow ardently, to pursue ;
"ins to fear. Pi. to fear constantly, io be timid ; '-i?c io ask.
Pi. io ask repeatedly and earnestly, io beg ; N'^3 io create,
as God, Pi. io form with pains and labour, as man ; ins to
write, Pi. io icrite much with the implication that it is to little
purpose, io scribble ; "i3p to bury. Pi. io bury fjreai numbers.
2. The energy resident in this species dis})lnys itself by
signifying the producing or causing of that which is denoted
by the simple idea of the verb, thus quickening intransitive
verbs into transitives, and making such as were transitive
before to be doubly so. In this, which is the more frequent
case, it becomes virtually equivalent to a causative, ^3X to
perish, Pi. io make io perish, io destroy ; 112b to learn. Pi. to
teach, i.e. cause to learn. Both these senses are occasionally
found united in the same verb, I'll? Pi. io be very near and io
bring near ; rnc Pi, to be very corrupt and io corrupt or de-
stroy.
§79,80 SPECIES OF VERBS. 103
3. Pual is the passive of Piel, and therefore can only exist
when the sense of the latter is such that a passive is possible.
§79. 1. The Hiphil denotes the causing or producing of
that which is signified by the simple form of the verb, and,
as in the corresponding case of Piel, intransitive verbs become
transitive, and such as admitted of one object before are now
capable of receiving two : l'^^ to descend, Hi. to cause to de-
scend, hriiig doion ; i^is to come. Hi. to hring ; nijn to see. Hi.
to show.
2. In some verbs Hiphil has an intransitive sense, but
in most of these cases there is either an ellipsis of the object
or the idea of production and causation can still be obscurely
traced, si"]? Hi. to he attentive, prop, to make {one's ear) at-
tend; pln"a Hi. to be sweet, prop, to cause sweetness ; ^ii? Hi.
to be wise, prop, to act loiselj/, exliibit loisdom ; f i3« Hi. to be
brave, prop, to act bravely; Ij?! Hi. to (jrow old, prop, to acquire
aye. In a few instances both senses are found united in the
same verb, nSa Hi. to cause to bud and to put forth buds;
tjnij Hi. to p'olong and to be long ; nijy Hi. to enrich and to
groio rich ; 'j'QTri Hi. to make fat and to become fat (comp.
YiVi%. fatten^.
3. Hophal is the passive of Hiphil.
a. When Kal has hoth a transitive and an intransitive sense, Hiphil.
as the causative of the latter, becomes substantially identical with the
former, nisj K. to extend or to bend, trans, and intrans.. Hi. id. trans. In
Job 23 : 1 1, Ps. 125 : 5. Isa. 30 : 11, where the Hiphil of this verb appears to
be used intransitively in the sense of turning aside, there is an ellipsis of
its proper object, to bend [the steps).
§80. 1. The Hithpael is reflexive or reciprocal of the
idea of the verb, mostly as this is expressed in the Piel spe-
cies (from which it is formed, §82. 5), the particular shade
of meaning being modified according to the circumstances
of the case. (1) It indicates that the subject is hkewise the
direct object of the action, '0}"^ Pi. to deliver, Hith. to escape,
deliver one's self; p-5? Pi. to juslifg, Hith. to justify o^^'^
104 ETYMOLOGY. §80
txn Pi. to secic, Ilith. io disguise ones self, prop, to let ones
self he sought for ; nsn Pi. to make sick, Ilitli. io make one's
self sick whether in rcaUty or in the esteem of others, i. e. to
feign sickness ; cin Hith. to show ones sef wise whether in
reahty or in his own conceit. (:2) Or that he is the inchrect
object of the action, which is for his benefit, or relates en-
tirely to him, nns Pi. to ojjen, Hith. to open for one s self ;
-n: Hith. to inherit {for one's self) ; "J?" Pi. to make gracious,
Hith. to implore favour, prop, to make to he gracious to ones
self (3) Or that the action is mutual between two or more
parties, "iT^p Pi. to hind, Hith. to conspire, prop, to hand to-
gether ; n^7 to see, Hith. to look upon one another.
2. This species is sometimes a mere passive like the
Niphal niffi to forget, Hith. to he forgotten ; "is? Pi. to atone,
Hith. to he atoned ; '1P5' Pi. to prepare, Hith. to he prepared.
In a few instances the reflexive and the passive senses are
found in the same verb, "li"*? Hith. to sell ones self and to he
sold.
a. (1) The affinity hptAveen the Piel and Hiphil species is such as in
very many verbs to reiuier it unnecessary to retain tliem both, and one or
the other has been allowed to fail into disuse. Where both exist, they
are often nearly or quite synonymous, and arc used indiscriminately, li-""!^
Pi. and Hi. to sanctify, or differ only in the frequency of their employment,
n^':: Pi. and Hi. (rare) to send, rid Pi. (rare) and Hi. io cause to hear.
In othe-.- cases tlu'y are distinguished by adhering to those significations
of the species in which they depart palpably from one another, nr^ Pi.
(intens.) to grow lu.Tunantly, Hi. (caus.) to make to grow, bio Pi. (caus.)
to make foolish. Hi. (intrans.) to act foolishly ; or by developiuir them from
different significations of the root, btba Pi. to cook (food), Hi. to ripen
(fruit); Tp2 Pi. to bless (prop, to kneel in worship). Hi. to cause to kneel
(as a physical act), cir Pi. to break the bones ( criS;), Hi. /o render
.strong ; or by restricting them to special np|)licati()ns. ni:[? Pi. to burn in-
cense {to idols), Hi. to burn incense (to God); rBii Hi. to change. Pi. io
change (the clothes); wCD Hi. to strip, Pi. to strip (the slain in battle).
(2) It is still less connnon to find both Niphal and Hithpael in the same
verb. Where this does occur they are sometimes used interchangeably,
at others a di.-:tinction i.< created or adhered to, ~£'^ Ni. and Hith. to be
joured out; "^i'n Ni. and Iliih. to talk with one another; ""^^ Ni. to be
llesseil. Hith. to bb-ss oni\t sf/f; u.""in Ni. to be ploughed, Hith. to keep {one^s
self) (/uift ; lib;? Ni. to be bound, Hith. to conspire.
(3) When in particular vcibs two species have substantially the same
§S1 PERl'ECT VERBS. 105
sense, it sometimes happens that parts only of each are in use. one supple-
menting tiie deficiencies ol" the otlier, or that one of the active species,
losing its proper passive, is supplied by another whose corresponding
active is wanting. Thus hb^ to be able has a Kal preterite and infinitive ;
but its future is Hophal (strictly, to be made able, but in usage the equiva-
lent of Kal); riD3 to be pale ^ CJ2 tu draw near. ~nj to be poured out, have
their futures in the Kal but their preterites in tlie Niphal; viC'^ to add has
both a Kal and a Hiphil preterite, which are synonymous, but only a
Hiphil future. Again, in ii j3 to separate and "ir\r to destroy, the Kal has
yielded to the Hiphil (strictly, to cause separation^ dettt ruction), but the
Niphal is retained as its pas.sive ; "J^nT to bathe and ~ "J (o sprinkle, have
in the active the Kal form and in tlie passive the Pual.
(4) All verbs are found in one or more of these species or conjugations,
but very few in the whole of them. Of the 1,.332 triliteral verbs in the
Hebrew Bible, 530 appear in some one species only. 360 in two species,
235 in three. 118 in four, 70 in five, 12 in six, and but 7 in the entire num-
ber, viz.: J'ibzi to cleave asunder, nba to uncover, n^n to be sick, i'T^ to
know, nB; to bring forth, "tjTQ to visit, c^in to be high. The number of
species in which a given verb appears, is sometimes limited by the ne-
cessity of the case, as when its meaning will not admit of the modifica-
tions denoted by all the species; or by usage, as when certain species are
dropped as uimecessary. the ideas which they would convey being ex-
pressed in another manner; or by the circumstance that in the small vol-
ume of the Old Testament, examples may not occur of all the species
which actually were in use.
b. Instances occur in which the active species, and less frequently the
passives, derive their meanings not directly from the root, but from some
noun which has sprung from it. These are called Denominatives. Thus,
r|"n? K. to break the neck (rjiiy); ^'ib'J K. to tithe (nirr ten); "ibb to make
bricks (njab); :sb3 Ni. to be possessed of imderstanding, or, according to
others, to be devoid of %mder standing (-ib heart); 'iHS Pi. to act as priest
(•nis); -jSp Pi. to build a nest (";?); J'S"^^ Pu. part. s(^ware (S3^x /oi<r);
"i'^t-Q Pu. almond-shaped ("'jb'T); y^no Pu. dyed scarlet (i'^ip); ^"'I'^'n Hi.
to snow (sV'^); "pi^^Cl Hi. to give earC^jk); nsn Hi. to snare (ns); n^rn
Ho. to be salted (n^i); "n^rri Hith. to make o)ie's self a Jew (■'T'^);
I'V^n Hith. to supply one's self with provision (T'ii). A verbal form may
ooca.sionally arise even from an adverb, i^^j'^f!!.? Ni. part, removed far away
('Tikhn), or an interjection, oh^] Hi. a7id he stilled (on husk!).
Perfect Verbs.
^81. There is one normal standard for the formation of
these several species and their further inflection, to which all
verbs conform miless prevented by the character of their
radicals. There are no anomalous or irregular deviations
106 ETYMOLOGY. § 82
from this standard, sucli as arc found in other languages, for
which no explanation can be given but the fact of their oc-
currence. A\'hatever deviations do occur result from the
presence of letters in the root which do not admit of certain
combinations and forms, and compel the adoption of others
in their stead. Verbs are hence distinguished into perfect
and imperfect. They are styled perfect when their radical
letters are capable of entering into all those combinations
and exhibitinn; all those forms which conformitv with the
standard requires. They are imperfect when the root con-
tams a weak letter, §7.2, or is otherwise so constituted as
to lead to a departure from the standard inflections.
§S2. 1. In perfect verbs the Kal is formed by giving
Pattahh, or more rarely one of its compounds, Tsere or
Hholem, to the second radical as its essential or characteristic
vowel, and to the first radical a pretonic Kamets, § G4. 2,
thus: '^bjp, ^4?, PI?.
a. The number of verbs, perfect and imperfect, whose second radical
has Tsere or Hholem. or as they are technically called middle e and mid-
dle 0, is quite inconsiderable. They are mostly of aa intransitive sig-
nification.
(1) The ibllowing have Tsere, viz. :
■,j:_j to be old. -1=3 (Isa. 24:20 ^Z-z) lo be na to die.
ykX) io delight. heavy. i>33 to fade.
si:n to hew. ^iis to be right. sr^j to thirst.
nna to be clean. tz^ and vih to put on. hhp^ (Isa. 33:9 h'Zp^) to
Xra to be unclean. i<b"3 trans.or intrans. (Esth. wither.
•i'i^ to be dry. 7 : 5 n"^"9 trans.) to N.:b to hate.
^"11 to fear. fill or be full. ic'l" to be brought low.
(2) The following have Tsere in pause. § 65. 3. a. or as a pretonic vowel,
§64. 2. belore a sulli.x, but Pattaiih in other cases. Such as only occur in
pause or with siillixes are printed with T.sere.
rrx to lore. bnj to be or become h^J^ to cease.
ntx to be guilt y. great. ycT\ to be leavened.
pxn to swell. p~'n to cleave to. r;n to })e pnfaned.
■1^5 to prevail. '|lE'n to grow fat. "On to lack.
§ 8.2 PERFECT VERBS. 107
isn to blush (distin- tsi^ to he strong. 2"?"^ to be. sated.
guished from "^En piH^ to come upon, to ri?2'J to rejoice.
to dig). prosper. n^O to forget.
C|i"' to he weary. uinp5 to he holy. *|3'>^ to dwell.
t""!"' to possess. Z'^\^ to come near. ^"^.'^ io be desolate.
DS3 to be pleasant. -Sn to be hungry. sair to hear.
Several others are marked with Tsere in the lexicon of Gesenius, in
which that vowel does not occur.
(3) The following have Hholem:
•^ij< to shine. V:d'^^ to be able. Sn (Ps. 18 : 15 3;n ) to
dia to be ashamed. IL'p^ to snare. shoot.
ii-i to be good. hh (see §86. a) ^o/owj. bid (Gen. 43:14 "Tibr-e;)
•i"' to dread. pj? to be small. to be bereaved.
2. The Niphal is formed by prefixing ? to the letters of
the root ; thus, ^'op: , which by § 61. 1. becomes bbipp .
3. Tiie Piel and Pual are formed by doubhng the second
radical and attaching the appropriate vowels ; thus, bcij? ,
4. The Hiphil and Hophal are formed by prefixing n
with the proper vowels ; thus, ^"^Pipn , '^'^Ipv? .
5. The Hithpael is formed by prefixing tin to the con-
struct infinitive of the Piel ; thus, ^^(?rin , If the first radi-
cal be one of the sibilants 0 , T2J or to , the n of the prefixed
syllable will be transposed with it, ^Inon, ?j2riirn, r^nniDn.
If the first radical be 2 , the T\ will be transposed, and in
addition changed to t: , e. g. p"^i?^n , If the first radical be
one of the Unguals T , t: or ri , the n will be assimilated or
united to it by Daghesh-forte, 'pk'^'p' , "intpn , Diann ,
a. In one instance n3:;i:Tc5rti Jer. 49:3 n remains before u3 without
transposition, which would brit)g three Unguals in close connection, and
once it is assimilated to d, Eccl. 7: 16 CTsittJ";, elsewhere ciind';i ; c is
likewise assimilated to the sibilant T in the only Hithpael form in Avhich
tliat letter is the initial of the root ISmH Isa. 1:16. In one instance
C"ps'nn"3 Juflg. 19:22 n remains without assimilation before 1. The n
may either be assimilated or not to the initial 3 of two verbs S^J, Niu;.
and the initial 3 of two '13. "iE3. It is assimilated to the 3 ofDS3. which
occurs but twice in the Hithpttel, to the 3 of 7X3, which only occurs once,
and in one instance to "i, viz. cii-iiik Isa. 33:10 but caiin^ Dan. 11:36.
108 ETYMOLOGY. § 83
b. The seven species may. agreeably to their formation, be reduced to
three willi thrir derivatives, viz.:
Active 1. Kill 2. Piel 3. Hiphil
Passive Pual Ho])hal
Middle Niphal Hithpael
(1) The prefixed letters of the Niphal and Hithpael 3 and n (with n
prostlic'tic. §53. 1. a) are probably in their origin fragmentary pronouns
signifying self; whether they are referable to "'3N and npx of the first
and second persons must be left to conjecture. The idea primarily sug-
gested is that of performing an action upon one's self; but in the Niphal
usually, and in the Hithpael occasionally, the reflexive signification has,
as in certain tenses of the Greek middle and in the reciprocal verbs of
some modern languages, given place to the passive. In the Aramaean
the forms with a prefixed PS have not only quite lost their original char-
acter as reflexives, but have superseded all other passives.
(2) Ttie idea of causation in the Hiphil and Hophal, if the author may
venture to ofier his own opinion upon this perplexed subject, is not due,
as in the Indo-European causatives, to the introduction of a syllable
directly suggesting it. It appears to be primarily another intensive form,
with which usage lias ordinarily connected, as it frequently has with the
Piel, the notion of productive energy or the quickening of an intransitive
into a transitive. As in the Piel and its derivatives, the idea of intensity
is suggested by giving a doubled and consequently more intense pronun-
ciation to the central radical; so in the Hiphil. by a like symbolism, the
power of the root is augmented by the accession of a new initial syl-
lable, whether the weak letter n is merely for the sake of pronouncing
the vowel, which seems likely from the corresponding K in Aramajan and
Arabic, or is itself significant, in which case it must be of pronominal
origin, related possibly to K^in of the third person, and having a prepo-
sitional or intensive ibrce.
(3) The distinction between active and passive in the intensive and
causative species is made by the vowels alone, and that in a way perfectly
simple, and yet as clearly marked as possible. Of the three pure vowela
i and ?t ofl'er the most striking contrast, and these are severally set in op~
posite syllables in the forms to be distinguished; i or its cognate e marks
the second syllable of the actives, m or its cognate o the first syllable of the
passives, the other syil.ible receiving in every case the simplest and only
remaining vowel : thus, ^"'^ipn , ^^k! — '4i? • -'4"^ • F'^"' ^''''^ ^ primarily
belonged to the fir.-^t syllabic of both Piel and Hiphil is apparent from its
retaining its place throughout these species with the exception of the
preterite, and from its preservation in the cognate languages.
^83. If ''^1? fo kill be taken as the representative of tlie
regular verb, the various species with their significations \Yill
be as follows, viz. :
§ 83 PERFECT VERBS. 109
1. Kal btD;p to kill
2. Niphal bbpD to be killed.
3. Piel ^k"? to kill many or to massacre,
4. Pual ^Dp to he massacred.
5. Hipliil ^"^tjpn /o cause to kill.
6. Hophal ^"^PO ^"^ ^^ caused to kill.
7. Hithpael ^tspnn <fo kill one's self.
a. It is in each case the tliird person masculine singular of the preterite
which is given above, and the strict signification therefore is lie has killed^
etc. These being the simplest forms of the various species, however, and
destitute of any sign of tense or person, are commonly used to represent
the species ; and in this sense the proper equivalent is the infinitive, which
is the form used for designating verbs in English.
h. The verb ^a;5 is well fitted for a model, and is now generally so
employed. The consonants, which compose its root, have no peculiarities
to interfere with its inflection, it has a signification capable of being car-
ried through all the species, and as it exists likewise in the cognate lan-
guages, it offers a good basis for their comparison. It occurs, indeed, but
three times in the Bible, Job 13:15, 24:14, Ps. 139:19, and in but one
species; still the very rarity of its occurrence only restricts it more com-
pletely to its use as a representative or typical verb. The old Jewish
model M'S, §76.2, is objectionable on account of its weak letter ^^ and
on account of the twofold sound of its initial radical S, which, with its
Daghesh-lene, might prove perplexing to beginners.
c. (1) The existence of other and less usual species is a needless as-
sumption. The Poel, File!, Pilpel and the like, are not additional species
but identical in character and signification with those already named. The
more copious Arabic, with its nicer shades of distinction, has greatly mul-
tiplied the number of its species or conjugations, incorporating into ita
standard paradigm forms corresponding to some of these which the He-
brew only occasionally employs. In the latter language, however, they
are at the utmost alternate forms substituted in place of the ordinary
ones, and found for the most part in the imperfect verbs, to the nature of
whose radicals they owe their peculiarities of structure. When, as is the
case in a very few instances, there is a double form to a particular species
in the same verb, usage has mostly created an arbitrary distinction be-
tween them, e.g. Pi. UJnd to uproot and lania to take root; Pi. D^p to
cause to stand, applied to covenants and oaths, to ratify, and C'sip, in a
physical sense, to raise up; Hi. n"';n to cause to rest, to set down, and
n"'3n to leave, to let alone. There is no objection to the employment of
these names as convenient designations of particular modes of formation,
provided it is understood that they mean nothing more.
(2) There are very few instances of what may be called compound
species; thus, Niphal of Pual ^i^X^is Isa. 59:3, Lam. 4 : 14, <o be exceed-
110 ETYMOLOGY. §84
ingly defied, stronger than tlie simple Niplial bxss ; Niphal of Hithpael
^nB?3 Ezek. 23 : 48, nsrj Deut. 21:8, : nine? Prov. 27 : 15,
§84. To each of these species belong a preterite and fu-
ture, two forms of the infinitive, an absohite and a construct,
a participle, and, except to the Pual and IIoi)hal which as
pure passives cannot express a command, an imperative. The
Kal has both an active and a passive participle, one more, con-
sequently, than the other species. The preterite of each
species is the form already described, § 83. The remaining
pai'ts are formed in the following manner, viz. :
1 . The absolute infinitive is formed by changing the last
vowel in Iliphil and Hophal to Tsere, and in each of the
other species to Hholem, observing likewise that llhirik in
the penult of Piel and Hiphil is to be changed to Pattahh.
(See Paradigm of the Perfect Verb.) This rule gives to
Niphal the infinitive bibjipp , which form actually occurs, §91. <5.
If, however, the original Sh'va be suffered to remain after
the prefixed 3, §82. 2, thus, ^^ip?, a prosthetic n will be re-
quired in order to its pronunciation, § 53. 1. a, after which 3
will be assimilated to the following letter, § 54. 2, and a pre-
tonic Kamets, §64. 2, added to the P in order to give full
effect to the reduplication ; thus Viijjn , wdiich is the form
W'ritten in the paradigm.
2. The construct infinitive is formed from the absolute
in the Kal by rejecting the pretonic Kamets, §82. 1, in
Niphal by changing the last vowel to Tsere, and in the re-
maining species by making the last vowel conform to the
corresponding vowel of the preterite.
3. The future is formed from the construct infinitive by
the approi)riate personal prefixes ; if the first letter of the
infinitive be n, it is rejected, § 53. 3, and its vowel given to
the prefix.
a. (1) Some verbs take Pattahh in the last sj'llaWe of the Kal future
instead of the Hholem of the construct infinitive. This is particularly the
case with intransitive verbs. Such as have Tsere in the preterite regu-
§,84 PERFECT VERBS. Ill
larly lake Pattahh in the future; of the list given §82. 1. a. (1) and (2)
but three -^n, bis, )hd talte Hholem, and two ^cn and Dn^ take indif-
ferently Hholem or Pattahh. Of verbs with middle o in the preterite
three hh, ppD and hS^ take Pattahh in the future; the rest either do not
occur in the future, or have imperfect letters in their root which obscure
their true formation.
(2) The following verbs with Pattahh in the preterite have Pattahh
likewise in the Kal future. Those which do not occur in the Kal preterite,
or occur only in forms which do not reveal the character of the vowel fol-
lowing the second radical, are distinguished by an asterisk. Verbs having
a Pattahh in the future, which is due to imperfect letters in the root, (e. g.
Pe Yodh, Ayin Guttural, Lamedh Guttural), are not included in this list.
t2S to mourn. 1^3: lo come near. y^^ 'o ^^^ down.
*rb5< to learn. ^'^'3 (intrans.) to fall li"i to rage ov tremble.
* y tx to be strong. off. * ''^.1 to be wet.
*r:x to be angry. *'^\^} to be poured. -3T to ride.
*b2n to become vain. p^O {^SQ>.b.) to ascend. *'iS"i to spread.
pm to be strong. "(IIJ^' to smoke. *-p'^ to rot.
CDn to be wise. *p'^^ to be jemoved. 251;^ to lie down.
~^n to be dark. ^P*^^ to be righteous. ab'^ to ride.
*b03 to be foolish. bbp to be lightly es- *Dbo to be complete.
'T^ab to learn. teemed. *')'?^ to grow fat.
pr!?2 to be sweet. *"'r?i^ to be attentive.
(3) The following with Pattahh in the preterite have both Pattahh and
Hholem in the future.
153 to deal treacher- Can to be hot. T|^5 to bite.
ously. "in to be gracious. bra to do.
"in fut. (5, to tear, fut. *d'in fut. o, to plough, i:U3Q to strip off.
a, to resolve. Cut. a, to be silent. t^'O'^ to use divination.
"brt (mostly fut. e) iog-o. vi'i:^ to tear. *iS)5 {\xx..o,tocutoff,^\ii.
DyT to curse. "ik^ to form. a, to be short.
*'i~n to bind. bj'^ to trespass. PSTT to rest.
*u:bn lut. 0, tn subdue, Ti3 toflee. Dsri to be finished.
fut. a, to be weak. ""ij to vow.
b. Some imperfect verbs, chiefly Pe Yodh, take Tsere in the second
syllable oi the Kal future, e. g. niii^. , ir\1 .
4. The imperative has the same form with the construct
iiilinitive except in Hiphil, where the last vowel is Tsere as
in the infinitive absolute.
112 ETYMOLOGY. §85
a. Where the Kal future has Pattahh or Tscre the imperative takes
the same.
5. The Kal active participle takes the form Vjjs and the
passive ^^'^p. The participle of the Niphal lengthens the
last vowel of the preterite from Pattahh to Kamets ; those
of tlie other species are formed by prefixing ^ to the con-
struct infinitive, rejecting n where this is the initial letter,
§ 53, 3, and lengthening the last vowel where this is short.
§85. 1. The preterite and future are inflected through
three persons, the imperative only in the second person, a
command presupposing the form of direct address. There
are also distinct forms for the singular and plural numbers
and for the masculine and feminine genders. Verbal inflec-
tions are made by means of pronominal fragments added to
the end of the preterite and imperative, and for the most part
prefixed to the future.
a. The following are the fragments used for this purpose in the various
parts of the verb :
Preterite C^i:^).
(1) Singular. 3rd pers. masc. The third person alone has no per-
sonal ending in any of its forms; as each of the others has such a termi-
nation, none was needed for the sake of distinction. Nothing more was
required than to indicate the gender and number. The masculine singu-
lar is expressed by the simple form of the species with no appended sign
whatever.
3 fern. The original feminine termination is n_, which, appended to
the masculine, would give r^Ui;?. a form used before suffixes, § 101. 1. in
Lamcdh He verbs and occasionally elsewhere, §S6. 6. Coninioidy. Jiow-
cver. in verbs as in nouns and adjectives, the final n is dropped. §55. 2. c,
and the previous vowel, which thus comes to stand in a simple syllable, ie
lenglhcned, '"^'^ri^-
2 masc. The appended Pi is derived from nrx .
2 fern, n from tnx .
1 com. "Tl changed from ''S of ''ibx ; compare the pimilar relation of
the suffixes r\ . na to the pronouns nnx , cnx §72. The Ethiopia retains
the k unaltered, katalku.
^85 PERFECT VERBS. 113
Plural. 3 com. The original plural termination §71. b. (2) is a nasal
C or ■) preceded by the vowel >i . The full ending ]'^ is still found in a
very few instances, §86.6, generally the "J is dropped, §55. 2. a.
2 masc. CO from CRX .
2 fern. ")n from *,nx . Hi
1 com. ^13 from 'iJi* .
Future (Tn:?).
(2) Singular. 3rd pers. wnfsc. The prefixed "^ is from X^in ; the
vowel w, which distinguishes the masculine pronoun, is changed to the
corresponding semivowel 1, and this at the beginning of words becomes '',
§56.2.
2 fern, n, the sign of the feminine, is here prefixed.
2 masc. and fern. The prefixed t] is from >~irix, 'FiN, from the latter
of which is derived the appended "i _ of the feminine.
I com. The prefixed X is from ""iN .
Plural. 3 masc. and 2 masc. The same plural termination as in the
preterite is appended to the corresponding singular forms.
3 fern, and 2 fern. The feminine plural is, as in the pronouns nsin ,
njFiX , denoted by ns appended to the singular, the 2 fem. sing, termina- ■
tion "'. being dropped as superfluous.
1 com. The prefixed 3 is from ^ISX. .
Imperative C*^^?), etc.
(3) No designation of the person is here necessary as the second is the
only one in use. Gender and number are indicated by the same termina-
tions as in the corresponding person of the future. The future forms will,
in fact, in every case directly yield those of the imperative by rejectino-
the prefixed n , the sign of the second person, and restoring the n in
those cases in which it has been suppressed.
(4) The Infinitive (lip's fountain, whence other forms are derived) is
an abstract verbal noun commonly masculine, but sometimes with a femi-
nine termination.
(5) The Participle (''il'S'^a intermediate between the preterite and the
future) shares the inflections of nouns and adjectives.
2. The inflections of tlie perfect verb in all the species
stfe shown by the paradigm of b'J)? upon the next page.
P.
aiADIGil OF
KAl..
NIPllAL.
MEL.
PUAL.
Phet.
3 m.
^t:i?
^t2p?
^l^P
b^p
3/.
^^^R
nbifp?
nbtcp
^W
\.
2 m.
nbtip
T : -It
nbtipD
T : — 1; •
nbt2p
tM
2/
rbbp
: : — 'r
jil^^^P?
nb^p
r^b^p
1 c.
"^r^i^
"l^^^P?
*nb^p
T'ffep
Plur.
3 c.
^bi:p
^^PP?
^bt^p
^bifp
2 TO.
Di^f^I?
C3t?bt:pp
cii^^^^p
cirbi^p
2/
ife^'^i?
l^^Pi??
l^r"^i?
t^^R
1 c.
^;bi:p
^jbtpD
^■^P
^"-^fep
Infin.
absol.
bitbj^
bbpn
blip
bi2p
constr.
btisp
^^P
'0^)
FUT.
3 ??t.
bbp;
'^^i?r
^fep'
"^'dc
3/.
biipn
5^t?i5n
^fepn
b^pn
2 m.
bi:|:pri
^^^I^^
biopn
btopn
2/
^^^ifiTi
"^Pj^P
^bifpn
^bi^pn
1 c.
^^p^
^^P^
^t2p^
-^P^
Plur.
3 in.
^'^*9P"
^br:p^
: liT-
^^^'P.':
^^W.
3/
nibtij^n
n:bt:pn
T : "It •
^})^T^'^
J^.^r^pP!
2 ??i.
^btfpn
iibtpp^n
^btppn
^ib-cfprn
2/
JiDbtipn
T ; ': •
nrbtpn
T : ■•It •
M^btspn
T ; •• '— :
1 c.
^^P.-
^^P?
bfep:
'•^-k?
Imteu.
2 ?ra.
brijD
'^H?pri
-fep
2/.
^bpp
^bt:pr!
• : (it •
^bt2p
Plur.
2 HI.
^b-jp
^brpjsri
^bifp
wanting
■
2/
n:br:p
n:bt:pn
T : -It •
-:^^:p
Part.
act.
^i:p
^t2P^
.
pass.
bitip
btpp
^tcp^
114
Perfect Verbs.
HIPHIL.
HOPHAL,
IIITHPAEL.
KAL (7ni<Z, e).
KAL {mid. u).
b-tpj^n
^PO
^^P^^I
in!)
bi'^
nb-t:pn
nbtjpn
nbifpnn
T ; IT
■f : rr
pbtppn
nbt:pn
nb^pnn
T ; — r
T : r
i^^^P^!
^'rtps?
rbbpnn
n-i3
: ; T
*ribt:pr;
^nbt:pn
• ; — '; r
^rib^pnn
^niiD
^rbiiT
iib-'tppri
Jibippn
^bt2pnn
: rr
iibijiz:
Ci:ibt:pri
Dribtjpn
V : — *; r
Dnb^prn
cn-ns
(nrib;^)
•^pibt:pri
■jribtipn
l^i^^P^'f?
1^7^?
(|j?^5^)
ii:bt:pn
^Dbibpn
^Dbt^pnn
: — T
JiDbiDt:
^■j^pn
^PO
(btipsnn)
T
T
^■^I?»j
^'^kr\5
nn^
biiD
'^'Pp:
^^p:
^^12^?
"^^T,
b:3i2:"
^■^P^
bt:pr)
btbpt^ri
^-ZTS
b|tn
^■^pJD
bDpr)
btpnn
lipj^
biirri
^bTbpri
"?Ppp)
^bipprn
^^asn
*b5irn
^'^p^
^^P^
^fepf?'^
"^^^
bs^^i?
^b^p^_
^^^p:
^^tcpn:
iiin^*'
^bair^
njbt2pri
T : ■•'; —
rijbtipn
T : — <; T
n-btDprn
riDii^n
n:b2t:p
iib^tppn
^bt2pn
: ': T
^btDpnn
iiin^n
^bsirn
^.^^^pp)
r;:bi:pri
npbtspnn
n^^sn
r;:b2irri
^'PP^
^to
^^P^?
t|52
^1'^?
^^pfl
^fepnn
"???
""^"^pn
^btppnri
'7t?
^b^'bpn
wanting
iibtcprn '
ilinS
»^5bi:pn
{-irbtjp^n
T : ■••— : •
^75?
^"^P'^
btbpn-^
"^m
■
115
116 ETYMOLOGY. § SO
a. In order to a better understanding of the preceding paradigm, it
should be observed that certain changes result from attaching the per-
sonal iiiHcctions to the verb, wiiich are to be exphiined by the general
laws of sounds and sylhvhles.
(1) The prefixes of tlie future occasion no changes unless they stand
before n whicli is rejected, and its vowel given to the prefix. §53. 3, e.g.
^Bp"^ for I5i2pn7, or stand before a vovvelless letter when the Sii'va of the
prefix becomes Hhirik. §61, 1, thus forming a new syllable to which the
initial radical is attached, e. g. ^i^-"? for ''-ii^"?- Where K of the first per-
son singular would receive Hhirik, it takes the diphthongal Seghol in-
stead, §60. 1. a (5), e. g. bt:;::j<, V^?,^^.
(2) Terminations consisting of a vowel, viz., n^ and "^ . of the femi-
nine singular and 1 of the plural, occasion the rejection of the vowel in
the ultimate, §66. 2, which is no longer n(!eded, except in the Hiphil whose
long "^ is retained in. the preterite and future, and takes the place of („)
in the imperative, e.g. !^?'^i^, '^■Jp/n but nbii:;:?n . In the Kal impera-
tive the rejection takes place although it creates a necessity for the forma-
tion of a new syllable, "''^•^i?, ^^^p for ''V'fR' ^'''■?'T ^''^'" ^'-^i^i §61.1.
(3) Terminations consisting of a consonant Pi or of a simple syllable
Fi. ^n. ^13. n3 occasion no change, except the compression of the antece-
dent vowel, which now stands before two consonants, to (.) in the preterite,
and from "^ . to (J in the future, riV^PH , !^?V^"^' §*51.4. But verbs
with miiidle o retain the Hholem in the Kal preterite, '''^^.pi •
(4) Terminations consisting of a mixed syllable rri, "jn occasion the
same compression of the vowel of the ultimate, and inasmuch as they
always receive the accent, §33. 3, they likewise cause the rejection from
the penult of the Kal preterite of the pretonic Kamets. which owes its ex-
istence to the proximity of the tone syllable, §82. 1, cna::!^ from Vi'.:;?.
Remarks on the Perfect Verbs.
§86. a. Prrterite. Verbs with middle Tsere exchange this for Pat-
taldi upon the accession of a personal afllx beginning with a consonant.
Tiiose with middle Hiiolem retain this vowel, unless it be deprived of the
accent when it is shortened to Kamets Hhatnph, Fi":^!;'. ""fii^^^ » '''?^^?i
nb2;jl. '."nb:-;. The second vowel, whatever it be. is regularly dropped
before atTixes beginning with a vowel, but here, as elsewhere throughout
the paradigm, is restored and il" need be lengthened on the reception of a
pause accent, e.g. ^"'i^Q, "^^?7) '^'tt • "^'"^ words ^isn Judg. 5:5,
nkij Isa. 63: 19. 64 : 2^^ are by Kimchi, Mikhol fol. 5, regarded as Kal
preterites from hh Jlowed. in which case the second must be added to the
list of forms with Dagheshforte emphatic. §24. c. by Gesenius as Niphal
preterites from V^f s/iuuk, comp. ^1:33 Gen. 11:7, 17=3 Am. 3:U from
b^a. Tia.
§87 REMARKS ON THE PERFECT VERBS. 117
6. Sing. 2 fern. The old form with n is found constantly in Lamedh
He verbs, occasionally in Lamedh Aleph, and in two instances besides,
nbTX Deut. 32 : 36 (with the accent on the penult because of a following
monosyllable, §35. 1.), and rr^ Ezek. 46 : 17 from Z^-d . The vowel letter
X is once written in place of n , Nrina Ezek. 31 : 5 KUhibh, § 11. 1. a.
2 masc. The vowel letter n is sometimes appended as in the pro-
noun nnx from which the termination is taken, nnT:3 Mai. 2 : 14, nri::^j
Jer. 17:4; so in other species besides Kal, npiSD33 Gen. 31 : 30, nnr'n^
Job 38 : 12 K'thibh, fin^rsH Ps. 73 : 27. In the last example the n of the
root is united by Daghesh-forte with the n of the personal affix ; this
union regularly occurs between roots ending with n and affixes beginning
with the same letter T}^:?: Job 23:17, riarn Ps. 89:45, "^narn Isa.
16:10, cnacn Ex. 5:5, riiit Ezek. 28:8, '"^n^ Gen. 19:19, •'rinrni
Jer. 49:37.
2fem. The full termination ''ri of "'PS* is frequently added in Jere-
miah and Ezekiel and occasionally elsewhere, "^n^rT Ezek. 10:22, and
repeatedly in the same chapter, "^rn"]^ Ruth 3:3; so in other species
•^Pina^ Jer. 3:5, "^Piiab Jer. 13:21. 'See also Jer. 4 : 19, 22:23, 46:11.
1 com. The vowel letter "^ is, contrary to the ordinary rule, §11. 1. a,
omitted in four instances in the K'thibh, though it is supplied by the K'ri,
PIS'!; Ps. 140 : 13, Job 42 : 2, n^ia 1 Kin. 8 : 48, n-^bs Ezek. 16 : 59.
Plur. 3 com. The full ending '1 only occurs in '\^'y^1 Deut. 8 : 3, 16
'^p^ Isa. 26: 16, and "i^bp? Isa. 29:21 from bp^ , the restoration of the
Hholem before the pause accent causing the rejection of the Kamets,
which is a pretonic vowel and can only remain in the immediate vicinity
of the accent; the form is thus sufficiently explained without the neces-
sity of assuming it to l)e the future of a verb UJip which nowhere else
occurs. An otiant N, §16. 1. is twice added to this person, as is regularly
the case in Arabic, N^iibn Josh. 10:24. N^ix Isa. 28: 12. The forms of
similar appearance i^lbj Ps. 139 : 20, M'H^i Jer. 10 : 5, are in reality of
different character as the tt is in these a radical, whose vowel has been
shifted to the preceding letter, §57.2. (3). The occasional omission of the
vowel letter 1 from the K'thibh, e. g. "i^X 1 Sara. 13: 19, ^3p Estli. 9:27,
nis-r Deut. 21:7, n^n Josh. 18:12. 14. 19 indicates a' difference of
reading. The words of the text are in the singular, and require the
pointing "it:x; etc. i^isij^ etc.; the K'ri has substituted 'I'^'SiJ, ^-^^ etc.
for the sake of a more exact concord of the verbs with their subjects, §48,
2 masc. and fern. There is no example of a verb middle o in the
second person plural ; the forms in the paradigm are inferred from
analogy, to indicate which they are enclosed in parentheses. In n;p:brn
Am. 4:3, n^ is added to the 2 fern, as to the corresponding pronoun.
§87. Infinitive. The Hholem of the construct is usually written with-
out 1, "isa Isa. 33 : 1, though not invariably, 'pr and Tii"^. 'ii? and ':5"r3,
and before Makkeph is shortened to Kamets Hhatuph. §64. I, "cop Ezek.
21 12&. 28. 34. The Hholem of the absolute infinitive is usually thougii
118 ETYMOLOGY. § 88
not invariably written with 1. e. g. Taa Isa. 48 : 8 but -30 Lev. 15:24,
and is inimutiible. The construct infinitive has Pattahh in place of Hho-
leni in -io 1 Kin. 1:2\ et passim and bed Eccles. 12:4. The feminine
form of llie construct infinitive occurs repeatedly in imperfect thouj^h it is
of rare occurrence in perfect verbs, e. g. •^J^^'^ Deut. 11 : 22, 30 : 20, Josh.
22:5, nx:a, ri'znn, pn";.':'- "t^^ J^r. 31 ;'l2' nHi:n Ezek. 16:5, nx^a
Lev. 15 : 32. In Pe Yodli and Lumedh He verbs the feminine is the cus-
tomary form.
§88. Future. 3 masc. The Hholem is commonly written without Vav,
though often with it Tp^"|, -'ri^^ and 2inr'^, and before Makkeph is
shortened to Kamets Hhaluph, §64. 1, 'T\^^^ Isa. 32: I, the Vav being in
such cases rejected by the K'ri if found in tlie K'tliibh,e. g.^'rsx Hos.
8: 12; in "biz;^ Josh. 18: 20 tlie Hholem remains. The vowel of the last
syllable is rejected, as is tlie case throughout the paradigm, upon the recep-
tion of a vowel uffi.x, §66. 2. inde.«s retained or restored by the pause accent,
§65.2. ^-'^^7 Prov. 8: 15. ^"i^~ri Jer. 10: 12; twice, however, instead of re-
jection Hholem is changed to Slmrek ^iciiSU* E.x. 18 : 26, "'il--:n Ruth 2:8.
Alike form appears in the K'thibh, Prov. 4 : 16 "ibics"' .
3 fern. The sign of the feminine is in two instances added both at the
beginning and the end of the verb. viz. : nrxi^n Deut. 33:16, i^rx'^iri
Job 22:21, paragogic Si^ being appended to the former, §f)7. Land a
pronominal suffix to the latter. A like duplication of llie sign of the
second person feminine occurs in rs<in 1 Sam. 25:34 K'ri, where the
K'thibh has the fuller ending Txan .
2fem. ' is sometimes added to the long vowel with which this person
ends "ir^nn Ruth 2:8, "ri^n Ruth 3:4. ^-Sntn 1 Sam. 1 : 14. Occa-
sionally the feminine ending is omitted and the masculine form used in-
stead, e. g. "r'";=n Isa. 57 : 8.
1 com. pcx P.=. 130:8. though by some grammarians referred to P03,
js probably for pHpJ* from r"r9- the liquid b being excluded, and Daghesh-
forte conservative inserted in the previous letter, §53. 3.
Plur. 2 masc. and 3 masc. The full plural termination '') is of more
frequent occurrence here than in the preterite, the vowel of the second
radical being either retained or rejectCKl, "|l"ii»P7 Ruth 2: 9, ■>i''^'Pi Josh.
24:15, -(iH-^n;; Ex. 9:29, 'il^NC"' Jo.sh. 4:0, ?apl??, ?:-3t'7 Ps. 104:28,
•(iS'i': 1 Sam.' 2 : 22. Josh. 2 : s' llnr cn Deut. 1 1 *: 22, ',-;^Nr>' Jer. 21:3; so
in other species, "psrs-' .Tob 19:23. '(^^Ej?-^ Job 21 :21, -iins'-iri Gen. 32:20
and "i^^S'in Ps. 58:2^ "(Wprp 2 Kin.*6:'l9. ■,rj'i'Eri Mic' 2: 8, fi!i:£^2r7
Job 9:6. It is chiefly found at the end of a clause or verse, the pausal
emphasis delighting in lensrthened n>rnis. or before words beginning with
a weak letter, to separate liie final vowel more completely from that of the
l()llowing initial syllable. In the judo-ment of IVordliein)er C^irw^ Isa.
35 : 1 preserves this ending in a still older form : Ewald thinks the final 1
has been assimilated to the initial « of the following word, §55. 1; in all
probability, however, D is here, as it usually is, the 3 piur. suffix, and it is
§89 REMARKS ON THE PERFECT VERBS. 119
properly so rendered in the common English version shall be glad for
them.
3 fern. In a very few cases the initial "^ of the masculine form is re-
tained, the distinction of gender being sufficiently marked by the termina-
tion np^a?.,: Dan. 8:22, ri^^hl Gen. 30:38, njni!^-: 1 Sam. 6:12; or, on
the other hand, the termination ^ of the masculine is retained, the gender
being sufficiently indicated by the prefixed tn . :!in::stn Jer. 49: 11, ^i"ipn
Ezek. 37 : 7; sometimes the gender is neglected entirely and the masculine
form used for the feminine, e. g. ^ijb-i'^ Hos. 14 : 1. The assumption that
the 3 fern. plur. is used lor the 3 fern. sing, in njK'npF! Ex. 1 : 10, njnnn
Job 17:16. njD^nn Isa. 28 : 3, ri:":=^Ti Isa. 27 : 1 J.'njnSrn Judg. 5V26,
is unnecessary ; in the first passage ntnba , the subject of the verb, is
used in a collective sense, wais shall occur; the others are to be similarly
explained with the exception of the last, where nj maybe the suffix with
j\un epenthetic in place of the more usual Ibrm fisnbcn her Imnd — she
puis it forth. Comp. Obad. ver. 13.
2 and 3 fern. The vowel letter ti is occasionally in the Pentateuch,
and more rarely in other books, omitted from the termination JiJ , particu-
larly when there are other vowel letters in the word, ^"pf^=^? Gen. 27 : 1,
;iXi:n Gen. 30:38, ^Vi'sni Gen. 33:6, ;n}m Ezek. 3:20, ;r^.nn nine
times in the Pentateuch, three times in Ezekiel, and once in 1 Samuel.
When the root of the verb ends with " this is united by Daghesh-forte
with the affix n: . §25. nssrn Ezek. 17:23, n^iipn Ezek. 32 : 16, or with-
out Daghesh, nj-jrn Ruth 1 ; i3, : n:72xn Isa. 60 : 4, r;.S"]n Ps. 71 : 23 in most
editions. So in the fem. plur. imperative, i^iixn Gen. 4: 23.
§89. Imperative. Sing. masc. The Hholem of the last syllable, as in
the future and infinitive construct, is mostly written without 1, e. g-'ipS ,
yet not always, ~3a and TpEi? ; before Makkeph it is shortened to Kamets
Hhatuph T)^? Judg, 9 : 14. It may perhaps be similarly shortened with-
out Makkeph in "irp Judg. 19:5, comp. ver. 8, § 19. 2. a, or the vowel may
be Kamets lengthened from Pattai\h by the accent, which does occur,
though rarely, with conjunctives. §65. 3. b.
Fem. sing, and masc. plur. The vowel of the first syllable is com-
monly Hhirik, but under the influence of the rejected Hholem it is occa-
sionally Kamets Hhatuph, §61.1, ^2^^ Judg. 9:10, ^=u;^ Ezek. 32:20
(but ^b'JtJ Ex. 12:21, lor the Methegh see §45.2), iibs Zeph. 3:14,
•"n-ij^ Mic. 1:16. and (with i retained in the K'thibh) '''q"op^ 1 Sam. 28:8,
Judg. 9: 12. Upon the restoration of the original vowel by the pause ac-
cent, the vowel under the first radical is dropped as no longer necessary,
'rSho Zech. 7 : 9, ^i^?. Nah. 2 : 9. When the third radical is an aspirate
it rarely receives Dagesh-lone in this mood though preceded by Sh'va,
§22. a. (1); such cases as "^ebn Isa. 47:2, "'SOX Jer. 10:17, are excep-
tional.
Fem. plur. The final vowel n^ is dropped in 1^'5?lli Gen. 4 : 23. §90;
occasionally n is not written though the vowel remains, jx^^ Ruth. 1: 9.
}-20 ETYMOLOCiV. §00
§ 90. Participi.es. Actire. Tlie Ilholcin of tlie first syllabic is written in-
//ilVercMitly with or without Vav, 1:2 and ll?i2, mo.stly without when addi-
lioiis arc made to tlie word. In n-^a Prov. 25: J9 Sliurek is substituted
for Hholcni, unless, as Ewald suirgests, it is a Pual participle with a
omitted ; or, as others propose, it is to be taken as an abstract noun. The
Tsere of the second syllable is written without "^ except Z'Z'D 2 Kin. 8:21 ;
it is shortened to Seghol in c^in Isa. 41 : 7, upon the recession of the ac-
cent, -■''^'in Ps. 16: 5 and ricni Isa. 29: 14, 38 : 5, Eccles. 1 : 18. have been
iinproperly resrarded as particij)les with Hhirik in place of Tsere. The
Ibriner is tiie Hiph. fut. of the verb T\^1 , which is Ibund in Arabic though
it occurs only in this place in Hebrew, and means Ihoii will enlarge; the
latter is the ordinary Hiphil future ofClO^, and the construction is ellip-
tical, I {am he who) will add, see Dr. Alexander's Commentaries. Partici-
ples are rarely formed li-om neuter verbs, yet ^Zi fadiiig, cxp desolate,
verbal adjectives of the same form with the preterites middle e and 0
being mostly used instead, H^'O full, "iJ^T old, "i5^ afraid.
Passive. This, in the few cases in which it is in use in intransi-
tive verbs, has the sense of the active, UJis and t"l3b wearing, '|3ia and
'ID'J dwelling, Jniba trusting ; there are occasional instances of the same
thing in transitive verbs, "i^Dt remembering, nfix holding. The last
vowel is with few exceptions as cri3 Deut. 32:34, crrii. nxD written
with Vav.
There are n very few instances in which participles appear to be in-
flected in the different jiersons by means of the terminations proper to the
preterite. Tiiis, aUliough common in Chaldee and Syriac, occurs in He-
brew only in the following examples :
2 fern., sing. T}~i'^-^ Gen. 16:11. .Tudg. 13:5, 7 ; and with the fuller end-
ing "'Fi^iji, Tl^ipia Jer. 22 : 23, Tiria Jcr. 51 : 13. The punctuators must
have regarded these terminations as personal inflections, because the
simple form of the feminine participle and that which it always has when
joined with a noun of the tliird |)erson. is ri^'^ Gen. 17:19, and with ■•
paragogic in the K'thihh '^riC'^ Ezek. 27 : 3.
2 masc. plur. cn-innr^ Ezek. 8 : 16. the Hithpael participle of nn'r .
There is, it is true, an abrui)tncss and diOicully in the construction, they,
ye were worshipping, which can only be explained upon the assumption
that after describing the.-^e bold transgressors in the third person. Ezekiei
turns to tiiem and directly addresses them in the second, or that his mean-
ing is, not only they but ye too (the people) were worshipping in these
your representatives, lint in view of the frequent and sudden changes of
person found in the prophets, and the unusual forms and bold constructions
which abound in Ezekiei, almost any e.xplanation seems preferable to an
unauthorized change of the text, with most modern interpreters, to the
ordinary plural Cinrir^ which is contained in a very few manuscripts,
but not enough to overcome the presumpiion in favor of the more diflicult
reading; or the supposition of a mongrel word compounded of the two
roots nnr to wor.s-hip. and rih'^ to corrupt, in order to suggest the idea of
a corruj)l or corrujitiug .service.
§ 91 REMARKS ON THE PERFECT VERBS. 121
3 'plur. ! "^Jl^biTTS ihey are cursing vie, Jer. 15:10. Kimchi explains
this word as a compound of the roots hhp^ to curse, and n^;:? to treat as
vile; Gesenius, as a confusing of two distinct readings, the participle
''zlhp^-q and the preterite "'Il^ibiri; and Ewald changes the text to "'pr^b;^^,
though his conjecture is unsustained by a single manuscript, and Nun
epenthetic never occurs with particij)les. The suggestion is here offered
that the letters of the word may be regarded as the plural of the partici-
ple inflected after the manner of the preterite, with the^ added suffix, so
that the proper pointing would be '^i'^h'bp^-Q ; the punctuators, however, have
eougiit here, as not infrequently elsewliere, §48. to establish a more exact
agreement between the participle and its subject n'^3 by pointing the
former as a singular, whereupon the Vav must be looked upon as epen-
thetic or superfluous, : "^r bbiro as if for ; ■'3^^"^ . In fact, a few manu-
scripts omit the Vav, while others remark liiat it is superfluous; the
weight of authority is certainly in favor of retaining it, though the other
reading may be accepted as an explanatory gloss.
NIPn AL.
§91. a. Preterite Sing. 3 masc. Some copies have S"^?? Jer. 50:23
with Seghol under the prefixed N.un lor J''^?? .
b. Infinitive. The following may be mentioned as examples of the
shorter form of the absolute 7)0=5 Gen. 31 : 30, cHbD Judg. 11 :25, n'PSD 1 Sam.
2:27, N'np? 2 Sam. 1:6; of the longer form given in the paradigm 'ptft
•Ter. 32 : 4, which once appears with prosthetic N in place of n Ezek. 14 : 3
ti'i^N , §53. 1. a. The construct infinitive usually has Tsere "Ell'n Ezek.
16: 36. but is in one instance tn^^ Ps. 68 : 3. formed as in Kal by rejecting
the pretonic Kamets from the absolute. There are a {"ew examples of the
construct form used for the absolute 11^55^ 1 Kin. 20 : 39, Tit'ti Deut.
4 : 26. The prosthetic n is commonly retained after prefixed prepositions
*n|f?Q~^ which are less closely connected with the word than the formative
prefixes of the future; it is, however, rejected in ii"-333 Prov. 24:17,
comp. cb''r3n3 Dan. 11:34. Tiie Tsere of the last syUable of the con-
struct infinitive, as well as of the future and imperative which are formed
from it. is shortened to Seghol upon losing its accent, "iricn .lob 34:22,
cnsn Judg. 9: 38, 'i=^': Eccles. 7:26, rarely to Pattahh, njrn Job 18:4.
In the Imperative "I'P.i"!! the form with Seghol is the usual one. that with
Tsere only occurring in Isa. 7:4. The pretonic Kamets of this species is
singular in not being liable to rejection on the shifting of the tone, e. g.
cinr-tn Ezek. 21 : 29, '|W-3^ Ps. 37 : 9.
r. Future Sing. 1 cow. The prefixed St occasionally has Hhirik,
UE-i-S Ezek. 20:36, 1 Sam. 12:7, C^.nx Ezek. 14:3, nnssx Ex. 14:4, 17.
Plvr. fem. Tsere rarely remains in the second syllable i^JS^'fi! Ruth
1:13, being, as in the Piel preterite, commonly changed to Pattalih before j
the concurring consonants, n;bDxn Jer. 24:2, so with a pause accent,
n:n3Tl'n Isa. iT^ : 16 K'ri, ZechVl4:'2 K'ri, MDCp/iPi Isa. 28: 3; the first, as
the original form, is, however, placed in the paradigm.
122 ETYMOLOGY. § 92
d. Imperative. Ewald regards *S3p3 Isa. 43:9, Joel 4:11. ^<'^_^ Jer.
50 : 5. as imperatives without the usual n prosthetic ; but this assuniption
is needless, for they can readily be explained as preterites.
e. Participle. In 1 Sam. 15:9 tij3^3 co?i/emj3<i6/e, is in form aNiphal
participle from tlic noun n.l^^ coiilempl.
, PIEL.
§92. a. The intensive species is usually formed by doubling the
eecond radical; in bb25 Ezek. 28:23, and the passive form ip'^X the
third radical is doubled instead, an expedient resorted to repeatedly in
Ayin Vav verbs and occasionally in Ayin guttural. In "^Siirrss Ps. 88 : 17
both radicals are doubled ; the entire second syllable is repeated in "H'lt^p
Ps. 38:11. iinTD-i^n Lam. 2: 11, 1 : 20 a passive Ibrm, as shown by the
Hhateph-Kamets, §82. .5. h (3), and in ^lin-inx Hos. 4 : 18. provided this
is to be read as one word, §43. b; if. according to the division in the
Masoretic text, s-n is a separate word, it is tiie imperative of in^ to give ^
though this is always elsewhere pointed i:;n . In r^s'E^ Ps. 4.5:3. the
first syllable is repeated, the o under the first letter indicating it to be a
passive form.
h. Intensity may likewise be denoted without a reduplication by insert-
ing the long vowel Hholem in the first syllable of the root. This is often
done in Ayin doubled verbs, but only in the following instances in others,
jyret. "^FirnT' I Sam. 21:3, ^-ia Isa. 40 : 24. ^r-iT Ps. 77:18, ''niid Isa.
10:13/«/. -'Vb') Hos. 13:3. inf. abs. Van and 'i'in Isa. 59: 13, ivf. const.
cipria Am. 5:11, ;;ar^ ""psiap Job 9:15. ''JClba Ps. 101:5 K'thibh.
Tliese are called Poel forms by many grammarians, and those in the pre-
ceding paragraph Pilel, Pulal, Pealal, etc. They are in re.alily. however,
only modified Ibrms of the Piel, whose signification they share.
c. Preterite Sing. 3 inasc. The original Pattahhof'the first syllable
§82. 5. b (3) is preserved in "^ITTJ Gen. 41 : 51. The second syllable has
Seghol in -S'n (in pause ■'^.'n), -^tfZ. oks (twice C2S), Pattahh in 13S. b'i)?
(b'n; inpausf), pin. 'J^B . "^Mp. C^q (in pause !^"3^l^" Isa. 19:21), and before
Maklie'pli ill -n:?^ , -::^p (: -J^-z in pause) ; a appears likewise in the pausal
form i^^^p Mic. 1 : 7. The Tsere is always retained in the infinitive con-
struct and future, and with the exception of 5^3 Ps. 55: 10, in the impera-
tive; thougii throughout the species it is shortened to Soghol upon losing
the accent, T,^3p Deut. 30: 3, 't^^p. Ex. 13:2, -c^'i-; Deut. 7: 10.
d. Infinitive. The primitive form of the infinitive absolute is of rare
occurrence, e. g. ^S] Ps. 118: 18, ns;d 1 Kin. 19: 10, nbS Ex. 21: 19. Tp'^a
Josh. 24: 10. Most commonly it has Tsere in the second syllable like the
infinitive construct, n2i< Jer. 12: 17, isb Jer. 32: 33. 'Si-q Jer. 39: 18, ^a;?
Mic. 2: 12. cs'r Ex. 21 : .%; and in one instance it has Hnirik in the first
syllable like the preterite ■j'X? 2 Sam. 12 : 14. There is no need of assum-
ing a similar form for the infinitive construct in ^'i^ Lev. 14: 43, Avhich
can readily be ex|)laiiicd as a preterite. Tsere di' the construct is short-
ened to Sfgliol before Makkeph, "^i? J.-<a. 'j\]: 1.3, or on the recession of the
§ 93 EEMAKKS ON THE PERFECT VERBS. 123
accent, pH^ Gen. 39: 14, 17, and in one instance besides, cnb Judg. 5:S.
Tliere are a kw examples of the construct infinitive with a feminine ter-
mination, n-isn Lev. 26:18, rrnnT Ps. 147:1, n=^'a Isa. 6:13, T^riP'^.^
Ezek. 16:5^'
e. Future Sing. 1 com. K is commonly prefixed with Hhateph-Pat-
tahh; it has, however, the diphtliongal Hhateph-Seghol in n^jN Lev.
26: 33, §60. 3. 6, and draws to itself the full vowel which has hence arisen
to a preceding 1, in 0'b?:0^.!i Zech. 7: 14 for Dn?^ON_", §60, 3. c.
Plur. 2 and S fern. Tsere under the second radical is sometimes
changed to Pattahh, though not with the same frequency as in the Niphal,
njc-4"in Isa. 13 : IS, but •"';'? i-in Job 27 : 4, and in pause Prov. 24 : 2.
PtlAL.
§93. a. Of the vowels proper to the first syllable of the passive,
§S2. 5. b (3). Pual ordinarily has u. which is preferred before a doubled
consonant c^'iJ, §61. 5, and Hophal 6 before concurrent consonants "litSn.
This distinction is not steadfastly adhered to, however, and Pual occasion-
ally appears with Kamets Hhatuph, r^^ Ezek. 16:4, f^j^^ Nah. 3:7,
*l^3 Ps. 72:20, !1S3 Ps. 80:11, Prov. 24: 31,'7;n:in'i Ps. 94:20,'cnxri passim.
This seems to furnish the best explanation of the disputed words WS'iri or
sinann Ps. 62:4, "^ic^a Ps. 101:5 K'ri, 'in^Dxri Job 20:26. Gesenius're-
gards these ns Piel forms with (.) lengthened to (^) on the omission of
Daghesh forte, §59. a; but the absence of Methegh, which Gesenius in-
serts without authority, shows the vowel to be 6 not a. Others think that
inbjXPi is the Kal future for >inb3xn, the vowel being attracted to the
guttural from the previous letter, §60. 3. c. There is no difficulty, however,
in regarding them all as Pual forms, and translating severally may you be.
slain, aruied with the tongue (of a slanderer), shall be made to consume
him. In Ps. 62; 4 the reading of Ben Naphtali !inS"iFi is probably to be
preferred to that of Ben Asher, which is found in the conuuon text; the
former is a Piel and has an active sense: (how long) will ye slay or mur-
der! See Alexander and Delitzsch, in loc.
b. The vowel 0, of the first syllable is occasionally written with Vav,
nr^iT Ezek. 16:34, !!lb|in Ps. 78:63, t^'ni Judg. 18:29, 13:8, Job 5:7,
^TilSia Ezek. 27 : 19, but mostly without it.
c. Preterite Sing. 2 masc. An instance of paragogic n. appended to
the preterite is tbund in !^B^i' Ezek. 31 : 15.
d. Infinitive. The absolute form occurs in ^25 Gen. 40 : 15 ; there is
no example of the construct.
e. Participle. As '20^, Ti^'^s^ , *ii5^^; in a few instances the initial
a is omitted. n;?b 2 Kin.' 2: 10 for nisb'ia, nii^b (with Daghesh-forte
euphonic) Ezek. 21:15, 16, C!-^ir;^!li Ecclea. 9:l2 for D-^ir;?;'^ , §59. a.
Some of the forms in which this has been alleged may however be better
explained as preterites.
124 ETYMOLOGY. §94
§04. a. Prf.teritf,. The first vowel is usually Hhirik but occasionally
Seghol. e.g. c'i'^brn l Sam. 25:7. particularly in Pe guttural and a few
LametlhHe verbs. ' Once X is prefi.xetl instead of n. ; ipibxjs Isa. 63:3j
in Isa. 19:6 inirixl-i is not a double Iliphil witli both N and n prefixed,
but is a denominative from n:TX, a derivative of njT. which does not
indeed occur in its simple form but is justified by the analogy of -J^s from
DTS. n takes the place of n in "^nS^-^n Hos. 11:3; so likewise the future
rnnrn Jer. 12:5, and participle ntinnp Jer. 22: 15, though the corres-
ponding preterite is '"'~nn Neh. 3:20.
Sing. 3 masc. The I of the second syllable is almost always written
with Yodh, rarely without it. e. g. b^nin 1 Sam. 12 : 24, but in every other
place i>"''n:n. So in the participle cb:?3 Job 11:3 but n-^iT? Judg. 18 : 7.
b. Infinitive. Absolute. The Tsere of the second syllable which be-
fore Makkeph is shortened to Seghol "nsn Prov. 24 : 23. 28: 21. is mostly
written without "^ , thusbnsn, nsrn . \ar^n, birn, 'SDri. t-Jrpn, rsrn,
Ti^srn. tlioucrh sometimes with it TiiirnAm. 9:8 but "irrn Isa. 14:23,
b-rin and srirn , twice C'Srn , nine times earn. i"'l|:~fi; T^i? 0 • Hhirik
in this syllable is rare and exceptional, b^5'-'n Ezek. 21 : ."^l. "i"'i"'^ Josh.
7:7. N is prefixed instead of n in c^srN Jer. 25: 3 and T\^Zit Gen. 41: 43,
provided the latter is a Hebrew and not a Coptic word.
Constnicl. The second vowel is commonly Hhirik written with "^ ,
ti'i'npri. ~"'?'.::"H rarely and as an exception without "', li":;"? Isa. 23:11,
or with Tsere bnsn Dcut. 32:8, nirrV Deut. 26:12, Neh. 10:39, -iV-s
Dan. 11:35. In a few instances the first vowel is Hhirik as in the
preterite '^-irrri Deut. 7:24. 28:48. Josh. 11:14, 1 Kin. 15:29, t'^J'in
Jer. 50: 34,'n3-'nin Jer. 51:33. niii^n Lev. 14:43. The initial n is
mostly retained after prefixed prepositions, though it is sometimes rejected,
as n-'itib Am. 8:4 but n-^si^'nb Ps. 8:3, larb once but l"'i-'nb fifteen
times.
c. FuTiRE Pn'R. In a very few instances Hhirik is rejected upon the
addition of the masculine plural termination 'ipinn^i 1 Sam. 14:22. 31:2,
f.i-in'i Jer. 9:2. There is no example of this without the presence of
Vav conversive unless it be "^""SHP) Job 19:3, which may be regarded
as Kal.
d. Imperative Sing, innac. The second syllable u.^ually has Tsere
without Yo.ih wfrrn, "brn. and before Makkeph, Seghol "1=0" Job
22:21, ""i?in 1 Sam. 23: ll', -:;2n Isa. 64:8. There are a very few ex-
amples with Hhirik in pause. ! ?"'Bin Ps. 94: 1, to which some would add
N^i-in Isa, 43: 8, but see Alexander, n-iiin Prov. 19:25, K-'in Jer. 17: IS.
e. Participle. In NS'ti Ps. 135:7, Tsere is taken in place of Hhirik
upon the recession of the accent; iPipT? Isa. 53: 3 is not a participle but a
noun, Alexander in loc. Hhirik is, in a few exceptional cases occurring in
§95, 9G REMARKS ON THE PERFECT VERBS. ' 125
the later books, rejected in the plural, ci^na Zech. 3:7 for Di2ii:n?2,
D^-6hnT2 Jar. 29:8, c^ntr^ 2 Chron. 28:23, n-''^:rn?3 1 Chron. 15:24 K'ri',
2 Chron. 7:6 K'ri. Comp. Chald. "pi^n?? Dan, '3: 25.
HO PH AL.
§95. a. The first vowel, though mostly Kamets Hhatuph Tj^rfi, lobsrr,
nrbirri, is occasionally Kibbuts, both vowels even appearing in the same
verb, rs-rn Ezek, 32:32, -"lisdn ver. 19, aiuip 2 Kin. 4:32; Ti^ain Dan.
8: 11, Pi=^in Isa. 14:19, ^hh^^'n^Kzek. IG-.o^r^q-o 2 Sam. 20 : 21 • N-Jirn
Lev. 6:15, nip^a Mai. 1 : il, Nfrsn , c-irrsp ;' 'cb'ds^a , psiTO. ri'^pi
Ezek. Si9:18. ' "' ' ' "' ' ' ' ' "' "' '^ '
h. Preterite. In 'nbnnn am I obliged to leave? Judg. 9:9, 11. 13,
the characteristic rj is rejected after n interrogative.
c. Infinitive. The absolute has Tsere in the second syllable, ^nnn
Ezek. 16 : 4, "ijn Josh. 9 : 24. The construct has Pattahh, IDIM Ezr. 3:11."
d. Imperative. This mood occurs twice, ni3':3n Ezek. 32 : 19, ^issri
Jer. 49-: 8.
e. Participle. In ms^pfi^ Ezek. 46:22 n remains after the pre-
formative a .
HI THP AEL,
§96. a. Preterite. In two instances tix is prefixed instead of nrj,
viz., ^innx 2 Chron. 20 : 35, i^bindx Ps. 76 : 6! In the verb "if^D Daghesh-
forte is omitted in the second radical and the previous vowel lengthened,
§59. a. =i^~Qrri, ''"^RSn'^ Judg. 20: 15, 17, "tirJsn^ Judg. 21 : 9, in addition
to which the vowel of the prefixed syllable is 6 in ^npQrfi Num. 1 : 47,
2:33,26:62, 1 Kin. 20 : 27. In three verbs upon the assimilation of n to
the first radical, the prefix takes m, §61. 5, nj^'nrt (the accentuation is
unusual) Isa. 34:6, nx'Sl^r' Deut. 24 : 4 (but in the future always ^Y^"^
Lev. 21 : i and repeatedly elsewhere), D^sii (ni/i const.) Lev. 13: 55. 56.
These are sometimes called Hothpaal and regarded as passives of Hith-
pael. Where both forms exist in the same verb, however, as in 1|?S and
xai: , there appears to be no distinction in their meaning ; they seem
rather to have arisen from a disposition to give to the Hithpael, where it
has a passive signification, §80. 2, the vowels of a proper passive species,
§82. 5. b (3). In ^O^Jrrt Jer. 25: 16, !n!35;ari"i Jer. 46: 8 (elsewhere illlissn'^),
and 1 7^^^ Isa. 52 : 5, o prolonged from u. on account of the absence of
Daghesh-Jbrte, is for a like reason given to the first radical.
6. The last vowel of the preterite, infinitive construct, future, impera-
tive and participle, is Tsere written without Yodh, ~^nnn , b'nsn^
3i5n'^, uSnirrn inf. const., ^^'sr'n iniper., 122na, which before Makkeph
is shortened to Seghol, "iT'riirirn Isa. 30 : 29, ""^nnin Gen. 6 : 9, "cibsn7
Job 6 : 16. Frequently, however, Pattahh is used, or, with a pause accent,
Kamets, r|ar:nn pret., F-Tnnn prel. and imper. (but irif. const, and part.
l'2G ETYMOLOGY. §97
with e. fut. a and e). vi^irrn . t'jprr;, tVpBrn. "^/-PS? . iTl^^Jtr''. i''-.^^^"',
: insbr^ . : •|'':f t?'^"' ) • ''-1?^;'? Ezek. 27 : 'So] : "'lu'.^Ern Mic. 1 T lO' K'ri. I'V^J-^
Isa. 52 : 5. Pattiihh is also sometimes fonnd in the feminine phiral of the
future. njiVnrri Zech. 6: 7 hut njrEnilJri Lam. 4: 1, where some copies
have njnsnuJn. Hhirilc occurs instead of Pattahh in the preterites,
''f:it"^5"f^> '''P'-'^i?r;r'^ Kzei<. 38 : 23, cri;i'n;?rni Lev. 11 : 44. 20 : 7. each of
which has Vav conversive, throwing the accent more strongly on the final
syilahU^.
c. There is no example of the infinitive absolute.
Paragogic and Apocopated Future and Imperative.
§ 97. The paucity of moods in Hebrew is partially com-
pensated by modifications of the future, known as the para-
gogic and apocopated futures.
1. The paragogic or cohortative is formed from the ordi-
nary future by appending the termination n^ to the first person
singular or plural, and in a very few instances to the third
person singular, thus converting it from a simple declaration
of futm'ity to an expression of desire or determination,
*ib©s I shall keep, •^''9^^ I luill surely keej) or let me keep ^
Ps. 39 : 2 ; n)?r\D3 let us break, nrSr? let us cast away, Ps.
2:3; nirin;! let him hasten, Isa. 5:19.
a. The third person of the paragogic future occurs besides the example
just given, in nxisn let it come Isa. 5: 19, i"iErPi be it dark (by some ex-
plained as a noun, darkness) Job 11 : 17, njTa'i'' maij he accept (as fat), or,
according to Kimchi, maij he reduce to ashes. Ps. 20 : 4, «^i"^n Prov. 1 : 20,
8 : 3. and after Vav conversive rnisrni Ezek. 23 : 20, and ver. 16 K'ri. It
has also been suspected in nnnp-i Lev. 21 : 5 K'thibh.
6. Instead of n^, n.. is appended in nx'np^N'; 1 Sam. 28:15, T\z^'}'^
Ps. 20 : 4. §63. 1. c; so in the imperative ny'n or nrn Prov. 24 : 14.
2. The apocopated or jussive futm'e is an abbreviation of
the second or third persons singular and expresses a wish or
command, or with a negative, dissuasion or prohibition. In
the perfect verb it has a separate form only in the Iliphil
species, the ''. of the ultimate being changed to (..), or before
]\Iakkcph to (..), p'^S"'? he ivill cause to cleave, p3'7!' may heov
let him cause to cleave ; ^"'^ti'i? thou icilt understand, ^?t'ri
§ 98 PARAGOGIC FUTURE, ETC. 127
thou mayest understand or understand thou, Dan. 9 : 25,
— L2bTrn~bx may it not or let it not rule^ Ps. 119 : 133. In
some classes of imperfect verbs, as in the Ayin-Vav and par-
ticularly the Lamedh-He, it is used in other species still.
a. The only instances of the abbreviated future occurring in the first
person are pjnx Isa. 42:6 and Nnj Isa. 41:23 K'thibh, where the K'ri
has nx-i3.
h. The paragogic and apocopated futures may be regarded as mutually
supplementary, and as forming together something like a complete Opta-
tive or Subjunctive mood. The apocopated future has, it is true, no sep-
arate form for the second fern. sing, or the second and third pers. phir., in
which the verb has terminal inflections, but it may be regarded as coin-
ciding in these with the ordinary future, except that it never has the
final "i . So in those species in which it is indistinguishable from the
ordinary future, it may yet be regarded as included under it. Neither the
apocopated nor the paragogic futures occur in the strictly passive species,
viz., the Pual and Hophal, self-determination and command both implying
that the subject is the originator of the action. The more flexible Arabic
has three varieties of the future in addition to the ordinary one. to express
as many modifications or moods.
c. The apocopated future derives its name from the apocopation of the
final letter by which it is characterized in n'b verbs; the brevity of its
form is adapted to the energy and rapid utterance of a command. On
the other hand, the speaker dwells upon the wor,d expressive of his own
desire or determination, thus giving rise to the prolonged form of the
paragogic future. The appended ti^ may perhaps be identical with a like
termination added to nouns to indicate motion or direction, denoting as it
does the direction of the speaker's will or wishes towards that which the
verb expresses.
§98. 1. Paragogic n^ is sometimes appended to the
masculine singular of the imperative, softening the command
into an earnest entreaty or expression of strong desire, SJ'bffl
hear (thou), nib'Q© oh, hear! or pray, hear! ^TTipn listen,
'^^■^'^"IrD pray, listen! The addition of this vowel to the im-
perative and to the future causes, as in the regular inflections
of the paradigm, § 85. 2. a. (2), the rejection of the vowel of
the ultimate syllable, except in the Hiphil where "'. remains
in the future and is restored in the imperative. In the Kal
imperative this rejection occasions the concurrence of two
vowelless consonants, the first of which must accordingly
take a short vowel, § 61. 1 ; if the rejected vowel was Hho-
128 ETYMOLOGY. § 99
lem this will be Kamets-llhatiiph, otherwise it will be the
briefest of the vowels, llhirik, 2h , nil? Jcr. 49 : 11 ; nSr,
nJDT 2 Chron. G : 42, nio , nis© Gen. 39 -. 7. 12.
a. In a few instances the vowel-letter remains in the K'thihh though
invariably thrown out in the K'ri, e. g., nsT^S K'thibh. nsn:: K'ri Ps.
26:2. nsib'a K'thibh. nib^ K'ri Jiidg. 9:8; nbipu;xi K'thiVir. i^'-;^.ir5<l
K'ri Ezr. 8:25; .TJipcx K'tliil)ii. rrjpdN K'ri Isa. 18:4. Tiiis niiiy not
iiitlicate. however, the retention of the lull vowel but only ol' an audible
remnant of it. § 13. a, which is iiltewise attested by the occasional appear-
ance of Hhafeph Kamets, ~n;r;riJ; 1 Kin. 19:20, nj^rxi Dan. S: 13 (in
some copies) or Hhateph PattaTih nSpiTNl Ezr. 8 : 26. Jer. 32 : 9. and by
the fact that the resulting Sh'va. even when simple, is always vocal,
§22. a (1). Occasionally Kamets-Hhatuph is found in the paragogic im-
perative when the vowel of the ordinary imperative is Patiahh ; thus,
2np Lev. 9 : 7. ^^-.^ Ps. 69 : 19, and on the contrary, nn=ia Gen. 25 : 31,
ful. ^3127 Ex. 21 :7, riAas (with Daghesh separative) Ps.'ui : 3.
2. As the imperative is itself a shortened form there is
little room for further abbreviation ; it sometimes, however,
suffers apocopation of the final n^ of the feminine plural,
p_i2\D Gen. 4:23 for niyiao , §01. 2, ixip Ex. 2:20 for
n:s-)p , § GO. 3. c, and in Lamedh He verbs of final ri of the
masculine singular, "-rn 2 Kin. 0:18 for nsn Ezek. 0:11,
ba Ps. 119 : IS for r,33 ; rinn Dent. 9 : 14 for ns-in Judg.
11 : 37, but without any evident change of meaning.
Vav Conversive.
§99. 1. The primary tenses are supplemented by two
others, formed in a peculiar manner by what is called Vav
Conversive (!i^sn ii). This prefix has the remarkable effect,
from which its name is derived, of converting the ordinary
future into a preterite and the ordinary preterite into a future.
The following appear to be the reasons of this singular phe-
nomenon. Past and future are relative and depend for their
signification in any given case upon the point of time from
which they are reckoned. This may be the r.ioment of speak-
ing, when all anterior to that moment will be past, and all
§99 VAV CONVEUSIVE. 129
posterior to it future. Or by some conventional method
understood between the speaker and his hearers, an ideal
present may be fixed distinct from the real present and the
measurements of past and future made from the former.
Now Vav Conversive placed before a future indicates that its
tense is to be reckoned not from the actual present but from
the time denoted by some previous w^ord, whether verb,
noun, or adverb. And when the stand-point is thus taken
in the past, events may be described as future with reference
to it, though they have actually taken place at the time of
narration. Vav is properly the copula and ; when this is
prefixed to the future for the purpose already designated, it
is followed by Pattahh and Daghesh-forte, which give to it the
force of and then or and so, indicating that what follows is
the sequel of what precedes. Consequently a narration be-
gun in the preterite may be continued in the future with Vav,
Conversive, the opening words fixing the initial point from
which all that come after proceed in regular succession ; and
the future so employed is converted into what may be called '
a continuative preterite. Thus, in the account of the crea-
tion in Gen. 1, the original condition of things is described
in the preterite, ver. 2, the earth ivas •^r^'^vJ tvithout form and
void. The subsequent scene is then surveyed from this point.
The next statement is accordingly made by a future with Vav
Conversive, ver. 3, l^x'^1 and God said, in its primitive im-
port, a7id then God says or loill say, his speaking being future
to the state of things previously described. This fixes a new
stand-point from which the next step in the process is a fresh
advance ; it is hence followed by another future with Vav
Conversive, ver, 4, 55^-^ <^^'^^ ^^^ saiv ; and so on, ^^^V\ and
he divided, ver. 5, i^'^jp!^!! and he called, etc.
a. The, nature of this prefix would he more precisely expressed perhaps
by cnlling it Vav Consecutive, as Ewald and others propose. But as Vav
Conversive is the name in common use, and as this sufficiently characterizes
its most striking effect, it is here retained. There have been various con- -
9
130 ETYMOLOGY. §99
jectiires respecting its origin. In the judgment of some ^ is an abbrevia-
tion of the verb n^ri was, hence I^SX'] /le was or it was (so that) he will
saij i. e. he was about to say or was sayin<r, which is tlien likened to the
Arabic combination of tlie preterite of the substantive verb with tlie
future tense to express past action; but ^ evidently has the sense of tlie
conjunction and. ^^X'3 does not mean he said, but and he said. Others
regard it as an abbreviation of n^ni and he was ; Ewald of TXi and then.
Rodiger thinks that the vowel has no inherent significance, but is attached
to the conjunction on account of the emphasis of its peculiar use. Perhaps
tlie best suggestion is tiiat of Schnlteris. Jiistit. p. 42i. that is;X'l maybe for
•ntJX'ni, by § 53. 3 ; i"} prefixed to a noun is the definite article, and points
it out as one previously known ; its use in this particular case is to define
the time of the action of the verb before which it stands by pointing it out as
known from what preceded. The vowel of this prefix is upon this hypothesis
analogous both in its origin and its effects to the augment e in Greek, or a
in Sanskrit, by which a preterite is formed from a present or a future,
TVTTTw, eruTTTov; Tt'i/'w, €Tvij/a, and which is traced by Bopp to a pronominal
root having a demonstrative sense, Ver^leichende Grammatik pp. 786 ff.
The lact that the Samaritan Pentateuch sometimes substitutes !i for 1
conversive might seem to lend confirmation to this theory of its derivation.
But as n stands with equal frequency for 1 copulative, and "l for the arti-
cle n. it is probable that these commutations are to be classed with the
other numerous inaccuracies of this edition.
2. This employment of Vav Conversive to alter the mean-
ing of the tenses by transporting the mind of the hearer or
reader to an ideal present in the past or future is one of the
most remarkable idioms of the Hebrew language, and one
which may appear to be extremely arbitrary, as it certainly
is in some of its applications, at least, quite difficult of con-
ception and foreign to our habits of thought. It neverthe-
less imparts a beauty and a vividness to Hebrew description
which are altogether peculiar and which are incapable of
being adequately transferred to any other language. The
narrator lives in the midst of that which he records, and
watches its progress step by step telling what he sees. This
peculiarity of the Hebrew tenses may perhaps be illustrated
by an antilogous though far more restricted usage in English,
by which certain tenses may be transferred to another sphere
than that which they describe if measured from the time of
narration, without any confusion or liability to mistake re-
sulting from it. Thus, the present may be used of past
§99 VAV CONVERSIVE. 131
events, as, Then the devil faketk him up into an exceeding
high mountain and shetoeth him, etc. Or the present and the
perfect may be used of what is still future, as, When thou
art converted strengthen thy brethren ; When he is come he
will reprove the world of sin.
3. Vav Conversive, it has already been stated, is prefixed
to the future with Pattahh and Daghesh-forte in the follow-
ing letter, T3|?^"i, ^3'^'?^^, T}h. If the first letter of the
future be Yodh with Sli'va, Daghesh is commonly omitted,
§ 25, but rarely if it be 5 , and never if it be Pi , since its re-
moval in this case would change the sound of the letter by re-
storing its aspiration, '^T!'^ , '^sp^'^ but Ts'^n^ , "isosT . Before
i5 of the first person singular, which cannot receive Daghesh,
§ 23. 1, Pattahh is lengthened to Kamets, § 60. 4, 1\j^^ ,
lii'1^3 . In the Hiphil "^ . is, with few exceptions, e. g. '^'^'^^.']
Ps. 105 : 28, compressed to (..) as in the apocopated future,
^^?1?!T , ^"Tf^l?!! , and before Makkeph it is shortened to (..)
"^pl . In the first person singular, however, "^ . remains in
the Hiphil, and a paragogic n ^ is not infrequently appended
in all the species, e. g. tjiSirs;j , tfHirxi or ^3'^?t^xi ; "i^ssn or
15S?1; ^■^^"'i^'i?} ; nob^QSi; '^li^^ or nnanN:^'; ; paragogic n^
also occurs though more rarely in the first pers. plur. rrabnil
Gen. 41 : 11, n-anisi , nirpisi Ezr. 8 : 23, n:^B2i ver. 31.
a. The tendency to abbreviation produced by Vav Conversive is much
more apparent in some classes of imperfect verbs. Tims, final n _ is re-
jected from H'b verbs as in the apocopated future Mb.r . baJi , ^'^l"., bail;
the accent is drawn back from a mixed ultimate to a simple penult in the
Kal and Hiphil of Ayin doubled verbs and of those which have a quiescent
for their first or second radical, in consequence of which the vowel of the
last syllable, if long, is shortened, §64. 1, ID^, no^;!*; baxi , b^ii'^]; =Ti;;i,
D^.^1; a-'OI'i, Sdl'i; c^ip;, c;:?^]; D-'p;;, CJ?fi. The same drawing back
of the accent and shortening of the ultimate syllable occurs in the Piel
of the following verbs, whose middle radical is "i , ""JS'?!, ^"!?'?V nnC'^^
but not in vj^n^l ; so in 'Tiiii^i Hah. 3: 6, and the Hillipael crcnni Dan.
2:1. It occurs also in. the Niphal of a few verbs, which form the ex-
ception, however, not the rule, C|?i*^, tir;|!';ii, fisxiii or tiD!<;]'i , cyeni
but inS"!!, I3^'!'j, Ti^'a'^!], "lii^'], mSi:^''^, etc. The first person singular
is mostly exempted from shortening or change of accent, ^?J<V -^!!f,J)
132 ETYMOLOGY. §100
OMpXI or Cpxl , CpXJ , though it sometimes suffers apocopation in iih verbs
Knsi , "^b^^ • The proloiigi'd phiral ending ^l is very rarely used after Vav
Conversive ; it does, however, occur, e. g. "-ihP] Deut, 1:22, *)!n^rm
Deut. 4: 11, 'lin'T Judg. 11 ; IS. ' '~
6. In a very few instances Vav Conversive takes Pattahh before i*. its
vowel being conformed to the compound Sh'va, whicli follows, e. g. lU'ijJXl
Judg. 6 : 9. wnrtx^T 2 Sam. 1:10, T|E=x.T. Ezek. 16: 10 but nssx,,; ver. S,
'^^n>'<.,l ^^^ o0':'26, nri-nsT_ Ps. 73: IG.""
§100. 1. Vav Conversive prefixed to the preterite makes
of it a continuative future or imperative, by connecting with
it the idea of futurity or command expressed in a preceding
verb. It is properly the conjunction ) and, whose pointing it
takes, its pecuhar force being derived from its connecting
power. Accordingly, in speaking of coming events, the
stand-point is first fixed in the future by the opening words,
and the description is then continued by the preterite with
Vav Conversive. Thus, in Samuel's recital, 1 Sam. 10: 1-8,
of what was to happen to Saul, he first refers the whole to
the future by the word, ver. 2, ^ri^'^ upon thy depart-
in(j, and then proceeds with preterites with Vav prefixed,
nsiiai thou shaltf?id, ^'i'ax'i and they shall say, ver. 3, P'SbnT
and thou shall pass on, etc. etc. In like manner injunctions
begun in the imperative are continued in the preterite with
Vav Conversive. Thus the Lord directed Elijah, 1 Kin. 17:3
1\^ (imper.)^(9, ri"':s^ (pret.) and turn, VT^^^r') (prct.) andhide,
n^nn (pret.) andj it shall he.
2. This prefix commonly has the eff'ect of removing the
accent to the ultimate in those forms in which it ordhiarily
stands upon the penult ; and if the penult be a long mixed
syllable, as in the Kal preterite of verbs with llholem, it will
in consequence be shortened, X^^l , 'P;^,^'^ .
a. The shifting of the accent, which served in some measure to indicate
to the ear the alteration in the sense, takes place chiefly in the following
cases, viz. :
(1) It occurs with great regularity in the first and second persons sin-
gular of every species, ^lr^^i ^hoit hast gone. Pr^r.i ami thou shall cro,
•ina^n'. and I will go, so' pi-iani . iprrni. ■'nsVnnn^, though "n^s;-;
Zeph. 1 : 17, except in vi'h and n'b verbs, where the accent usually re-
§101 VERBS WITH SUFFIXES. 133
mains in its original position although the usage is not uniform, "'n'^ss!!
Lev. 26 : 9, '"T^ni^ 1 Kin. 18 : 12. n^anni 1 Chron. 4 : 10, Tn'^inndnT 1 Sam.
15 : 30, ''n-'Sn;' Isa. 8 : 17 but n"^E!!<1 'Lev. 24 : 5, nxni Gen. 6 :'l8, '^r.-^^';?})
*'l^"'!)Sr'? Lev. 26:9, rsrni Ex. 26': 33. In the first person plural of all
verbs the accent generally remains upon the penult, 13nin Ex. 8 : 23,
:!i3?bni, ^Dnf^bn Gen. 34: 17.
(2) It occurs, though less constantly, in the third feminine singular
and third plural of the Hiphil of perfect verbs, and of the various species
of Ayin-Vav and Ayin-doubled verbs, n^i'nan;^ Ex. 26:33, i^X'^S^!!' Lev.
15:29, nnji Isa. 11:2, >i5j?i, ^Mm Hab.' 1:'8 'but l^-^irni Ezek. 43:24,
!9d£1 Hab."l: 8. ' ' ' .' '
Verbs with Suffixes.
§101. Pronouns are frequently suffixed to the verbs of
which they are the object. The forms of the suffixes have
already been given §72. It only remains to consider the
changes resulting from their combination with the various
parts of the verb.
1. The personal terminations of the verbs undergo the
following changes :
I^reterite.
Sing. ^fem. The old ending ri_ , §85. ^ (1), takes the
place of n^ .
2 masc. R sometimes shortens its final vowel be-
fore the suffix '^3 of the first person.
2 fern. The old ending "'ri , § 86. b, instead of n .
Plur. 2 masc. ^n from the old pronominal ending DTO ,
§ 71. (5 (2), takes the place of dpi . The fem-
inine of this person does not occur with
suffixes.
Future.
Plur. 2 and S /em. The distinctive feminine termina-
tion is dropped, and that of the masculine
assumed, ^'^ippn for nr'sibpn .
134 ETYMOLOGY. ^101
a. In several of thepe cases it would be more correct to say that it is
the uncompoiiiicled stiite of the verb in wliicli the cliange has taken place,
and tlmt btlbre suffixes the originnl form has been preserved, the added
Eyliable having as it were protected it Irom mutation.
2. Changes in the suffixes : The suffixes are joined
cUrcctly to those verbal forms which end in a vowel ; those
forms which end in a consonant insert before the suffixes of
i(^ the second pers. plur. D3 , "JD , and the second masc. sing. T^ , a
vocal Sh'va, and before the remaining suffixes a full vowel,
which in the preterite is mostly a and in the future and im-
perative mostly e.
The 3 fem. sing, preterite inserts a before the suffixes of
the third pers. plural, and e before the second fem. singular ;
when it stands before the third sing, suffixes ^n , n , there is
frequently an elision of n , requiting Daghesli-forte conserva-
tive in the verbal ending fi to preserve the quantity of the
previous short vowel, wvjj^ for 'inin'?^!? , ^»?r^)? for vivrVi? >
see §57. 2. d.
When the third masc. sing, suffix in is preceded by (,),
the n may be elided and the vowels coalesce into i , i^^jp for
^nrjjp ; when it is preceded by ■• . , Shurek may be hardened
to its corrcsjjonding semi-vowel 1, iT^fPip for irr'rib'jp §62. 2.
When the third fem. suffix ri is preceded by (J, final
Kamets is omitted to prevent the recurrence of the same
sound, fiS-jp for nS-jp.
AVhen in , n of the third pers. singular are preceded by
(..), the vowel of union for the future, a 3 , called Nun Epen-
thetic, is sometimes inserted, particularly in emphatic and
pausal forms, to prevent the hiatus betAveen the two vowels,
(..) being at the same time shortened to (..) ; n is then com-
monly elided and a euphonic Daghcsh-forte inserted in the
Nun, is'p'^jP'' for inrjp'' . The same shortening of the („) and
insertion of Daghesh may occm- in the fii-st person singular
and plural and the second masculine singular ; this, like the
preceding, takes place chiefly at the end of clauses.
§101 VERBS WITH SUFFIXES. 135
a. The Nun Epenthetic of the future and the Preterite vowel of
union a. which is abbreviated to Sii'va before ^, CD, "jD, may be rehcs
of old forms of the verb still represented in the Arabic, where the
Preterite ends in a, and one mode of the future has an appended Nun.
Dai^hesh-forte in the sutBxes of the first and- second persons may be ex-
plained, as is usually done, by assuming the insertion and assimilation of
Nun Epenthetic, J^]?I?P? for T]:b::pi ; or it may be Daghesh-forte emphatic,
§24. 6, and the Cew cases in which Nun appears in these persons may be
accounted tor by the resolution of Daghesh. §54. 3, instead of tlie Daghesh
having arisen from the assimilation of Nun, so that Ti3bi;p* may be for
^b::p^ instead of the reverse.
6. The sutfixes. since they do not in strictness form a part of the word
with which they are connected, are more loosely attached to it than the
pronominal fragments which make up the inflections; hence vowels of
union are employed with the former which serve to separate as well as
to unite. Hence too the vocal Sh'va, inserted before the suffixes of the
second person, does not so completely draw the final consonant of the verb
to the appended syllable as to detach it from that to which it formerly be-
longed ; this latter becomes, therefore, not a simple but an intermediate
syllable, §20.2. A like distinction exists between prefixed prepositions,
etc., and the personal prefixes of the future. The latter form part and
parcel of the word, while the former preserve a measure of their original
separateness. Hence when they form a new initial syllable by the aid of
the first consonant of the word, this is properly a mixed syllable after a
personal prefix but intermediate after a preposition, 'zi'nz'] but mfisa,
§22. a. Hence, too, a liability to contraction in one case which does not
exist in the other, y^,?^1 but bvip^tib. Vqi but Vs23.
3. Changes in the body of the verb :
Except" in the Kal preterite those forms which have per-
sonal terminations experience no further change from the
addition of suffixes ; those which are without such termina-
tions reject the vowel of the last syllable before suffixes re-
quiring a vowel of union and shorten it before the remainder,
^S-jp\ '^?^'5-9j?\ V6j5-.^ ^rT^]^\ '^rVT^ t)ut \ of the Hiphil
species is almost always preserved, ''?^'^Ppn , '^PrpJ?!' .
In the Kal imperative and infinitive the rejection of the
vowel occasions the concurrence of two voweUess letters at
the beginning of the word, which impossible combination is
obviated by the insertion of Hhirik to form a new syllable ;
or, if the rejected vowel was Hholem, by the insertion of
Kamets Hhatuph.
136 ETYMOLOGY. §102
In the Kal preterite, where both vowels are liable to mu-
tation, a distinction is made by rejecting the first l)efore suf-
fixes and the second before personal inflections where this is
possible, e. g. bi?;?, nic]?, irjj? but f^^VI?, 'i'^Vi?- Accordingly
upon the reception of a suffix the vowel of the second rad-
ical, whether it be a^ e, or o, must be restored, and if need
be lengthened, whenever, in the course of regular inflec-
tion, it has been dropped, and the vowel of the first rad-
ical, wherever it remains in the regular inflection, must be
rejected.
a. Final mixed syllables, as shown in 2 6, ordinarily become interme-
diate upon appending C3, '3, ^, and consequently take a short vowel
notwithstanding the following vocal Sh'va. This is invariably the case
before CD and '(3. unless the word to which they are attached has a long
immutable vowel in the ultimate which is of course incapable of being
shortened; it is also usually the case before ?j, the principal exception, so
far as verbal forms are concerned, being the a and e of the Kal preterite,
a of tlie Kal future, and i of the Hiphil, ^'jsnj , T-iSrS , Tjsnx , r,bS":JS ,
i]5n2x , ^\^^'\.^: but ^"larn, ^:£Sp, Vj-.sx.
§102. 1. The first and second persons of the verb do
not receive suffixes of the same person with themselves, for
when the subject is at the same time the object of the action
the Hithpael species is employed or a reciprocal pronoun is
formed from the noun TiJsi soul, self, as ''t'S? wyself. Suffixes
of the third person may, however, be attached to the third
person of verbs, provided the subject and object be distinct.
a. There is a single example of a verb in tlie first person with a suffix
of the first per.'son, but in this case the pronoun expresses the indirect
object of the verb, '':n"'b?. I have made for me, Ezek. 29 : 3.
2. Neuter verbs and passive species, whose signification
does not admit of a direct object, may yet receive suffixes
expressive of indirect relations, such as would be denoted
by the dative or ablative in occidental languages, ''iri'a? i/e
fasted for me Zech. 7 : 5, ^i^'f^ thou shalt he forgotten by me,
Isa. 44 : 21.
§103 VERBS WITH SUFFIXES. 137
3. The infinitive may be viewed as a noun, in which case
its suffix is to be regarded as a possessive, and represents the
subject of the action ; or it may be viewed as a verb when
its suffix represents the object, e. g. "^^ipj^ my killing, i. e. that
which I perform, ''?1?"9)? hilling me. The participle may also
receive the suffix either of a verb or a noun, the pronoun in
either case denoting the object, '^aish seeing me Isa. 47 : 10,
''i?:^ hating me, Ht. 7ng haters, Ps. 35 : 19.
a. The infinitive with a verbal suffix represents the subject in ''t^ltia
at my returning^ Ezek. 47 : 7.
\ 103. The paradigm upon the next page exhibits certain
portions of the regular verb ii?!? with all the suffixes.
a. The parts of the verb selected are sufficient representatives of all
the rest, and by the aid of the rules already given w\\\ enable the student
to determine any other required form for himself. The third person sin-
gular of the Hiphil preterite, which undergoes no change in the body of
the verb, will answer mutatis mutandis for all the forms in that species
ending with ihe final radical. The third singular of the Piel preterite,
which suffers a change in its last syllable only, will in like manner answer
for all the forms in that species ending with the final radical. The Kal
preterite is given in all the persons, both on account of the peculiarity
of that tense, which suffers changes in both its vowels, and in order to
exhibit the changes in the personal terminations which apply equally to
the preterites of the other species. The Kal infinitive and imperative
are peculiar in forming a new initial syllable which echoes the rejected
vowel. The third person singular of the Kal future affords a type of all
the forms in that tense which end with the final radical; and the third
plural of the same tense is a type of all the future forms in this and in
the other species which have personal terminations appended. The par-
ticiples undergo the same changes in receiving suffixes with nouns of like
formation, and are therefore not included in this table.
Paradigm of the Perfect
Singular.
1 com. 2 maac. Ifem. 3 masc. ?,fcm.
Kal Preterite.
Sing. 3 masc. ^pVjp 'T^"^^ Tl^tip ^"Slip ) Ti^'O^
2,fem. nnS^p ^r^^^P ^O^^P ^r;n?i:iD ) Mr.Bt:j?
2 masc. ^2nbt2p ) ^"rib'up ) nnbr:p
nribt:^ j inbr:p )
^■i^r^P )
1 com. ^"ribi:p T^^nbtip rrbi^p vTnbt2p
Plug. 3 co7«. ^p^btip !r|^br:p Tjib^p ^n6i:p v^bt:p
2 mrtsc. ^a^nbiip ^ninbiip n^ribt:p
i,om. '^l^ibtip T]^:bt:p ^n^:bt:p v^:bt:p
Infinitive. ^btpp | ^btip "qb-^p ibtfp nbtpp
•^sbop
• •• : <T
Future.
Sing. 3 mem. ^rbuip: ) ^bt:p:^ ) ^btip^ ^nStjp: ) nbtpp^
-2bDp: \ ;|bi:p: j ^0r:p: ) r::^i:p:
plue. 3 masc. ''p^bipp: '^j^^tfp: ^^btpp: ^n^b^p: v^bipp:
Imperative.
Sing. 2 maac. ^jSpp ^"btpp Mbtjlp
Piel Pretehite.
Sing. 3 masc. *:btpp iTjbtip Ti'btfp ibtip nbt2p
HiPHiL Preterite.
Sing. 3 masc. ^sb'tppn 'Tjb-tipri T]b't:pr7 ib"t:pri rib-tppn
138
Verbs with Suffixes.
1 com.
2 TOasc.
Plural.
^fem.
3 ?«««(:.
8/m.
.ti:ribt2p
ii]"ribt:i^
!i2^nbt:p
D5nbt:p
Dbtip
cinbt^p
— T t':
Dnbt:p
T : — ':
ci^nbt^jD
tD^nbt:]:
Dlbt^jD
d^nbtip
n^:bt:)^
"^r,bt2)^
DD^bt:p
it':
C3i^3bt2p
li^nbtip
"i^^f^h*
^^^^1?
Dibt:p
V : T ' :
l?^?I?
dbt:p
T : It
i^^I?
iij^btp]^;^
^2btpi5
t2??)^
iliStpp
Qib^I?
|5^?P
Dbt2p
)5^^p
^Db^tpjpti
t33^'?i?rj
i^r-?^n
tJ^'tppn
\^ 'fir'.'
139
140 ETYMOLOGY. § 104
r
Remarks ox the Perfect Verbs with Suffixes.
PKETEE IT E.
§104. a. There arc two examples of ( ) as the union vowel of the
preterite, "onS? Isa. 8:11, T\^i<'^ Jutlg. 4:20. Daghesh-fbrte euphonic is
sometimes inserted in the suffix of the first pers. sing., "'it''?? !*«. 118:18,
^2?-i Gen. 30:6.
6. The suffix of the second masc. sing, is occasionally 7\^ in pause iTi^i^.Q
Isa. 55 : 5, so with the infinitive. Tn?2Ti.'n Ueut. 28 : 24. 45 ; and a similar
form with the future may perhaps be indicated by the K'thibh in Hos. 4:6
ixcx-^.s. §11. 1. a. where the K'ri has Tiox^ox . With Nb and rib verbs
this form of the suffix is of frequent occurrence, ! ~3» Isa. 30 : 19. Jer.23:37,
"xnsn Eztk. 28 : 15. In a few instances the final a is represented by the
vowel letter n, and the suffix is written ns, nz-i:::;;;! 1 Kin. 18:44,
nzniirn Prov. 2: 11, nsiiina';! Ps. 145: 10, '"i2=i:<7. Jer. 7:27.
c. The suffix of the second fern. sing, is commonly T^^, "X^p Isa. 54:6,
T("NQ Isa. GO : 9, except after the third fem. sing, of the verb, when it is
T\... Ti^!^^!^?: Ruth 4: 15, T|rs^ii:J Isa. 47: 10; sometimes, especially in the
later Psalms, it has the Ibrm "^3 corresponding to the pronoun "^PiJ* ,
•^DnsTX Ps. 137 : 6, i3Vjy?:r] Ps. 103 : 4.
fZ. The suffix of the third masc. sing, is written with the vowel letter n
instead of 1 in nb";Q Ex. 32 : 25, nid;? Num. 28 : 8, and in some copies r6zi<
1 Sam. 1:9, where it would be feminine; this form is more Irequently ap-
pended to nouns than to verbs.
e. In a few instances the rt of the third fem. suffix is not pointed with
]Mappik, and consequently represents a vowel instead of a consonant,
n-i'^'j (with the accent on the penult because followed by an accented
syllable) Am. 1 : 11. so with the infinitive, "T^O^jn Ex. 9: 18, i^^^^.f^ Jer.
44 : 19, and the future, rrnrinpii Ex. 2:3.
f. The suffix of the third masc. plur. receives a paragogic l' once in prose,
•irn':;-.!; Ex. 23:31, and repeatedly in poetry, iiSNbisn. i-cri-iin Ex. 15:9;
once 1 is appended. ^^^027 Ex. 15:5; en is used but once as a verbal
suffix, nn-NEX Deut. 32:26.
^. The suffix of the third fem. plur. "j is seldom used, '"''v"'^'? I^a. 48:7,
'^"n? Hah. 2:17; more frequently the masculine D is substituted for it,
C^inp Gen. 26: 15, 18, cncna-^i Ex. 2: 17, cnON^- 1 Sam. 6: 10. so Num.
17 : 3, 4, Josh. 4 : 8, 2 Kin. IsTlb, Hos. 2 : 14, Prov! 6:21; 'n is never used
with verbs. When attached ta infinitives a paragogic ti^ is sometimes
added to 1, njx's Ruth 1 : 19, njnnb Job 39 : 2.
h. Verbs, which have Tserc for the second vowel in the Kal preterite, re-
tain it before suffixes, ^i^nx Deut. 7 : 13, ci'sb Lev. 16:4, nNrj Deut.
24:3, sins'.xn'ii Job 37:24. The only example of a suffix appended to a
preterite whose second vowel is Hholem, is VPibs^ Ps. 13 : 5 from "^ri^i^,
/*'
§ 105 PERFECT VERBS WITH SUFFIXES. 141
the Hholem being shortened to Kamets Hhatuph by the shifting of the
accent. Tsere of the Piel species is mostly shortened to Seghol before
?]. CD. -,3. V]S3p Deut. 30:3, Tj^fap';! ver. 4, but occasionally to Hhirik,
ci::rNX (the Methegh in most editions is explained by § 45. 2) Job 16 : 5,
r,-a-2i-ix Isa. 25 : 1, CD;:;'n;5ri Ex. 31 : 13, c=^"iQ Isa. 1:15. Hhirik of the
Hiphil species is retained before all suffixes with very few exceptions,
!l3"i\r^;i. 1 Sam. 17:25, Ps. 65: 10; in r,n:;;] Deut. 32:7, the verb has the
form of the apocopated future.
i. The third fem. preterite sometimes takes the third masc. sing, suffix in
its full form, ^innSa:, Prov. 31: 12. inn^DN Ezek. 15: 5, so in pause iwrinns.
1 Sam. 18:28, Wnbsx^ Gen. 37 : 20, ' : innDao Isa. 59:16, and sometimes
contracted by the exclusion of n , IB^^a^ 1 Sam. 1 : 24, Wnb';' Ruth 4 : 15,
iPiSja Job 21 : 18. The third fem. suffix is always contracted, nninx Jer.
49:24, nnpbn Isa. 34: 17, nn6>'3 1 Sam. 1 : 6. The suffix of the third
masc. plural is D_, not D^, with this person of the verb, the accent
falling on the penult, Dn:b;a Gen. 31 : 32, nri<:i73 Ex. IS : 8, cn^S3 Ps.
119:129, epsnb Isa. 47:14. " In the intermediate syllable before'?! the
vowel is usually short in this person, ^rinb^ Jer. 22:26, ?^^^2S< Ezek.
28: 18, though it is sometimes long, ^r'^^H Cant. 8:5, as it regularly is in
pause : ^jriT^!' ibid.; so before "^3 and =13 of the first person, ^sribax Ps.
' 69 : 10, : ^inxisa Num. 20 : 14. '"^^ '
j. The second masc. sing, preterite usually takes Pattahh before "i? ex-
cept in pause, "'Snnpri Ps. 139: 1, ■'3nnn Job 7:14, ''?p;3??. Ps. 22:2. It
takes the third masc. sing, suffix either in its full form. : sinrj'iES Ezek.
43:20, or contracted, I'nsON 2 Kin. 5:6. "irirb Hab. 1: 12, ir£p_ (accent
thrown back by § 35. 1) Num. 23 : 27, intern Ps. 89 : 44.
k. The second fem. sing, preterite assumes (.), commonly without Yodh,
§11. 1. a, before suffixes, and is accordingly indistinguishable from the first
person except by the suffix which it receives, § 102. 1, or by the connection
in which it is found, "'an"?!?'? Jer. 15:10, "'Jn^a^ Cant. 4:9, ''3rii52'i 1 Sam.
19: 17, wn-iaa Ex. 2: id; once it takes (..). =i:ni':!'in Josh. 2: 18, and in a
few instances the masculine form is adopted in its stead, : >l3rir3irrj Josh.
2:17, 20, Cant. 5:9, isnnb'^ Jer. 2:27 K'ri, ifixnn^ 2 Sam. uVlO.' '
I. The plural endings of the verb may be written fully ^ or defectively
(.), thus, in the third person, "^ssiino Ps. 18:6, "'3230 Hos. 12:1; the
second ''3n^3S Zech. 7:5, *i3n"'b^:n Num. 20:5, 21:5; and the first inim'n
1 Chron. 13: 3. ''"'
FTTTTJEE.
§ 105. a. The union vowel a is sometimes attached to the future, thus "^J.,
"■^ibanri Gen. 19:19, ''ais!?*?, Gen. 29:32, "'iN-i-' Ex. 33:20, Num. 22:33,
•'sfi'nn^ Isa. 56:3, iSSab;;' Job 9:18; !13^, ^^^"21 Isa. 63:16; 1 (for tn J,
ia^-i*:' Hos. 8:3, insbn Ps. 35:8, ispn^ Eccles.4:l2, isuJ-^l iSam. 21:14,
60 in the K'thibh, 1 Sam. 18: 1 ■anvs'il, where the K'ri has winx*!; tn^
(for rij, rrys^'l Gen. 37:33, tninm 2 Chron. 20:7, nV^E?!!::: Isa. 2Q:5]
D^, nt'ab'i Ex. 29:30, Da-^b^ Deut. 7:15, C;^'^3 Num'. 2l': 30, c:/? Ps.
142 ETYMOLOGY. §106
74:8. cV^iss, Ps. 118:10; 1,. "(rrS; Ex. 2:17. In 1 Kin. 2:24 the KVi
has "':5"'iri'^. while the K'tliibh has the vowel letter "^ representing tJie
ordinary e, ''5''S"'UJT> .
6. The suffixes with Daghesh inserted occur chiefly in pause ; thus ■'3„,
"nri"" Jer. 50 : 44 ; "3 . , •':?-i:n Gen. 27 : 19, : "'Srr 2n Job 7 : 14, 9 : 34 ; !i:\
(Kst plur.), >I3?!13^ Job 3l:15V;n.,, :"(-!;3pi<. Isa. 43:5. 70!?: Isa. 44:2^
'' ~Q''i< Ps. 30: 13; !13 ,. (3 masc. sing.), ^iS^psn. : !is:nsn"job 7: IS, IS^IS"^
Job 41:2 K'ri, ^'^V-.^-C"! Hos. 12:5; ns . , ns-rrn Ps.'65:10, or without
Daghesli, nrnyirn Judg. 5 : 26, Obad. ver. 13 ; tlie unemphatic form of the
suffix and that with Daghesh occur in conjunction, i^y^^Dt;;; ni^^'Bd;; Isa.
26 : 5. There are a very few examples, (bund only in poetry, of 3 inserted
between the verb and the suffix without further ciiangc, '^3D13Z"' Ps. 50 : 23,
:7,2;rrix Jer. 22:24. wnnr;! Jer. 5:22, I'lnjrn:';' Ps. 72: 15, iin:-:^": Deut.
32':'l6,' : wr^^Sx^ Ex.'r5:2.
c. Tlie plural ending *!i is in a few instances found before suffixes, chiefly
in pause,''''33snir'';i, •'rinqdn , : i::nst2';i Prov. 1:28, : ri3W3li"7 Ps. 63:4,
T.i^iOi'^ Ps. 91^2, •nriin-id'i Isa.' 66:7, 10, nns-nrisi Jer. 5:22, ',n:^nvix.'^
Jer. 2:24; twice it has the union vowel a. "'SSIXS'iri Job 19:2. i373P7
Prov. 5 : 22.
d. When the second vowel of the Kal future is o, it is rejected before
suffixes requiring a union vowel, compound ShVa being occasionally sub-
stituted for it- in the place of simple. D^SX Hos. 10:10. 'iSEnn;] Num.
35:20, 5!^3;^SX Isa. 27:3, : ^sajp-^ Isa. 62 : 2' "S ■I'l'i Ezek. 35:'6, risspiDX
Jer. 31 : S3 ; once the vowel remains, but is changed to Shurek. : C^^^^iaPl
Prov. 14: 3 ; a, on the other hand, is retained as a pretonic vowel. §64. 2,
•^siiab"; Job 29:14, tsfcsb;' Ex. 29:30, n|'^:3^X Cant. 5:3, ''3)?3iri Gen.
19:19. Hholem is shortened before ". ca , "d, though the vowel letter
1 is occasionally written in the K'thibh, '?]"^'i2N Jer. 1:5.
e. The following are examples of feminine plurals with suffixes: 2 fem.
plur. '^rN'^n Cant. 1: 6, 2 fern. plur. •"3iuinn Job 19: 15. "nD-n Jer. 2: 19.
The masculine form is sometimes substituted for the feminine, rj1"ni'X7 ,
rjlSbn^ Cant. 6:9.
INFINITIVE AND IMPERATIVE.
§ 100 a. Kal Iiifinilii-e. Before T], C3 , '3, Hholem is shortened to Ka-
mets Hhatuph, ?"|"53X Gen. 2: 17, ?"|"i^? (Methegh by §45. 2) Obad. ver.
11, cibrs Gen. 3:5, ninrx Mai. 1:7. Pattahh remains in the single
example, nD33n Isa. 30 : 18 ; sometimes the vowel of the second radical
is rejected before these as it is before the other suffixes, and a short
vowel given to the first radical, commonly Kamets Hhatuph. ^p^S Deut.
29:11, VIsiSTa 2 Kin. 22:19, cinar Deut. 27:4, once Kibbuts, C="is;:7
Lev4p3: 22, sometimes Hhirik, pinsd Gen. 19: 33. 35 but 'iisili Ruth 3:4,
irjb Zech. 3:1. "^.Bes 2 Sam. I:i0, inrc Neh. 8:5. and occasionally
Pattahh, ^?.p"? Ezek. 25 : 6. In the feminine form of the infinitive, as in
nouns, the old feminine ending n is substituted lor n, inrriU Isa. 30:19,
•ir^rn Ho,<5. 7 : 4. The Niphal infinitive retains its pretonic Kamets before
euffixes, C="^3Tn Ezek. 21 : 29.
§ 107 IMPERFECT VERBS. 143
b. Kal Imperative. The first radical commonly receives Kamets Hhatuph
upon the rejection of Hholem, ■'?"i3J, ''S'i'.pQ Jer. 15 : 15, but occasionally it
takes Hhirik, rjn^i? (with Daghesh-lbrte euphonic) Prov. 4: 13.
Imperfect Verbs.
§107. Imperfect verbs depart more or less from the
standard already given, as the nature of their radicals may
require. They are of three classes, viz. :
I. Guttural verbs, or those which have a guttural letter
in the root.
II. Contracted verbs, two of whose radicals are in cer-
tain cases contracted into one.
III. Quiescent verbs, or those which have a quiescent or
vowel letter in the root.
These classes may again be subdivided according to the
particular radical affected. Thus there are three kinds of
guttural verbs :
1. Pe guttural verbs, or those whose first radical is a
guttural.
2. Ayin guttural verbs, or those whose second radical is
a guttural.
3. Lamedh guttural verbs, or those whose third radical
is a guttural.
There are two kinds of contracted verbs :
1. Pe Nun verbs, or those whose first radical is Nun,
and is liable to be contracted by assimilation with the second.
2. Ayin doubled verbs, or those whose second and third
radicals are alike, and are hable to be contracted into one.
There are four kinds of quiescent verbs :
1. Pe Yodh verbs, or those whose first radical is Yodh.
144 ETYMOLOGY. §108,109
2. Ay in Vav and Ay in Yodli verbs, or tliosc whose
second radical is Vav or Yodh.
3. Lamedli Aleph verbs, or tliosc whose third radical is
Aleph.
4. Lamedh He verbs, or those in which He takes the
place of the third radical.
The guttural differ from the perfect verbs in the vowels
only ; the tirst division of the contracted verbs differ only in
the consonants ; the quiescent and the second division of the
contracted verbs differ from the perfect verbs in both vowels
and consonants.
a. The third class of imperfect verbs may either be regarded as hav-
ing a quiescent letter in the root, which in certain forms is changed into
a vowel, or as having a vowel in the root, which in certain ibrms is
changed into a quiescent letter. As the settlement of this question is
purely a matter of theory, the usual name of quiescent verbs has been
retained as sufliriently descriptive.
b. Tile orisrin of these various technical names for the different kinds
of imperfect verbs is explained §76. 3.
Pe Guttural Verbs.
§108. Gutturals have the fom- following peculiarities,
§60, viz. :
1 . They often cause a preceding or accompanying vowel
to be converted hito Pattahh.
2. They receive Pattahh furtive at the end of a word
after a long heterogeneous vow^el or before a vowelless final
consonant.
3. They take compound in preference to simple Sh'va.
4. They are incapable of being doubled, and conse-
quently do not receive Daghesh-fortc.
§109. Pe guttural verbs are affected by these peculiari-
ties as follows, viz. :
§109 PE GUTTURAL VERBS. 145
1. The Hhirik of the preform atives is changed to Pat-
tahh before the guttural in the Kal future, if the second
vowel be Hholem, 'iw'^_ for "i^^"^ ; but if the second radical
has Pattahh this change does not occur, because it would
occasion a repetition of the same vowel in successive sylla-
bles, §G3. 1. 5. In the Kal future r^, therefore, in the Niphal
preterite and participle, where the vowel of the second sylla-
ble is likewise a, and in the Hiphil preterite, where / is
characteristic and therefore less subject to cliange, Hhirik is
compounded with Pattahh, or, in other words, is changed to
the diphthongal Seghol, prn;; , n^^D , 'l^'b^n . Seghol accom-
panying N of the first person singular of the Kal future,
§60. 1. a (r.), and Kamets Hhatuph, characteristic of the
Hophal species, suffer no change. The same is true of
Hholem in the first syllable of the Kal participle, Hhirik of
the Piel preterite, and Kibbuts of the Piial species, for the
double reason that these vowels are characteristic of those
forms, and that their position after the guttural renders them
less liable to mutation, § 60. 1. « (2) ; the second reason ap-
plies likewise to the Hhirik of the feminine singular and
masculine plural of the Kal imperative, which, as the briefest
of the short vowels, is besides best adapted to the quick ut-
terance of a command, '^i^^ , Ti^^ .
2. As the guttiu:'al does not stand at the end of the word,
there is no occasion for applying the rule respecting Pattahh
furtive ; this consequently does not appear except in "^n^ ,.
apocopated future of nin , and in one other doubtful exam-
ple, §114.
3. Wherever the first radical should receive simple Sh'va
the guttural takes compound Sh'va instead ; this, if there be
no reason for preferring another, and especially if it be pre-
ceded by the vowel Pattahh, will be Hhateph Pattahh, whose
sound is most consonant with that of the gutturals ; this is
the case in the Kal second plural preterite, construct infini-
tive, future and imperative with Hholem, and in the Hiphil,
10
146 ETYMOLOGY. ^110
infinitives, future, impcmtive, and participle, Dn"^?, 1^?;^.
If, liowever, the guttural be preceded by another vowel than
Pattahh the compound Sh\a will generally be conformed to
it ; thus, after Seghol it becomes llhateph Seghol as in the
Kal future and ini])crative a, the Niphal preterite and par-
ticiple, and the Iliphil preterite, ptn;; , '^''^^Ivl , and after
Kamets Ilhatnph it becomes Hhateph Karnets as in the
Ilophal species, "i^^n . If this compomid Sh'va in the
course of inflection comes to be followed by a vowelless
letter, it is changed to the corresponding short vowel, §G1. 1,
thus, (.) becomes (.) in the second feminine singular and the
second and third masculine plural of the Kal future; (,) be-
comes (.) in the third feminine singular and the third plural
of the Niphal preterite ; and (^) becomes (J in the corres-
ponding persons of the preterite and future Ilophal, "'"'syp,
T : viv ' T : T IT
a. Tlie simple Sli'va following a short vowel thus formed, remains
vocal as in the corresponding lornis of the perfect verb, the new syllable
being not mixed but intermediate, and hence a succeeding aspirate will
retain its aspiration, thus "i^?,^ y(iam''(lftu. not 'i"^?,^ ycwmdu. §22. «.
In lilce manner the Kal imperative has "^^"cv . 1"n:S not '^'^125, I'nrs, show-
ing that even in the perlect verb "'"-^r?- ''^^P were pronounced kit'li.
kil-lu, not killi, kitlu.
4. The reduplicatioh of the first radical being impossible
in the hifinitive, future and imperative Niphal, the preceding
vowel, which now stands in a simple syllabic, is lengthened
in consequence from Ilhirik to Tsere, § 60. 4, ^^rn for "Tcvn.
§ 11 0. 1. The verb ^^'J to stand, whose inflections are shown
in the following paradigm, mny serve as a representative of
Pe guttural verbs. The Piel, Pual, and Ilithpael are omit-
ted, as they present no deviation from the regular verbs.
The Niphal of "i)2y is not in use, but is here formed from
analogy for the sake of giving completeness to the paradigm.
Paradigm of
Pe Guttural Verbs.
1
KAL.
NIPHAL.
HIPHIL.
HOPHAL.
PrET. 3 TO.
— T
^tj:
"f^'T^O
3/
rrrzy
T : If
T • v: IV
r ; r IT
2m.
T : — T
1- : — -.MV
J?""^?~
T : — t: IT
2/
^T'P,
^7'5??.
n-^;/n
: ; — t: IT
ItJ.
• : — T
^ri""^?,?.
"n-i7b?n
^n-t^r
Flur. 3 c.
; IT
^i-jyj.
Trt'jri
^^'r?!7
2 m.
Oi?"'^?
OJ!)"''^?,?.
ur\'i2vri
nnT^f'ri
2/
1^7'^?
1?7'S?
]ir\T2^r\
■ri"/^j'M
1 c.
: — T
^^7'^??
^"■^?.vi
^27"=fM
Infin. ^Z»«()^.
T
T 1"
^V-?v?
-7b3''r;
Cons^r.
nay
Tbyn
•• T 1"
^'^P.\}
^7jrn
FuT. 3 m.
1*^?'
•• T\**
l^tT
— t;it
3/.
■J'^^'J^
Tt?T\
Tb3''n
— t: it
2 m.
i'^?r)
ryjri
1"^?:^?
ityv)
2/
^Tr?P)
^T2ir\
""^?ri
^TP^'^
Ic
^^?!«<
"■i?<??
T'2^\^
— t: 't
i^Zwn 3 OT
^^52?-:
r\-2T
^'"'r'C
: tit
3/.
r . -: r
n'~'»^'ri
nj^-b^n
2 m.
T-2rr\
'^rcy'T]
^-■^rn
: T IT
2/
T ; -: I-
n;77b?rD
^"'r?^
T -• — T: IT
1 c.
^^??.
Tb>"D
irb?5
'''sJPt
Imper. 2 ?w.
iuy
■• T 1"
"!'r?0
2/
^rq^
^TQ^T]
^"r?0
wanting
PZm/". 2 ??i.
^iiq^
: IT ■■
^i"^?C!
2/
HD-i-brn
T : •■ T 1"
j^n''??':'7
Part. J.c#.
i7by
"i'^?'2
Pass,
T
T ■.■:iv
^bT'2
T t: it
147
148 ETYMOLOGY. §111
2. Tlie Kal imperative and future of those verbs which
liave Pattahh in the second syllable may be represented by
pTH io he 8trong.
Iaiperative.
Singular. Plural.
mmc. fern. mam. fern.
pin ^p'r* ^P'v •^'^Pi'j
Future.
3 masc.
Sfem.
2 masc.
2 fern.
1 com.
Sing.
Pi"
pi'^.
pTnri
^Pm
pT-X
Plur.
^m,
nspTrn
^PJ"5
nppirn
Pi'i^
3. Certain verbs, whose first radical is x , receive Hholem
in the first syllable of the Kal future after the following,
which is distinctively called the Pe Aleph (ne) mode.
Future of Pe Aleph Verbs.
3 masc. Sfem. 2 masc. 2 fern. 1 com.
Sing. bbiX" bisn bisn ^5;xn bbi^
: I r : - : | t : -
Five verbs uniformly adopt this mode of inflection, viz. :
*nx to perish, nix to he loillmg, ^ix to eat, ">t^ to say, ncij
to hake ; a few others indifferently follow this or the ordinary
Pe guttural mode, nnx to love, Tnx to take hold, ^t^ to
gather.
Remarks on Pe Guttural Verbs.
§ 111. 1. The prcformative of the Kal future, a has (.) in one in.stance,
sbni Ezek. 23 : 5. Tliat of the Kal future 0 has (..) in rnn^^ Prov. 10:3,
Vpn-^ P6. 29:9. Three verbs with future o, D^n, D-^rj , i«n have Pat-
§111 REMARKS ON PE GUTTURAL VERBS. 149
tahh in the first syllable when the Hholem appears, but Seghol in those
forms in which the Hholem is dropped, Oi'in^']!. Job 12 : 14. ^D'"ir!^_^ 2 Kin.
3:25 but lonn^ Ex. 19:21, 24; so with suffixes. ^5^^v!r^ Ps! 141:5,
^b-iri^ Isa. 22V19, -inn^ns Isa. 53 : 2. nsn has ^i^sn;: but iisnv
2. a. If the first radical be X , which has a strong preference for the
diphthongal vowels, §60. 1. a (5), the preformative takes. Seghol in most
verbs in the Kal future, whether a or o, p2i<V C10?<^;; , "lisn, Tnxn as well
as yo^^_ . Cjix;; , ^ixn . Ci^w^n ; in a i'ew with future a. § 1 10. 3, it takes the
other compound vowel Hholem when to complete the diphthongal charac-
ter of the word the (.) of the second syllable usually becomes ( ) in pause,
and in a few instances without a pause accent, "'35<'', ^^^"^ • ^"'5^'' 1 T!^"^)
and in two verbs it becomes (..) after Vav conversive, "i'?.i<'!! , ^nX'T .
6. As X is always quiescent after Hholem in this latter form of the
future, §57. 2. (2) a. Pe Aleph verbs might be classed among quiescent
verbs, and this is in fact done by some grammarians. But as S has the
double character of a guttural and a quiescent in different forms sprung
Irom the same root, and as its quiescence is confined almost entirely to a
single tense of a single species, it seems better to avoid sundering what
really belongs together, by considering the Pe Aleph as a variety of the
Pe guttural verbs. In a few instances !!< gives up its consonantal charac-
ter after (J which is then lengthened to (_), f^rxPi Mic. 4 : 8. When
thus quiescent after either Tsere or Hholem, N is always omitted in the
first person singular after the preformative X, inx Gen. 32:5 for "iHrJ^,
::nx Prov. 8: 17 for 3f3i<>?, i=i< Gen. 24:33 for bixx . and occasionally
in other persons, "'^jn'jer. 2:36 for "'^Tsn ; so xn;; Dent. 33:21, S^'n
Prov. 1:10, qbn Ps.' 104:29. li-cn 2 Sam. 19:14, THFil 2 Sam. 20 : 9,
inshi 1 Sam. 28 : 24 ; in a lew instances the vowel letter 1 is substituted
for it, ilPDi;' Ezek. 42 : 5 for ^i>=X^ "i»ix Neh. 2 : 7, Ps. 42: 10.
c. A like quiescence or omission of N occurs in ^^X*i Num. 11:25 Hi.
fut. for ^ix^,!V b-^sn Ezek. 21 : 33 Hi. inf for ^"-iNv! / "''!'< Job 32: 11 Hi.
fut. for "pTS^x, )-'\-q Prov. 17:4 Hi. part, for "pTuXp , §53. 2. a, ^35^;^ Job
35 : 11 Pi. part, for 13C^X^ , §53. 3, "'inTn 2 Sam. 22: 40 Pi. fut. for "li-^Tsn,
n-i^l 1 Sam. 15 : 5 Hi. fut! for -"i^i!!, ^■'rn Isa. 21 : 14 Hi. pret. for ^"^rxfi,
bn^ Isa. 13:20 Pi. fut. for bnx-i , and afler prefixes liasb for "i^xb , the
Kal infinitive of nisx wifji the preposition b. t^'iaxj Ezek. 28: 16 Pi. fut.
with Vav conversive for ^iiaxxT . ^lU^'Xl Zech. 11 : 5 Hi. fut. with Vav
conjunctive for ""(T^'Xl , Din^on Eccles. 4:14 Kal pass. part, with the
article for n-^nnoxn.
-; IT
d. The diphthongal Hholem is further assumed by Pe Aleph roots
once in the Niphal preterite, imx3 Num. 32 : 30 for ^f'nx3 , and five times
in the Hiphil future, ir^'^^X Jer. 46:8 for iT^'^^xx . b^iix Hos. 11:4 for
b^DXX. rin^iix Neh. 13 :V3 for nn-^iixx . bx'i" 1 Sam. 14:24 abbreviated
from nbx*l for n!ix^*n , ^ni'i 2Sam.20:5 K'ri for ^nx^l.
e. X draws the vowel to itself from the preformative in ^^nxn Prov.
1:92 Kal fut. for ^i^qxn in pause ^^f^Xtn Zech. 8: 17, Ps. 4 :3, §60. 3. c.
Some so explain ^n^axn Job 20 : 26, regarding it as a Kal future for
150 ETYMOLOGY. §113
inbsxn with the vowel attracted to the X from the prelormative ; it is
simpler, however, to regard it as a Pual future with Kamets Hhatuph in-
stead of Kibbuts, as C'hsj:!? Nah. 2': 4, ^|~3n7 Ps. 94:20.
3. a. Kamcts Hhatupli for the most part remains in the Kal infinitive
and imperative with Hulfixes, as ?^~^^' , T(i?^ . """i^^ , being rarely changed
to Pattahh, as in ln^:;n Prov. 20: 16, or Seghol, as ""lEDX Num. 11 : 16,
nD"i3> Job 33: 5. In the inflected imperative Seghol occurs once instead
of Hhirik, ""'Sbn Isa. 47: 2. and Kamets Hhatuph twice in compensation
for the omitted Hholem, "'Tiir Zeph. 3:14 but libs Ps. 68:5, ^liin Jer.
2: 12 but li"in Jer. 50:27. though the o sound is once retained in the
compound Sli'va of a pausal form. ''Sin Isa. 44:27. Evvald explains
c-isyn Ex. 20 : 5. 23 : 24. Deut. 5 : 9, an/=nrv: Deut. 13 : 3 as Kal futures,
the excluded Hholem giving character to the preceding vowels ; thelbrms,
however, are properly Ho])hal futures, and there is no reason why the
words may not be translated accordingly be induced to serve. In a few Kal
infinitives with a feminine termination n has ( ), nbian Ezek. 16:5.
inson Hos. 7:4.
b. In a very k^\Y instances Pattahh is found in the first syllable of the
Niphal and of the Hiphil preterite, y^ri Ps. 89 : 8, cn^nn judg. S : 19.
§112. 1. The guttural invariably receives compound Sh'va in place of
simple, where this is vocal in the perfect verb ; and as in these cases it
stands at the beginning of the word, it is more at liberty to lollovv its na-
tive prelerences, and therefore usually takes (..). In cn"'';n 2 plur. pret..
ni^f] inj*., n^n imper. of rr^n . the initial n has (..) under the influence of
the ibilowing "^ ; X receives (..) in the second plural of the Kal preterite,
and in the feminine and plural of the passive participle, Dn"i:x. cnbrx,
CD^irx . but commonly (_) in the imperative and infinitive, §60. 3. b. brx
imper., bi;x and bz^ inf. t'nx and T'nx inf. yix imper.. "i-ax inf and
imper. (but "rsn Job 34: IS with .^ interrogative), pix . risx (with n^
paragogic HECx), and in a very lew instances the long vowel (..). §60. 3.c,
!iBX Ex. 16: 23 for ^lEX, rrx Isa. 21 : 12.
2. Where the first radical in perfect verbs stands after a short vowel
and completes its syllable, the guttural does the same, but mostly admits
an echo of the preceding vowel alter it, inclining it likewise to begin the
syllable which follows. In the intermediate syllable thus formed, §20. 2,
the vowel remains short, only being modified' agreeably to the rules
already given by the proximity of the guttural, which itself receives the
corresponding Hhateph. The succession is, therefore, usually (. .), (^ .) or
(,. ). In a very few instances this correspondence is neglected; thus, in
"^nn 3 fern. fut. of T(^n to go (comp. Fns|^ from pn^ to laugh) the Hhirik
of the prelormative remains and the guttural takes Hhateph Pattahh; in
nb'yn (once. viz.. Hab. 1 : 15 for n^^n) and n^?.n Hiphil and Hoplial
preterites of nss to go up, and r^-}^vr}_ (once, viz.. Josh. 7:7 lor n"}2:;~)
Hi. pret. of ■'as to pass over, the guttural is entirely transferred to the
second syllable, and the preceding vowel is lengthened. Thelbrms n""'n5,
n^"}"', cni^n'), njins from ti^n to be. and n;;rij^ from n^n to //ft. are pecu-
liar in having simple vocal Sh'va.
^112 REMARKS ON PE GUTTURAL VERBS. 151
3. Where (__) or (__ ) are proper to the form these are frequently
changed to (..) or (.._.) upon the prolongation of the word or the removal
of its accent forward. Thus, in the Kal future, t^OH'i 2 Kin. 5 : 3. ispN"!
Ex. 4: 29, ■'3EDN; Ps. 27 : 10, ■'Opxn Josh. 2 : 18 ; ^rinx;: Isa. 59: 5, Xr^iiV}
Judg. 16:13; the Niphal, D^?3 1 Kin. 10:3, n^br^Nah. 3:11, n-i^r:
Ps. 26:4; and especially in the Hiphil preterite with Vav conversive,
mixn Job 14:19, tn-j^xni Deut. 7:24, cnn^wsn' Deut. 9:3 (comp.
cn3=xn Ps. 80:6), "'n'inNni Lev. 23:30; ■'B^Vxni 'isa. 49:26; ^npTnn
Ne'h. 5:16, ""npinni Ezek.' 30 : 25 ; rpm^sn' lR'a.'43 : 23, ^''ri"??3;".ni Jer.
17:4; -pisn Deut'.' 1:45, nsTxril Ex. 15:26, ^ntnnni Jer. 49:' 37; after
Vav conjunctive, however, the vowels remain unchanged, "'Hpinni 1 Sam.
17:35, ■'rnrnnni Ps. 50:21. The change from (...J to (.. ^j after Vav
conversive occurs once in the third person of the Hiphil preterite, TTNH'i
Ps. 77 : 2, but is not usual, e. g. T^'li^]'} ■ ■ • 1''"''r?v!l Lev. 27 : S. There
is one instance of (__) instead of (. .) in the Hiphil infinitive, "'^''^nn
Jer. 31:32.
4. A vowel which has arisen from Sh'va in consequence of the rejec-
tion of the vowel of a following consonant, will be dropped in guttural as
in perfect verbs upon the latter vowel being restored by a pause accent,
5. Sometimes the silent Sh'va of the perfect verb is retained by the
guttural instead of .being replaced by a compound Sh'va or a subsidiary
vowel which has arisen from it. This is most frequent in the Kal future,
though it occurs likewise in the Kal infinitive after inseparable preposi-
tions, in the Niphal preterite and participle, in the Hiphil species, and
also though rarely in the Hophal. There are examples of it with all the
gutturals, though these are most numerous in the case of n, which is the
strongest of that class of letters. In the majority of roots and forms there
is a fixed or at least a prevailing usage in lavour either of the simple or
of the compound Sh'va; in some, however, the use of one or the other ap-
pears to be discretionary.
a. The following verbs always take simple Sh'va under the first radic i
in the species whose initial letters are annexed to the root, viz. :
Q-ix Hi. to be red. b^r: K. Hi. to he vain. "lan K. to gird.
■i"nx Ni. Hi. lo be illus- n:n K. Hi. to meditate, h'^n K. (not Ho.) to
trious. Cl"n K. to thrust. cease.
dis Hi. to close. "i"in K. Ni. to honour. ntin K. to cut.
*^^^^ K. to shut. n^ri K. Ni. <o 6e. '^i'^ K. (not Hi.) to
5l^S K. to learn. *"'?f7 K. toinjure.woimd. live.
1SX K. to gird on. xin Ni. Hi. Ho. tohide. cqn K. Hi. to be wise.
012JN K. Ni. (not Hi.) i:in K. to heat off. *M^n K. meaning doubt-
to he guilty. "^^n Hi. to join together. ful.
152 ETYMOLOGY. ^ 11:2
*jrn K. Ni. to desire. "^En K. (u dig. nns K. to put on as an
brn K. to spare. "isn K. Hi. to blush. ornanienl,
cbn K. Ni. /o (/o vio- fcsn K. IVi. /o searc/i. vi"?5 Hi. to gather much.
lence to. -in K. (not Hi.)/"/t<'iP- ""1^' ^\. to be xc anting.
yin K. /o it; leacened. t"p'^ i"!^- Ni. /o incesti- ~cr K. Ni. /o trouble.
inn K. to ferment. gate. h^v Hi. /o 6e presump-
Tjin K. /o dedicate. * sin K. /o tremble. tiions.
ion K. /o devour. nnn K. io faA'e ?//>. li."r:> K. Ni. to pervert.
cpn K. to muzzle. T(nn Ni. <o be destined, "^cv K. Hi. to tithe.
■l6n K. Hi. to lack. brn Ho./o6estt'ac/(//e</. *cr> Ni. to be burnt up.
nsn Ni. <o coi^e?-. nrn K. Ni. Hi. /o sea/, pr^ K. Hi. to be re-
TEn K. Ni. ^0 6e panic- Tinn K. /o se/^t-. moved.
struck. "rn K. to brtak through. 'h^'S K. Ni. Hi. <o en-
rsn Iv. to delight. ri? K. to love, dole. treat.
b. The following are used with both sf^imple and compound Sh'va, either
in the same form or in diflereat tonus, viz. :
~bx to bind. non to trust. ni5>' to wear.
T(5n to turn. T)^"n to withhold. "^'^v to encircle.
bin to take in pledge. rjiL'n to uncover. tps to conceal.
dsn to bind. siin to think. "iks to sfnit up. restrain,
pjn to be strong. , T|"i"n to be dark. -I?? to supplant.
n^n /o be sick. "i2r ^o poss over. V>is /o smoke.
pbn fo divide. "il5 /o /te//>. "icy io 6e r/cA.
c. The following have simple Sh'va only in the passages or parts al-
leged, but elsewlierc always compound Sh'va, viz. :
rnx 2 Chr. 19:2, Pr. 15 : 9, to lore. iV, Ezek. 26 : 18, to tremble.
ITX Ps. 65 : 7, to gird. n'rn Hi. part, to be .filefit.
TiDS P.S. 47 : 10. to gather. . rpn Jer. 49 : 37, to be dismayed.
T^ri Ps. 109 : 23, to go. "^zv Ecrl. 5:S.to serve.
cbn Job 39:4, Jer. 29:8, /or/rea7n. T^^' Jer. 15 : 17. P.s. 149:5, and
V^n Job 20 : 24, to change, pierce. y^s Ps. 5:12, to cvidt.
All other Pe guttural verbs, if thoy occur in forms requiring a Sh'va
under the first rtidical. have invariably compound Sh'va.
Tho use or disuse of simple Sh'va is so xnn'lbrm and pervading in cer-
tain verbs, that it must in all probability be traced to the fixed usage of
actual Bpeech. This need not be so in all cases, however, as in other and
less cominou words its occurrence or non-occurrence may be fortuitous;
additional examples might have been pointed differently.
* Stto^ \(y6fji.fvov. f Except Ps. 44 : 22.
§113-116 AYIN GUTTURAL VERBS. 153
§113. 1. The Hliirik of the prefix is in the Niphal future, imperative
and participle, ahiiost invariably lengthened to Tsere upon the omission
of Daghesh-forte in the first radical. "(On,?., "'^5<,'?. Isa. 23 : IS. asn^ (the re-
trocession of the accent by §35. 1) Tsa. 28:27, phh-^ Job 3S : 24. y^m
Num. 32 : 17, p3H);l 2 Sam. 17 : 23, which is in one instance expressed by
the vowel letter "" , nbr'^n Ex. 25 : 31. The only exception is S]?.";? (two
accents explained by §42. a) Ezek. 26: 15 for innnS , where tlie vowel
remains short as in an intermediate syllable, only being changed to
Seghoi before the guttural as in the Niphal and Hiphil preterites. Ac-
cording to some copies, which differ in this from the received text, the
vowel likewise remains sliort in nsrx Job 19:7, 'im'b^Tt Ezek. 43:18,
Cit^';;!^.!! 1 Chron. 24 : 3, CTJ^a Lam.'2 : 11.
2. The initial n of the Hiphil infinitive is, as in perfect verbs, rarely
rejected after prefixed prepositions, as p^nb Jer. 37: 12 for ppnn^ . x'^bnb
Eccles. 5:5, n-'":?b 2 Sam. 19:19. -irb Deut. 26: 12, ^ibra Neh. 10:39,
"(""Trb 2 Sam. 18 : 3 K'thibh ; and still more rarely that of the Niphal infin-
itive, qijya Lam. 2:11 for wjirna, Snns Ezek. 26 : 15.
§114. The letter i resembles the other gutturals in not admitting
Daghesh-forte, and in requiring the previous vowel to be lengthened in-
stead, c"i-';;n Jon. 1:5, 125]^*1 Ps. 106:25. In other cases, however, it
causes no change in an antecedent Hhirik, tpi'jl Deut. 19: 6. tj"' 2 Sam.
T: 10, nas^rt Ps. 66:12, except in certain forms of the verb riN~i to see,
viz.. ifn-1 Kal future with Vav conversive, shortened from •ixi';' , T^k'}f},
which alternates with nxin as Hiphil preterite, and once with Vav con-
versive preterite. "'H'^X'^n' Nah. 3:5. It is in two instances preceded by
Hhirik in the Hiphil infinitive, s-jin, rj-in Jer. 50:34. In the Hophal
species the participles ri'iin?3 Isa. 14 : 6, r^i'ip Lev. 6: 14 take Kibbuts in
the first syllable, but '".ix-i . hbn have the ordinary Kamets Hhatuph.
Resh always retains the simple Sh'va of perfect verbs whether silent or
vocal, rin-1 Gen. 44 : 4. ■'3!iS"i-i Ps. 129 : 86. except in one instance, tl^"^^
Ps. 7 : 6. where it appears to receive Pattahh furtive contrary to the ordi-
nary rule which restricts it to the end of the word, §60. 2. a.
§115. The verb biax reduplicates its last instead of its second radical
in the Pual, b^ox ; niin reduplicates its last syllable, Inrniin Lam. 2: 11,
§92. a. ■'Pi^Sin Hos. 11:3 has the appearance of a Hiphil preterite with
ri prefixed instead of n.
inn is a secondar}^ root, based upon the Hiphil of b^n. See i'S verbs.
For the peculiar forms of CjOX and T\^ri see the "^'s verbs, CjO^ and T|r !? •
Ayin Guttural Verbs.
§116. Ayin guttural verbs, or those which have a gut-
tural for their second radical, are affected by the peculiarities
of these letters, § 108, in the followmg manner, viz. :
154 ETYMOLOGY. ^117
1. The influence of the guttural upon a following vowel
being coui})ai'ativcly slight, this latter is only converted into
Pattahh in the future and imperative Kal, and the feminine
plui'al of the future and imperative Nipluil, Piel, and llith-
pael, where the like change sometimes occurs even without
the presence of a guttm'al, ^i^'^'} for ^N^'^ ; rcbsCiin for rcbs'sn .
2. No forms occur which could give rise to Pattahh
fui'tive.
3. When the second radical should receive simple Sh'va,
it takes Ilhateph Pattahh instead as the compound Sh'va
best suited to its nature ; and to this the new vowel, formed
from Sh'va in the feminine singular and masculine plm'al of
the Kal imperative, is assimilated, '''ps?^ for "^psfa .
4. Daghesh-forte is always omitted from the second radi-
cal in Piel, Pual, and Hithpael, in which case the preceding
vowel may cither remain sliort as in an intermediate syllable,
or lihirik may be lengthened to Tsere, Pattahh to Kamets,
and Kibbuts to Hholem, § 60. 4, nns , bh .
§117. The inflections of Ay in guttural verbs may be
shown by the example of -s?3 , which in some species means
to redeem, and in others tojjoHide. The lliphil and Hophal
are omitted, as the former agrees precisely with that of per-
fect verbs, and the latter differs only in the substitution of
compound for simple Sh'va in a manner sufficiently illus-
trated by the foregoing species.
a. The Pual infinitive is omitted from tlic paradigm as it is of rare
occurrence, and there is no example of it in this class of verbs. As the
absolute infinitive Piel mostly gives up its distinctive form and adopts that
of the construct, §92. d, it is printed with Tsere in thia and the following
paradigms.
Paradigm
OF Ayin
Guttural Verbs
KAL.
NIPHAL.
pi'el.
PUAL.
IIITIIPAEL.
Pret. 3 m.
bx5
— T
bJ<:o
bi<5
b^is
bsr^rn
3/
nb^^■i
T -:iT
nbxro
T ~; ; '
T ~:i**
nbsb
T ~: 1
Mbj5:,nn
T -:'r ; •
2 TO.
nbwSj
T : — r
^b^5:o
J?b5<r.
nb^5■•^
rb.<?rirr;
T ; — r : •
• 2/
nb^5r>
^b^^ro
rbk^
nb.sa
rbs^r^nr;
Ic.
^nbj<^
"^^^f?
^rib^5
"nb^b
■rb^jBrn
PZwr. 3 c.
^b.N53
^-^v?
^^^"^J
6^^r«
^ib^^nn
2 TO.
Dribi^B
DP]b^5:o
cnbj^s
Dribi^b
Dnb.sBrn
2/.
li^bj^^
■nbs^ro
1^^^<5
I^^^t'
■nbxr.nn
1 c.
^jbkn
; — T
^:b5<:o
^jbi<|i
^')'^^
^:bj<srn
: — T : •
Infin. J.Js(3Z.
bij^s
^^in
bxa.
Constr
b5<J
b^^5^
•• T •
bks
•• T
-^^V^n
FUT. 3 TO.
b.<^:.:
bis-i'
bj<:r
■• T :
bkro
bk-iD"
3/
bj^jn
b^sn
•• T •
b^bn
bkiiPn
2 TO.
bs:n
•• T •
bj<:n
b.sbn
bk^rr,
2/
^?^r"Pi
^'isisn
^?'^'^r^ri
"byibn
"^^^ri^i
1 c.
b^?35^
b.s-ix
■• T V
b^:»55
" T -:
bi^b^
^^"i^i'^^
PZwr. 8 TO.
^^^}:
^^^'5"
^'^^"^.^v
■'^^'^
^b>^^n;
3/
r;^b^^v^l
n2b:J5^n
^Jb^5:^
T : — T ;
n:b^bn
r;:b.Hr»nn
2 TO.
^bx:n
"b^ir^n
-:iT • •
^bvS^ri
^b.Ntbn
^b.^r>nri
2/
rijbj^vri
n:bN-in
T : — T •
n:bi<:n
T : — T ;
n:b^bn
n-bj^-inn
T : — T : •
1 c.
b.^ra
•■ T •
bj5;o
bkb]
^-"^i'^?
Impee. 2 TO.
bN5
b^-tH
•• T •
b55!t
•• T
bi^snn
2/.
^?^?
"b^Jisn
■bxr,
wanting
^bs:<r,n
P^«r. 2 TO.
. ^^^.^
^-^^n
^^^^'
^^^"^^prj
2/.
n;b^5
ri:b5<|n
r : — T
njbjiijrn
T ; — T ; •
Paet. Act.
bi^b
b^:rj
••T :
■• T ; •
Pass.
r
b^jD
T ; •
bkb'j
155
156 ETYMOLOGY. U18, 119
Remarks on Ayin Guttural Verbs.
to be silent has fut. a
2. Witli any otiicr euttural for tlie second raJical the Kal future and
imperative have Pattalili; only en; In ?-oar, and cni to loce, have Hho-
leni ; ci'T to curse, by^a to trespass, and bys to do. Iiave either Pattahh
or Hholeni; the fuLure of Tnx to grasp, is THN'^ or tnX"'.
3. Pattahh in the ultimate is as in perfect verbs commonly prolonged
to Kamets before sulfixes. where Hholem would be rejected, n^nx Prov.
4:6. C!ii:nc^ 2 Kin. 1U:14, CjDndX 2 Sam. 22:43, ^Jibxc Isa. 45:11,
"'Dins-; Ge'n'. 29: 32.
4. The feminine plurals of the Niphal and Piel futures have Pattahh
with the second radical whether tliis be "^ or another guttural, njbnsn
Ezek.7:27, njsnffin Prov. 6:27, n::>-in Ezek. 16:6, tnjsxjn Hos. 4:13,
but Tsere occasionally in pause, n:~in?:n Jer. 9 : 17.
§119. 1. With these exceptions the vowel accompanying the guttural
is the same as in tiie perfect verb ; thus the Kal preterite mid. e : -nx
Gen. 27 : 9. r;qnx Deut. 15 : 16; infinitive pi?T 1 Sam. 7 : S. anp Jer. 15 -s",
with Malvkei)!'i! "nns 1 Kin. 5:20; Niphal'infinitive. r^hkrj Ex. 17:10,
with suffixes. ?|?~>^n 2 Cliron. 16: 7, S, with prefixed 3, nhsj Judg. 11 :25,
bsc: 1 Sam. 20: 6 28. and once anomalously with prefixed X. 1^~~X Ezek.
14: 3 (a like substitution of X for n occurring once in the Hiphil preterite,
:-«nbx5X Isa. 63:3); future cn^';' Ex. 14:14, with Vav conversive,
: 0X12^1 Job 7 : 5, bn;3»l Ex. 32 : 1, pyri Judg. 6 : 34, inrni Ex. 9 : 15,
ynsni Num. 22 : 25. or with the accent on the penult, nn^fi Ex. 17 : 8,
cykni Gen. 41:8; imperative, Bni^n 1 Sam. 18 : 17, or with the accent
thrown back, n-icn Gen. 13:9; Hiphil infinitive. Vi^nn 1 Sam. 27:12,
ptinn Gen. 21: 16, c^nn Deut. 7:2. apocopated future, cy-i^ 1 Sam.
2: 10. bnp^ 1 Kin. 8; 1 (in the parallel pa.«.«age. 2 Chrnn. 5:2. b-'np::),
rnrn Deut. 9:26, n-iD^ Ps. 12 : 4. with Vav conversive, oyr^D 1 Kin. 22 : 54,
nnrxj Zech. 11:8; imperative, nnpn Ex. 28 : 1. with Makkeph, ■^nin Ps.
81 : li. "pyyn 2 Sam. 20 : 4, "bnpri Deut. 4 : 10, with a pause accent the
last vowel sometimes becomes Pattahh. pnin Job 13 : 21, : iy"!;n Ps. 69:24,
though not always, bnpfn Lev. 8 : 3. Hophal infinitive, ^nnn 2 Kin. 3: 23.
Tsere is commonly retained in the last syllable of the Piel and Hithpael,
which upon the retrocession or loss of the accent is shortened to Soghol,
t-ni Lev. 5:22. ^'ni:^ Hos. 9:2, ptiib Gen. 39:14. "pn-rb Ps. 104:26,
q-n-^ 74 : 10. r'^yJ-'V Gen. 39 : 4, cycnnn Dan. 2:1. ^':'.yrrj 2 Kin. 18 : 23,
and occasionally belbrc .'^ulTixes to Hhirik, C2':i"i3 I.<a. 1:15, :r,ny3T: (fern,
form for ^^rirya^a, §61. 5)1 Sam. 16: 15 but c=^nnb Isa. 30: is, c=r;n:J
^120,121 EEMARKS ON AYIN GUTTURAL VERBS. 157
Ezek. 5 : 16; in a Cew instances, however, as in the perfect verb, Pattahh
is taken instead, thus in the preterite, anb Mai. 3: 19. cnT Ps. 103:13,
pn-i Isa. 6 : 12, \r;nx Deut. 20 : 7, 7\^^ Gen. 24 : 1 {T\^^ rarely occurs ex-
cept in pause), d^Q Isa. 25:11, and more rarely still in the imperative,
an];? Ezek. 37 : 17, and future ^l^n^ Prov. 14: 10, bxjni, i^NSP-] Dan. 1 : 8.
2. ^X'^, which has Kamets in pause, ^^^i ^^S'^- ^^^ most commonly
Tsere before suffixes. Vi^!;^.TU , IS'ibxiT, exliil)its the peculiar forms, cnbi<d
1 Sam. 12:13, : T-ribx^ 1 Sara, l': 20, sin-^nbxa Judg. 13:6, ^n^r.5xu;n
1 Sam. 1 : 28.
3. Kamets Hhatuph sometimes remains before the guttural in the Kal
imperative and infinitive with suffixes or appended n , Dlinx Hos. 9 : 10,
r(^NJ Ruth 3: 13, nox;a Am. 2:4. nipXT: (by §61. 1) Isa. 30: 12, cpn^I^
Deut. 20 : 2 (the alternate form being ci^'nTs' Josh. 22 : 16), nsnn Ex. 30 :" 18,
njTinn Ezek. 8:6. and sometimes is changed to Pattahh. T^p?.,! Isa. 57 : 13,
1:^?^ Ezek. 20:27, nbri^rj Hos. 5 : 2. ni^n N Deut. 10:15, nix^ Jer. 31 : 12,
or with simple Sh'va under the guttural, T'l'^j;^ Ps. 68 : 8. ISi'i 2 Chron.
26: 19. In nirj Num. 23:7, Kamets Hhatuph is lengthened to Hholera
in the simple .syllable. Once the paragogic imperative takes the form
nbxd Isa. 7: 11, comp. •"inb'p, nsriy Dan. 9 : 19, HNET Ps. 41 : 5.
4. Hhirik of the inflected Kal imperative is retained before "i, ^n~iSi
Josh. 9:6, and once before n. Hrrni Job 6: 22; when the first radical is X
it becomes Seghol, ^inx Ps. 31 : 24. "'ITIIN Cant. 2- 15 ; in other cases it
is changed to Pattahh, ""'p^T. Isa. 14:31, ^pi'T, Judg. 10: 14.
§ 120. 1. The compound Sh'va after Kamets Hhatuph is (^.). after
Seghol ( .). in other cases (.J. as is sufficiently shown by the examples
already adduced. Exceptions are rare, "'inx Ruth 3:15, "'"^ndri Ezek.
16: 33. innxn': y'tha'rehu Isa. 44: 13.
2. The letter before the guttural receives compound Sh'va in pIiS'^
Gen. 21:6; in ""Xiyx? Ezek. 9:8, this leads to the prolongation of the
preceding vowel and its expression by the vowel letter N, §11. 1. a. This
fatter form, though without an exact parallel, is thus susceptible of ready
explanation, and there is no need of resorting to the hypothesis of an error
in the text or a confusion of two distinct readings, "iNlUS and ^XCJS.
3. Resh commonly receives simple Sh'va, though it has compound in
some forms of 7)^3, e. g. ^=":i3n Num. 6 : 23, ii-ia Gen. 27: 27.
§121. 1. Upon the omission of Daghesh-forte from the second radical
the previous vowel is always lengthened before "i, almost always before
N, and prevailingly before S, but rarely before M or H. The previous
vowel remains short in nsa to terrify. 033 to provoke, '^'S^ to be few, "lyj
to shake, and pSS to cry. It is sometimes lengthened, though not always,
in "fxa to make 'plain, C)Ni to commit adultery. 'j'ND to despise, tXJ to re-
ject, bxiu to ask ; "i"3 to consume, "s'b to sweep away by a tempest. -?Fi to
abhor ; b?i3 to affright, riris to be dim, blij to lead. It is also lengthened
in Hiip to be dull, which only occurs Eccl. 10: 10. The only instances of
158 ETYMOLOGY. ^122,123
the prolongation of the vowel before n are cnb Pi. jnf Judg. 5: 8. inia Pu.
pret. Ezek. 21: 18, ^h^ Pu. pret.Ps.36: 13, ■'nxn":ir:n Job 9: 30, the first two
of which may, however, be regarded as nouns. Daghesh-lbrte is retained
and the vowel consequently remains short in r/ns EzcU. 16:4. : 1i<~ Job
33:21, unless the point in the latter example is to be regarded as Mappik, §26.
2. When not lengthened. Hhirik of the Piel preterite commonly re-
mains unaltered before the guttural, i^ns Job 15:18. irir^ Jer. 12:10,
though it is in two instances changed to TSeghol, l^nx Judg. 5: 28, "'irnin^
Ps. 51:7.
3. When under the influence of a pause accent the guttural receives
Kamets, a preceding Pattahh is converted to Seghol, §63. 1. a, "'nrniri
Ezek. 5:13, cnpn* Num. 23: 19, mnt^n Num. 8:7.
§122. I. '|D?.]i and 'ti^.'O are Piel forms with the third radical redupli-
cated in place of the second; "n^iHO doubles the second syllable ; and 1-H.M
"2ri Ho.«. 4 : 18, is by the ablest Hebraists regarded as one word, the last
two radicals being reduplicated together with the personal ending, §92. a.
2. ty:i and "^i'O have two forms of the Piel, tjd and ir^ilJ, ^SD and
"ISO, §92.6.; and iryj two forms of the Hithpacl, iilrrsri, lirr5r7 Jer.
46:7.8; 'Y^'^^ Isa. 52:5. follows the analogy of tlie latter; 7X3^ Eccl.
12: 5, is sometimes derived from "j^XJ to despise, as if it were for yx?^ ;
puch a form would however be unexampled. The vowels show it to be
the Hiphil future of y^i or rather ys^ In fnnrish or blossom, the X being
inserted as a vowel letter, §11. I. a. 15Xji3 Isa. 59 : 3. Lam. 4:14 is a
Niphal formed upon the basis of a Pual, §83. c. (2). Ci-^'-in Ezra 10: 16
is an anomalous infinitive from C'n'n , which some regard as Kal, others
as Piel.
Lamedh Guttural Verbs.
§123. Lamedh guttural verbs, or those which have a
guttural for their third radical, are affected by the peculiari-
ties of these letters, § 108, in the following manner, viz. :
1. The vowel preceding the third radical becomes Pat-
tahh in the future and imperative Kal, and in the feminine
plurals of the future and imperative Piel, Hiphil, and Hith-
pacl, nSc''.
2. Tsere preceding the third radical, as in the Piel and
Tlitlipael and in some forms of the other species, may either
be changed to Pattahh or retained ; in the latter case the
guttural takes Pattahh-furtivc, § 17, after the long heteroge-
neous vowel, e. g. n'iis^ or nl?c^ .
§124 LAMEDH GUTTURAL VERBS. 159
3. Hliirik of the Hiphil species, Hholem of the Kal and
Niphal infinitives, and Shurek of the Kal passive participle,
suffer no change before the final guttural, which receives a
Pattahh-furtive, n^'pcn , n'':o .
4. The guttural retains the simple Sh'va of the perfect
verb before all afformatives beginning wdih a consonant,
though compound Sh'va is substituted for it before suffixes,
which are less closely attached to the verb, rin^Ti? , ^nbTU .
5. AVhen, however, a personal afforraative consists of a
single vowelless letter, as in the second feminine singular of
the preterite, the guttural receives a Pattahh-furtive to aid in
its pronunciation without sundering it from the affixed ter-
mination, r^nS-ij .
a. Some grammarians regard this as a Palrahh inserted between the
guttural and the final vowelless consonant by §61. 2, and accordingly pro-
nounce PinHid shalahhnt instead of shala''hht. But as these verbs do
not suffer even a compound Sh'va to be inserted before the affixed per-
sonal termination, it is scarcely probable that a full vowel would be ad-
mitted. And the Daghesh-lene in the final Tav and the Sh'va under it
show that the preceding vowel sign is not Pattahh but Pattahh-furtive,
§ 17. a.
6. There is no occasion in these verbs for the application
of the rule requiring the omission of Daghesh-forte from the
gutturals.
§ 124. The inflections of Lamedh guttural verbs may be
represented by nriij to send. The Pual and Hophal, which
agree with perfect verbs except in the Pattahh-furtive of the
second feminine preterite and of the absolute infinitive, are
omitted from the paradigm. The Hithpael of this verb does
not occur, but is here formed from analogy, the initial sib-
ilant being transposed with n of the prefix, according to
§82.5.
a. Instead of the Niphal infinitive absolute with prefixed n, which
does not happen to occur in any verb of this class, the alternate form with
prefixed 3, §91. h, is given in the paradigm, n'^iUD being in actual use.
Paradigm of Lamedh Guttural Verbs.
rniMIIL. HITHPAEL.
Peet, 3 w.
-b'j:
- T
8/.
nnb'^
2 m.
nnb'^
2/
: — T
1 c.
• ; " r
Plur. 3 c.
^nb'iij
2 m.
Dnnb"^
2/
■n-biij
1 c.
^:nb't:
nb'OpD
nrib'i'D
T : ; •
nrb'iJD
T ; - ; •
^nb'ij?
Dn-b-iJD
",rir;b'i3p
nlbTD n^bizjn nVrjin
Ml 1^ a;
r ;
r : - •
Dn-buj
rrbu;-
T ; - ; •
pi-brn
Dri~b'^n
■3^"b'^"n
I II I i-i-\Ln
riM^ri'tr'n
T ; - - ; •
T-b'n-ypn
cn-brr»rn
"nhbri'i'n
■IJi i>)^» t -l.i i^i^ia.1 I
isFi^.Absoi. nibiz: rjBTrp nsd . nb'ijn
co«sir. nb'jj nb^sn nVjj n"bcjn
*';'
nir'n
nbuj;^
nb'rri
nbir'n
•nbpn
^^^^?
^nb'^p:
3/ HDnbcn
2 m. ^nb'^n
2/ nanbirn
T : " : •
1 c. nb'jj]
Fpt. 3 TO,
3/
2 m.
2/
Ic.
PZwr. 3 m.
nb'^n
T ; - T • T : - - :
r : - T • T : - - ;
" T V
^nb'j^^
'-■bx'Fi
^-'b:r:
nrMb^'n
<i
"nbn-jfn
nbrioJ!^
T : - - : •
^nbnirn
Impeb. 2 m. TOW
2/ \bt
Plur. 2 m. ^flb'j;
2/ n^nbTs
nb'^
nbir
- T •
n:nbi2n ruriw
^!nbnu:n
» I.I
Part. Act. nbiO
Paw. n^bifl
nlb^a-j n"5iD-j nbriii^j
nbu:3
160
§125,120 REMARKS ON LAMEDH GUTTURAL VERBS. ICl
Remarks on Lamedii Guttural Verbs.
§125. 1. The Kal future and imperative have Pattahh without exception ;
in one instance the K'thibh inserts l . mbox Jer. 5 : 7, where the K'ri is
~n^px . The vowel a is retained before suffixes, remaining short in nr:i3
Arn. 9:1, but usually lengthened to Kamets, rj^irp?:;';! 2 Chron. 21:17,
""lyr':: Gen. 23:11. In the paragogic imperative a may be retained,
nnyo , iirrd Dan. 9: 19. or rejected, and Hhirik given to the first radical,
-nsriii Job 32 : 10, nnbd Gen. 43 : 8. Hhirik appears in r,^z-Q Gen. 25 : 31,
but verbs whose last radical is i commonly take Kamets Hliatuph like
perfect verbs both before paragogic n^, and suffixes, "rrn^d 1 Chron.
29 : 18, cnrjD Prov. 3:3.
2. The Kal infinitive construct mostly has o, 'S%zh Jon. 2:1, : Jfi?^
Num. 17:28, "ira Isa. 54:9. rarely a, r^',y Isa. 58:9, ri5 Num. 20: 3,
TjniTTa 1 Sam. 15: 1. With a feminine ending, the fir.st syllable takes
Kamets Hhatuph, f^f^~3 Zeph. 3:11; so sometimes before suffixes, InST
2 Sam. 15:12. 'V'O'C Neh. 1:4. cipyr^ Josh. 6:5, but more commonly
Hhirik. Crpa Am.'l : 13, i:i':3 Num.' 35: 19, inrs Neh. 8:5, rarely Pat-
tahh, ^\'J^1 Ezek. 25:6. "
3. Most verbs with final ^ haveHholem in the Kal future and impera-
tive. But such as have middle e in the preterite take Pattahh, §S2. 1. a ;
and in addition the following, viz.: ~i:x to shut, ^lax to say. ""nti to /i 071011 r,
^^n to grow pale, ^rj to shake, ~iys' to be rich, '^n^ to entreat, "it:a to slip
away, 'i:iQ to press, ^z':i to drink or he dninken. The following have
Pattahh or Hholem, "iTa to decree, "Ti? to vow, "i:Jp3 fut. 0, to reap, fut. a,
to be short.
§ 126. 1. Tsere is almost always changed to Pattahh before the guttnral
in the preterite, infinitive construct, future and imperative; but it is re-
tained and Pattahh-furtive given to the guttural in pause, and in t,he in-
finitive absolute and participle which partake of the character of nouns
and prefer lengthened forms. Thus, Niphal : infin. constr.. "rirn Eslh.
2:8, nran Isa. 51 : 14, future, niir^ Ps. 9:19. '.v^jr}"^ Job 17 : 3.' impera-
tive, even in pause, nixri. Piel: preterite, n!ra Lev. 14:8. S;'75 2 Chron.
34 : 4. infin. constr., r^3 Hab. 1:13. r|3 Lam. 2 : 8, future, n^E^ Job 16:13,
:ri?rn 2 Kin. 8: 12, •,'l3'^5n Deut. 7: 5." imperative, n^d Ex. 4:23. Hiphil :
apocopated future, ni:^;^ 2 Kin. 18:30, fut. with Vav conversive, yi^T]
Judg. 4:23, fem. plur.,' t^3"3n Ps. 119:171, imperative, shin Ps. 86:' 2,
and even in pause, n^sn 1 Kin. 22 : 12. Hithpael: yli-rn Prov. 17:14,
^i-^:"^ Dan. 11:40, fiinirn Ps. 106:47; this species sometimes has
Kamets in its pausal forms' !i:"p2rn Josh. 9: 13, :r^2rn Ps. 107 : 27. On
the other hand, the absolute infinitives: Piel. nbd Deut. 22 : 7, Hiphil,
ii25n Isa. 7:11, Hophal. ri.^^n Ezek. 16:4. Participles: Kal. ri.2 Deut.
23:52, but occasionally in the construct state with Pattahh, rrib P.s. 94: 9.
yi-i Isa. 51:15, Sp-\ Isa. 42:5, roa Lev. 11:7, Piel, nat^ 1 Kin. 3:*3,
Hithpael, yjinil^a 1 Sam. 21 : 15, Tsere is retained before suffixes of the
second person instead of being either changed to Pattahh or as in perfect
11
1G2 ETYMOLOGY. '^1:27,128
verbs shortened to Seghol, Pi. inf. const. Tin|d Deut. 15: 18, fut. ?jr!.|"rx
Gen. 31 : 21. There is one instance of Pattahh in the Hiphil inf. const.,
nsin Job 6 : 26.
2. In verbs with final ^ Pattahh takes the phice of Tsere for the most
part in the Picl preterite (in pause Tsere), and frequently in the Hithpael
(in pause Kamets) ; but Tsere (in pause Tsere or Pattahh, §65. a) is com-
monly retained elsewhere, lio Ps. 76:4, :i3u5 Ex. 9 : 25, "I'^nrn Prov.
25 : 6, ■';ixr?n Ps. 93 : 1, irs;; Gen. 22 : 14, -inx^ Gen. 10 : 19. : "ij^rn Zeph.
2 : 4. Two verbs have Seghol in the Piel preterite, "li^ (in pause, "i^")
and -les.
§ 127. 1. The (Tuttiiral almost always has Patlahh-furtivc in the second
fern. sing, of the pretcriie, nr7:C' Ruth 2:8, :nrro Ezek. 16:28. nrjn
Esth. 4 : 14. rinb^n Ezek. 16: 4, .scarcely ever simple Sh'va. Rnj?? 1 Kin.
14:3. nn:a Jer. 13:5, and never Pattahh (which might arise from the
concurrence of consonants at the end of a word, §61.2), unless in rn)rb
Gen. 30: 5, and '^riDb Gen, 20: 16, the former of which admits of ready
explanation as a construct infinitive, and the latter may be a Niphal par-
ticiple in the feminine singular, whether it be understood as in the common
English version "sAe icas reprored" or it is adjudged (i. e. ']usl\y due
as a compensation) to thee ; the latest authorities, however, prefer to
render it lliou art judged, i. e. justice is done thee by this indemnification.
Pattahh is once inserted before the abbreviated termination of the feminine
plural imperative, ')?^UJ Gen. 4: 23 for ^'^"sj^^. .
2. The guttural takes compound instead of simple Sh'va before suf-
fixes, not only when it stands ai the end of the verb, ^>.:^ Num. 24: 11,
f|y2b7 Prov. 25 : 17, but also in the first plural of the preterite, r,5i:riru
Ps.^44 : 18 (!i3n = d ver. 21), ctiisn^ Isa. 59 : 12, W^b'^a Ps. 35 : 25, tiiis-jT'in
2 Sam. 21:6, finr'rTgd Ps. 132:6; i retains simple Sh'va before all per-
sonal terminations and suffixes, ri"iax Judg. 4:20, niniax Mai. 1 : 7, c=-;:3
Josh. 4 : 23.
3. In a ^evj exceptional cases the letter before the guttural receives
compound Sh'va, nybsN Isa. 27 : 4, "nnj^b Gen. 2 : 23.
§128. The Hiphil infinitive construct once has the feminine ending nl,
r^-"T:rn Ezek. 24:26; nj-n^SPl Ezek. 10:50 (or ^jnasp] perhaps owes
its anomalous form to its being assimilated in termination to the following
word, which is a Lamedh He verb. In np'iTJ Am. S : 8 K'thibh for nr;rC3
the guttural V is elided, §53. 3.
Pe Nun (fs) Verbs.
. §129. Nun, as tlic first radical of verbs, has two peou-
liarities, viz. :
1. At the end of a syhable it is assimilated to the fol-
§130 PE NUN VERBS. 163
lowing consonant, the two letters being writ-e i as one, and
the doubhng indicated by Daghesh-forte. This occurs in the
Kal future, Niphal preterite and participle, end in the Hiphil
and Hophal species throughout ; thus, ty.-' becomes TIJ5.)^ ,
written t^i^ so ©53 for r^:?, tj-'in for ©-^srn. In the
Hophal, Kamets Hhatuph becomes Kibbuts before the
doubled letter, § 61. 5, liJin for ty.n .
2. In the Kal imperative with Pattahh it is frequently
dropped, its sound being easily lost from the beginning of a
syllable when it is without a vowel, ^k for Toi? , § 53. 2. A
like rejection occurs in the Kal infinitive construct of a few
verbs, the abbreviation being in this case compensated by
adding the feminine termination ti ; thus, Ti'^i for r^iri (by
§ 63. 2. «), the primary form being tJis .
a. In the Indo-European languages likewise, n is frequently conformed
to or affected by a following consonant, and in certain circumstances it is
liable to rejection, e. g. iyypdcfxD, c/x/3aXAaj, o-varpicfiu).
§ 130. 1. The inflections of Pe Nan verbs may be repre-
sented by tJip to approach. In the Plel, Pual, and Hithpael,
they do not differ from perfect verbs. The last column of
the paradigm is occupied by the Kai species of "Jt^J to give^
which is peculiar in assimilating its .ast as well as its first
radical, and in having Tsere in the iriure.
a. The Kal of 11:53 is used only in the infinitive, future, and imperative,
the preterite and participle being supplied by the Niphal, which has sub-
stantially the same sense: the missing pans are in the paradigm supplied
from analogy.
6. The future of "jsnj has Pattahh in one instance before Makkeph,
"IfJ? Judg. 16 : 5.
Paradkim of r
E Nun \
ERBS.
KAL.
NIPIIAL.
mpniL.
nOPHAL.
KAL.
Fret. 3 m.
— T
^'33
ir-sn
'C3m
)t)3
3/
1 ta.'ru
T : •
T ' •
» iw^it
2 m.
T ; — r
n-rs:
^T'^^^r*
Piw 5"
T — T
2/
n-jj2
^'^'^.
nwi>n
T'Citn
nn:
1 c.
• : -T
^r-^'i:
TtlTl
"riw'in
^nn:
Plur. 3 c.
; IT
vc>:
vi^iiM
•iwiin
^;n:
2 m.
C3J;^'^^'3
Dnw"s2
DTi'din
Driwrii^
nrr.:
2/
"l^tl'?
■ri'^'^;
"iri"ii'itt7
"itn'^r^rr
•nr;
le.
: — T
nIw^Z
I'wriri
^c-iin
— T
Infix. Atmol.
T
T •
■C^ILI
"|in:
Constr.
T'CS
■•T •
nn
FuT. 3 »i.
t.V
li-r
"cr
1^"
3/.
^jn
■c:.rn
"T •
"*r"i<n
"CSSTI
"p]r^
2 TO.
TTsri
"T •
■csn
■r,n
2/.
^icsn
^ir":cn
^"c-in
^•i:":in
'ir^ii
Ic.
'JJ3.^
"T V
■C'iiS^
"CiiJ^
"(PIX
P?Mr. 3 TO.
siirr
; IT •
^'C'll
vcr.:'
^:n"
3/
Mripin
Mr^'irn
^3"^'^^
1 ).u.^iyi
(nrnn)
2 TO.
vi-sn
vc."n
vc"n
vj:"3n
^:nn
2/
MlwySTl
rii'crtin
t^r^'r)^
ni'iT 3ri
(^^ni?)
1 c.
■C35
••T •
"C"33
n
ImPER. 2 TO.
ri
"Cjin
"c^ri
"j^
2/.
-ia
"b':.:n
^T'Slj
wanting
^fpi
Plur. 2 7».
VvTr*
vr:i-n
vr-n
SIDD
2/
T : —
n"^r!^r5
1 1''^^« 1
1
(^?^)
Part. Act.
'^'■i?
*>r*it"^
l^'=
Pass.
T
T •
T \
■j^nD
IG-i
§131,132 REMARKS ON PE NUN VERBS. 165
Remarks on Pe Nun Verbs.
§ 131. 1. If the second radical be a guttural or a vowel letter, Nun be-
comes strong by contrast and is not liable to rejection or assimilation,
bri? Num. 34: 18, JriJ 2 Kin. 4:24, ^ihrt Gen. 24:48, iiniix Ex. 15:2.
It is, however, always assimilated in nti: the Niphal preterite of cns to
repent, and occasionally in rn: to descend, e. g. rn;^ Jer. 21 : 13, nn:n
Prov. 17: 10, inns Ps. 38: 3 bat pn:n ibid., rnin Joel 4: 11.
2. Before other consonants the rule for assimilation is observed with
rare exceptions, viz. : ; >lJry2n Isa. 58 : 3, Ti^rn Ps. G8 : 3, ^112?'^ Jer. 3 : 5,
mssii Deut. 33: 9 (and occasionally elsewhere), -ni^:^ Job 40 : 24. i^iEpj^
Isa.' 29: 1, rpri:^] Ezek. 22: 20, bcrb (|br -2:?:^) Num. 5:22, ?i^^r3 (for
?",n^:r]3 with Daghesh-forte separative, §24. 5) Isa. 33: 1, >ipri:n Judg.
20^:31.'
3. Nun is commonly rejected from the Kal imperative with a, Tl'a
2 Sam. 1 : 15 (once before Makkeph, "CS Gen. 19: 9, in plural viJJ I Kin.
18:30 and rra Josh. 3:9), "brJ Ex. 3:5, rj Job 1 : 11, irp Deui. 2:24,
ins Ezek. 37 : 9, "n;rr ■) Gen. 27 : 20, though it is occasionally retained,
sirUD 2 Kin. 19:29, NC2 Ps. 10: 12, or by a variant orthography, n03 Ps.
4: 7 but always elsewhere N'i . In imperatives with o, and in Lamedh He
verbs which have e in the imperative. Nun is invariably retained. 'C'ii'i
Prov. 17: 14, ^iS3 Ps. 24; 14, rp: Num. 31:2, yn? Ps. 58:7, nip: Gen.
30:27, na3 Ex. 8: 1.
4. The rejection of Nun from the Kal construct infinitive occurs in but
few verbs; viz.: ry:5 (with suffix, iFi'ra) from isaj, nns from HDj, r?a
(twice) and 533 from ra3 , rra (once) and ^h} from r-jj , Nirj has rX"^
(by §60. 3. c), with the preposition b , nxirb by §57. 2. (3), once r\b
(§53. 3) Job 41 : 17, once without the feminine ending, Nvi Ps. 89: 10, and
twice n'C3 ; 'Pj has commonly rn (for r:Pi), with suffixes ■'nn, but "jhs
Num. 20:21, and ",r3 Gen. 38:9.
5. The absolute infinitive Niphal appears in the three forms 'p\^ Jer.
32 : 4, r|^3rj Ps. 68 : 3, and rjiaj Judg. 20 : 39. .
6. The H of the prefix in the Hithpael species is in a few instances
assimilated to the first radical, §82. 5. a, '^npnsri Ezek. 5:13, "'nxisn
Ezek. 37: 10, Jer. 23: 13, Nii;|n Num. 24 : 7, Dan.''ll: 14, ! f NSri Isa. 52: 5.
§132. 1. The last radical of '!n3 is assimilated in the Niphal ae well as
in the Kal species, Cirns Lev. 26:25. The final Nun of other verbs re-
mains without assimilation, t^3s:i , FiSDir, npiia. In 2 Sam. 22:41 Prn is
for nnnj which is found in the parallel passage Ps. 18:41. 'Pin 1 Kin.
6: 19, 17 : 14 K'thibh, is probably, as explained by Ewald, the Kal con-
struct infinitive without the feminine ending ("n) prolonged by reduplica-
tion, which is the case with some other short words, e. g. i"s^ from "I'O.
•^n'^'O for ■''O ; others regard it as the infinitive PP with the 3 fern. plur. sufTix
or with "( paragogic ; Gesenius takes it to be, as always elsewhere iliu
lOG ETYMOLOGY. §133,134.
2 masc. eing. of the Kal future, nin Ps. 8:2, is the Kal infin., comp.
nnn Gen. 46: 3, not the 3 fem. sing. pret. for nsr: (Nordiieimer). nor the
imperative with paragogicJi^, as nin is always to be explained elsewhere.
2. The peculiarities of Pe Nun verbs are shared by rj^5 lo take, whose
first railical is assimilated or rejected in the same manner as 3. Kal inf.
const, rnp (with j)rep. b, rnirb, lo be distinguished liom Pri^b 2 fern,
sing. pret.). once "rnp^ (by §6(1. 3. r) 2 Kin. 12:9, with snltixes "'Pn;?,
Alt. nf?-;. imper. Pp, ^n-p rarely n;?b, "'npb, Hoph. fut. Ti?"' , but Niph.
pret. n;5'53. In Hos. 11:3 cnf3 is the masculine infinitive with the suffi.K
for cnnj? ; the same form occurs without a suffix, np^ Ezek. 17:5, or this
may be explained with Gesenius as a preterite for n;rb .
3. In Isa. 64 : 5 b^il has the form of a Hiphil future from bb's. but the
eense shows it to be from bnj for bsri. Daghesh-forte being omitted and
the previous vowel lengthened in consequence, §59. a.
Ayin Doubled {W) Verbs.
§133. The imperfect verbs, thus far considerecl, differ''
from tlie perfect verbs either in the vowels alone or in the
consonants alone ; those which follow, differ in butli vowels
and consonants, §107, and conscqnently depart much more
seriously from the standard paradigm. The widest diver-
gence of all is fonnd in the Ayin doubled and Ayin Vav
verbs, in both of which the root gives up its dissyllabic
character and is converted into a monosyllable ; a common
feature, which gives rise to many striking resemblances and
even to an occasional interchange of forms.
§134. 1. In explaining the hificctions peculiar to Ayin
doubled verbs, it will be most convenient to separate the in-
tensi\e sj)ecies Piel and Pual with their derivatixe the Hith-
pacl from the other four. That which gives rise to all their
peculiar forms in the Kal, Niphal, Hiphil, and llophal
species, is the disposition to avoid the repetition of the same
sound by uniting the two similar radicals and giving the in-
tervening vowel to the previous letter, thus, io for 3?9>
::6for nno§G1.3.
2. In the Kal species this contraction is optional in the
preterite; it is rare in the infinitive absolute though usual in
§135 AYIN DOUBLED VERBS. 167
the construct, and it never occurs in the participles. With
these exceptions, it is universal in the species already named,
§135. This contraction produces certain changes both in
the vowel, which is thrown back, and in that of the preced-
ing syllable.
1. When the first radical has a vowel (pretonic Kamets,
§ 82. 1), as in the Kal preterite and infinitive absolute, and
in the Niphal infinitive, future and imperative, this is simply
displaced by the vowel thrown back from the second radical,
thus nio , no , niio , 2b ; nn^sn , niDn ; nnsn , nsn .
2. When the first radical ends a mixed syllable as in the
Kal future, the Niphal preterite, and throughout the Hiphil
and Hophal, this will be converted into a simple syllable by
the shifting of the vowel from the second radical to the first,
whence arise the following mutations :
In the Kal future 229;^ becomes 261 with ^ in a simple
syllable, contrary to §18.2. This may, howxver, be con-
verted into a mixed syllable by means of Daghesh-forte, and
the short vowel be retained, thus 25;! ; or the syllable may
remain simple and the vowel be lengthened from Hliirik to
Tsere, §59, thus, in verbs fut. a, "I'a.'i for *iVT: \ or as the
Hliirik of this tense is not an original vowel but has arisen
from Sh'va, §85.2.«(l),it may be neglected and a, the simplest
of the long vowels, given to the preforraative, which is the
most common expedient, thus 26;: . The three possible
forms of this tense are consequently 2d;;' , 2©;' and '^"k'^, .
In the Niphal preterite 22cd becomes by contraction 26; .
In a few verbs beginning with n the short vowel is retained
in an intermediate syllable, thus in? for inn; -, in other cases
Hhirik is lengthened to Tsere, inD for linD , or as the Hhirik
is not essential to the form but has arisen from Sh'va,
§ 82. 2, it is more frequently neglected, and Kamets, the
simplest of the long vowels, substituted in .its place, thus 203 .
The forms of this tense are, therefore, 265 , "jn? , nnp .
In the Hiphil and Hophal species the vowels of the pre-
1G3 ETYMOLOGY. ^ 13G
fixed n arc characteristic and essential. Tliey must, there-
fore, either be retained by inserting Daghesh-forte in the first
radical, or be simply lengthened ; no other vowel can be sub-
stituted for them, ncn for ^^ion , 2e: or 26-^ for n^io] , nsn
(Kibbuts before the doubled letter by §01. 5) or so'in for
lion .
3. The vowel, which is tlu-own back from the second radi-
cal to the first, stands no longer before a single consonant, but
before one which, though single in appearance, is in reality
equivalent to two. It is consequently subjected to the com-
pression which affects vowels so situated, §61. 4. Thus, in
the Niphal future and imperative Tsere is compressed to
Pattahh, sdo;', 26^ ; nncn, nsn (comp. ^p, P'r^P) though it
remains in the infinitive which, partaking of the character of
a noun, ])rcfers longer forms. So in the liiphil long Hhirik
is compressed to Tsere, ^^^icn, son (comp. ^"^ip;), n:bi:ppi).
§13G. Although the letter, into w^liich the second and
third radicals have been contracted, represents two con-
sonants, the doubling cannot be made to appear at the end
of the word. But
1 . \\1ien in the course of inflection a vowel is added, the
letter receives Daghesh-forte, and the preceding vowel, even
where it would be drop])ed in perfect verbs, is retained to
make the doubling possible, and hence preserves its accent,
§33.1, n3D, ^zz:.
2. Upon the addition of a personal ending which begins
with a consonant, the utterance of the doubled letter is aided
by inserting one of the di])hthongal vowels, o (i) in the
preterite, and e ( ■>..) in the future. By the dissyllabic append-
age thus formed the accent is carried forward, § 3.2, and
the previous part of the word is shortened in consequence
as much as possible, sen, ri'icn; nb;', "•■•^cn .
3. Wlien by the o])eration of the rules already given,
§135. 2, the first radical has been doubled, the reduplica-
tion of the last radical is frequently omitted in order to
§137,138 AYIN DOUBLED VERBS. 169
relieve the word of too many doubled letters. In this case
the retention of the vowel before the last radical, contrary to
the analogy of perfect verbs, and the insertion of a vowel
after it, are alike unnecessary, and the accent takes its accus-
tomed position, '^D'? , !"'?3Bri .
§137. The Piel, Pual, and Ilithpael sometimes preserve
the regular form, as bjiT) , b'jn , bjnnn . The triple repetition
of the same letter thus caused is in a few instances avoided,
however, by reduplicating the contracted root with appro-
priate vowels, as tjCDO , 'J^'ppnn . Or more commonly, the
reduplication is given up and the idea of intensity conveyed
by the simple prolongation of the root, tlie long vowel
Hliolem being inserted after the first radical for this purpose,
as sdiD , bSiinn .
§ 138. In the following paradigm the inflections of Ayin
doubled verbs are shown by the example of nno to surround.
The Pual is omitted, as this species almost invariably follows
the inflections of the perfect verb ; certain persons of the
Hoplial, of which there is no example, are likewise omitted.
An instance of Piel, with the radical syUable reduplicated, is
given in tfODO to excite.
a. The Hithpael of ;^0 does not actually occur ; but it is in the para-
digm formed from analogy, the initial sibilant being transposed with the n
of the prefix, agreeably to §82. 5.
h. In his Manual Lexicon, Gesenius gives to T|t3=p the meaning to
arm, but the best authorities prefer the definition subsequently introduced
by him into his Thesaurus, to excite.
Paradigm
OF Ayin
KAL.
NIPUAL.
PIEL.
Pret. 3 m.
— T
-?
1C3
— T
1110
3/
niio
ft »^W
T —
T — r
niiio
T ; 1
2 m.
(^^^v)
T —
nine]
T — ;
niiio
T ; —
2/
(^T^V)
niio
niicp
rii^^'s
Ic.
'^'7^9
^niio
^niziDp
^niiio
Plur. 3 c.
; IT
^no
— T
lii-o
2 171.
(cf)???)
cnino
cj;}"^'^??
criii-io
2/
(1!?~?)
itli-?
1^'-??
■pii'o
1 c.
; — T
^:iio
^:inc:
121110
IXFIN. .'IfooZ.
T
.1
-0
liin
liio
C07hst)'.
.1
--9
.1
10
-^"
liio
FuT. 3 »i.
T
n&i
-^!
-ii^l
3/
nin
T
I'in
i^n
liicn
2 TO.
ncn
T
.1
isn
-I'^in
2/
T
-icn
^isn
"ii-^bn
• : 1 :
1 c.
T
-^
-^^
Ir"^^
PZ«r. 3 7)1.
T
•'-9:
iins:
liiio^
3/.
i^r^9^
T ; •
n^iiuri
ririnon
T ; •■ :
2 «i.
^isn
^ZtV)
izi-cn
2/.
T ;
T ; — •
r::ii"cn
1 c.
nD5
T
ns?
ns3
~i^^}
Imper. 2 «i.
rb
-^n
liio
2/
"no
.^'.'
'—'?
PZ«r. 2 «!.
^SD
^nsr;
idi^o
2/
T V ■..
nrisn
T ; ••
Part. Act.
-r^
lilc'J
Pass.
r
1C3
^ TT
170
Doubled
Verbs.
HIPUIL.
HOPHAL. "
HITHPAEL.
PIEL.
—Cm
ncn
uiircr;
t]D::o
s^^in
T —
j-jinincn
T : 1 : •
T : : •
nincn
nniiFiCn
T : — : •
nincri
nnzincn
n::c50
^n^scn
^n^iincn
TCC5D
^^cri
sQo^n
: 1 : •
^i:£5D
cnincn
dnnnincn
on^cio
it^'^^M
innnipcn
'^^??P
^:^ncq
^ijiirpr;
^;x5p
nt-
T]6?3
-^n
siin;?ri
T]D5p
-^:
nc^^
^=i^'p?:
'^P?^t
^cn
no^n
niincn
^^??^
ncn
nc^n
niinDn
^^T^^
^^cn
^ic^n
^inipcn
• : 1 : •
'5?r?J^
:^c^
nc^.s
^i'iriP^
t|c::py|
^:^c:
^ncv
: 1 : •
^iCyC^
nricn
niniincn
nrscscn
^^cn
^:nc^n
iiinipcn
^icpcn
^r^^n
r;:niincn
n:::c3Dn
^t=
nc^5
^;^^i^P?
^^T??
-?0
niipcri
=1?95
^^io
wautrng
• : 1 : •
'Pv?C
^^?o
^nnircn
^ippo
j^r^^q
njniinpn
^t'^t?
^?"^
T
nninc-j
=1^???
171
172 ETYMOLOGY. §139,140
Remarks on Ayin Doubled Verbs.
§ 139. 1. The uncontractod and the contracted forms of the Kal preter-
ite are used with perliaps equal frequency in the third person;' the Ibrmer
is rare in the first i)orson, "'n'crj Zech. 8: U. 15, i:n3 Deut. 2:35. and
there are no examples ol' it in the second; I3"i Gen. ■19:23 and lai Job
24 : 24 are preterites with Hiioleni, §82. 1. In Ps. 1 18:11, "^jn^^D-ca ■'riSO
the uncontracted is added to the contracted form for the sake of greater
emphasis. Compound Sh'va is sometimes used witii these verhs instead
of simple to make its vocal character more distinct, §16. 1. 6, 1535 Gen.
29 : 3, 8, !|^bs Ex. 15 : 10, r^^'^k^ isa. 64: 10, ■'333 Gen. 9 : 14, 12=pn" Num.
23:25.
2. The following are examples of the contracted infinitive absolute,
Sp Num. 23:25, biiJ Ruth 2:16, lie Isa. 24:19, nrH (with a para-
gogic termination) ibid.; of the uncontracted, liix, 1133, 'isn , C|'E^ ,
Vths, nins, ni'iO; of the infinitive construct, tu and Ta, 330 and 30 ,
D0"3, 'iT.y , tin, cri . once with U as in Ayin Vav verbs, i!13 Ec.cles. 9: 1,
and occasionally with a, "T] Isa. 45: 1, T]'J Jer. 5: 20, ens (with 3 plur.
6uf) Eccl. 3 : 18, 0333^ Isa. 30: 18 (njjn Ps. 102 : 14); c^nb Isa. 17 : 14,
tliough sometimes explained as the noun crb with the suffix their bread,
is tlie infinitive of CT2ti to grow warm; Dvrs Gen. 6 : 3 Eng. ver. for that
also, as if compounded of the prep. 3, the abbreviated relative and C3, is
by the latest authorities regarded as the infinitive of aai;3 in their erring ;
iln Job 29:3 has Hhirik before the suffix. The feminine termination ri
is appended to the following infinitives, niin Ps. 77 : 10, Job 19: 17, m'fed
Ezek. 36 : 3. t)21 Ps. 17 : 3. The imperative, which is always contracted,
has mostly Hholem. 3b. ni^ and ct but sometimes Pattahh. hi Ps. 119:22
(elsewhere bj), n:3 Ps. 80 : 16. Fiirst regards rn as a contracted par-
ticiple from nnn . analagous to the Ayin Vav form cj? .
3. The following uncontracted forms occur in the Kal future. '|3ti^ Am.
5:15, Tii7 and lin from inj ; in the Niphal, 33|7 Job 11:12; Hiphil,
cirn ]\Iic. 6: 13, 0-'h-::-q Ezek. 3 : 15, "'rnnni Jer. 49 : 37, and constantly
in "jin and bi^ ; Hophal, *i^^ Job 20:8 Irom Tnj . In a few instances
the repetition of the same letter is avoided by the substitution of N for
the second radical, floxa^ = iiopB';' Ps. 58:8 and perhaps also Job 7:5,
n^x^^: = -\nln^i3 Ezek. 28 : 24. LeV. 13:51, 52. -]^Cxr = r|"'DDiy Jer. 30: 16
K'thiMi. Comp. in Syriac woj? part, of w£> . According to the Rabbins
:ixt3 = !in3 Isa. IS : 2, but see Alexander in loc.
§110. 1. Examples of different forms of the Kal fiiture : (1) With
Daghesh-forte in the first radical, C^"^ , nsx, 35% np^, cii--;!, c'n^ ; or
with a as the second vowel, hys"^ , "lai, i'l^ri?. (2) With Tsere under the
personal prefix, crt;; , nn;j, i^"^, T^"^"*, . bpn, isn"; . e being once written
by means of the vowel letter "^ . cn^'X . (3) With Kamets under the
personal prefix, "jn^, 3D^, t5^, "is^ , p"i^, sn^, H^'^ > ^^'^ occurs once
with fut. a, in"' Prov. 27: 17. With Vav Conversive the accent is drawn
^ 140 REMARKS ON AYIN DOUBLED VERBS. 175
back to the simple penult syllable in this form of the future, and Hholem
is consequently shortened, §64. 1, T5^, Ta^l, '^'R] , ^Ot-j "I'^t- • There
are a few examples of u in the i'uture as in Ayin Vav verbs, 'y\'~\'^^ Prov.
29:6, 7^n; Isa. 4^:4, Eccles. 12:6, onn Ezek. 24: 11 and perhaps is;;
Gen. 49 : 19, Hab. 3: 16, IliB;;' Ps. 91 : 6,'though Gesenius assumes the ex-
istence of l^a and "l^lia as distinct roots from "lij and TniU .
2. The Niphal preterite and participle: (l) With Hhirik under the
prefi.xed 3. nin^? Job 20 : 28, bns , nn: , nri?. (2) With Tsere under the
prefix, ^T\}p_z Jer. 22:23, ciVn; Mai. 3:9, D^ans Isa. 57:5. (3) With
Kamets under the prefix, -03, bpj , "inj, ^ij ; sometimes the repetition
of like vowels in successive syllables is avoided by exchanging a of the
last syllable for Tsere. bf:3 and bj^S, oij and O^D , 11303 Ezek. 26:2,
or for Hholem as in Ayin Vav verbs, 1-133, j'Sj Eccl. 12:6, 5|.t33 Am.
3:11, sitiaj Nah. 1 : 12, !l^53 Isa. 34 : 4.
3. The Niphal future preserves the Tsere of perfect verbs in one ex-
ample, bnn Lev. 21 : 9, but mostly compresses it to Pattahh. bi";, b^';', n-t^,
^'3'?) "('??• ^hl 1 '^^?, 5|2!>l:; like the preterite it sometimes has Hholem,
Ti3ri Isa. 24 : 3, p'3n ibid. If the first radical is a guttural and incapable
of receiving Daghesh, the preceding Hhirik is lengthened to Tsere, in;i,
inst , eft;; , yrn , '^'d\2 . The Kal and Niphal futures, it will be perceived,
coincide in some of their forms ; and as the signification of these species
is not always clearly distinguishable in intransitive verbs, it is often a
matter of doubt or of indifTerence to which a given form should be referred.
Thus, b'n'; . T|53';i, t^^"] are in the Niphal according to Gesenius, while
Ewald makes them to be Kal, and Fiirst the first two Niphal and the
third Kal.
4. The Niphal infinitive absolute: fisn Isa. 24:3, pi3n ibid., or with
Tsere in the last syllable, Osn 2 Sam. 17:10. The infinitive construct:
oin Ps. 68 : 3, bnn Ezek. 20 : 9, and once with Pattahh belbre a suffix,
iSnn Lev. 21 :4. The imperative: insn Isa. 52: 11, iiann Num. 17: 10.
5. In the Hiphil preterite the vowel of the last syllable is compressed
to Tsere, 30n , nsn (in pause "lEr) , so nsirn . jiinrri). or even to Pat-
tahh, pnn , bpr) , nnn , nin , rj^n", ynn , nun , ^lO^an', !i3on . Both infini-
tives have Tsere, thus the absolute : 'P')t\ , ^in , nEn , -i£n , bnn ; the
construct: "lin, TiOn , ^sfi (I'^sn Zech. 11:10), "lin , bpn, onn, in
pause !"i3n. py}. with a final guttural, r"']n, 5"in. The imperative:
non , icn , bpn , inn , rrn ; !i5arn Job 21 : 5 is a Hiphil and not a Hophal
form as stated by Gesenius, the first vowel being Kamets and not Kamets
Hhatuph. Futures with a short vowel before Daghesh-forte in the first
radical: :o'^ , Bn'^ , 'nkn, sins';;; with a long vowel, 'j^, TTii'; , "^l^, ht}^
or ^n!I) ^D^j ^"^f? and S^^, T(On , "j^xr^ (e expressed by the vowel letter
iS, §11. \. a) Eccles. 12:5. When in this latter class of futures the
accent is removed from the ultimate, whether by Vav Conversive or any
other cause, Tsere is shortened to Seghol, bJ^i , p"i^^, "i2^V i"]'^;j, TiO'^,
bnn, and in one instance to Hhirik, y'^W Judg. 9:53 (7"!PiT would be
from yil) before a guttural it becomes Pattahh, S";;^^, 'in'i, "i^V Par-
ticiples: 30a, ^^^, bna, bs^ Ezek. 31:3, Sn^ Prov. 17:4. In a very
174 ETYMOLOGY. ^ 141
few instances the Hhirik of the perfect paradigm is retaijiied in the last
syllable of this species as in Ayin Vav verbs. T(^p52 Judg. 3 : 34, cit^ Jer.
49 : 20, B-^tsi Num. 21 : 30.
6. Hophal preterites: bmn. rrnmn , ^ian ; futures: ci'li . -ix!i"i , jyj^-',
'•n^. lEH. lil"^"', SB^"', nS"*, TiO"*; participles: TE^i^a , *i:r or in somd
copies li'S 2 Sam. 23 : 6 ; inlinitive with suffix, nrTl'n Lev. 2G : 34, with
prep., n^dna ver. 43.
§141. 1. Upon the addition of a vowel affix and the consequent inser-
tion of Dagliesh-forte in the last radical, the preceding vowel and the
position ol" the accent continue unchanged, ^131. ^i-'b?, "^I'-rJ (distinguished
from the fern. part, rria'^:), ^ibn^ ; if the last radical does not admit
Daghesh-forte a preceding Pattahh sometimes remains short before n,
but it is lengtliened to Kamets before other gutturals, nns. siyni (100. 2),
Jinan, nn6 and ^iniu. When the first radical is doubled. Daghesh is
omitted from the last in the Kal fut. 6. I^^V ^"^i?"?, ''^P?, and occasionally
elsewhere ins^ Hi. fut. ^lian Ho. pret. Other cases are exceptional,
whether of the shifting of the accent, ^isn Ps. 3 : 2. ^'Sn Ps. 55:22, ^'ip
Jer. 4 : 13, and consequent shortening of the vowel. "^Tr. Jer. 7 : 29 lor •'p ,
1S-1, ^31 for "isn, ^li"! , iTliy Jer. 49:28 (with the letter repeated instead
of being simply doubled by Daghesh, so likewise in c'l'iC'^ Jer. 5 : 6, ""-r]^
Ps. 9: 14), for Ji'nib ; the omission of Daghesh, np: 1 Sam. 14:36, njrn
Prov. 7 : 13, ^S^n Cant. 6 : 1 1, 7 : 13. : ^ipn^ Job 19 : 23. -na|5 Num. 22 : 11,
17 (Kal imper. with n^ parag. for "na;? shortened by Makkeph from nap,
so -nix ora Num. 23 : 7), or in addition, the rejection of the vowel, irT^
K. fut'. 'Gen. 11:6 for 153^, nSas Gen. 11 : 7 K. fut. for nVa;. n;raD Isa.
19:3 Ni. pret. for r\isi; or n;?a3, naOD Ezok. 41:7 Ni. fut. for nacj ;
^hi Judg. 5 : 5 according to Gesenius for iHj Ni. pret. of bbt to shake,
according to others K. pret. of bTj tofow; ^ijn] Ezek. 36:3 for ^i^rn]
(Evvaldffrom bbs to enter, or for 1^*^!^ Ni. fut. of n^5 to go up, V:ri_3
Ezek. 7 : 24 Ni. pret. for ^^m , "inn? Cant. 1:6 Ni. pret. for "1"^ra. Once
instead of doubling the last radical '' is inserted, ^i-^^^ Prov. 26 : 7 for 15^ ,
comp. uJi^-ii; Ezr. 10 : 16 for ti'h} .
2. Upon the insertion of a vowel before affixes beginning with a con-
sonant, the accent is shifted and the previous part of the word shortened
if po.ssible; thus, with 0 in the preterite, ri^p , "'niixi (Kamets before 1
which cannot be doubled), cr;is? , laVTa, T'^P? ; ^K^-.h ^"P''A > T'"^?':!
(the vowel remaining long before n), rnnn (Pattahh instead of compound
Sh'va on account of the following guttural. §60. 3. c). "'r^nn . once with
a, ^3Tr5 Mic. 2:4; with e in the future, ns'^aon , nr|^ri , n34nn . If the
first Vadical be doubled, Daghesh is omitted from the Inst, and the cus-
tomary vowel is in consequence not inserted, i^jpan , njban ; other cases
are rare and exceptional, nn-iDn , rfshi , "'Pisnj , cnb^S , sisrn which is
first plur. pret. for ^ijian not tliird plur. for ^lan (Ewald), §54.3; Tiiriy
Deut. 32:41, ''rnr;n Isa. 44:16, '^nik'n Ps. 116:6, have the accent upon
the ultimate instead of the penult.
3. Before suffixes the accent is always shifted, and if possible the
vowels shortened, ■'?ao^, ^nao'^ from ao;, ^ao*;, r,!i'^o'^ from ^Vv^, '!3:E'iri
§141
REMARKS ON ATIN DOUBLED VERBS.
175
from nnn, dnsri from ^£n ; in T^jrt'i Gen. 43:29, Isa. 30: 19, from "jn^,
ciDisn Lev. 26: 15 from "lEf^, the original vowels have been not only ab-
breviated but rejected, and the requisite short vowel given to the first of the
concurring consonants, §61. 1. In a very few instances a form resembling
that of Ayin Vav verbs is assumed, Daghesh being omitted from the last
radical and the preceding vowel lengthened in consequence, ipiin Prov.
8:29 lor ipn ver. 27, ^^""nH, Isa. 33: 1 for Vj^ann , ^n-'riodn Ezek. 14:8
for ^nini53;i-n , m'^-'^n Lani. 1:8 for r\^hr^ Hi. pret. of b^T ,' ■,n-n'i Hab.
2: 17 for irim Hi. fut. of nnn with 3 lem. plur. suf, Cj^lX 2 Sam.' 22: 43
in a few editions for Ci^nx . Nun is once inserted before the suffix in place
of doubling the radical, "isaf? Num. 23 : 13 for "ia;^ .
§ 141. I. Of the verbs which occur in Piel, Pual, or Hithpael, the fol-
lowing adopt the forms of perfect verbs, viz. :
-inx to curse. 32^ to cry. "iJI^ to make a nest.
nn to plunder. nri3 to smite, break. y^f? to cut off.
•".na to purify. aib to take away the Dan to be many.
UiL'j to grope. heart. r^y-^ to be tender.
"PJ to refine. 'pph to lick. ^"ib to harrow.
c-cn to warm. tib^^ tofeel^ to grope. *i'nb to ride.
■|'^n to divide. ■ tlQ to leap. "jid to sharpen.
nnn to he broken. b^s to judge, to inter- orn to be perfect.
bba to cover. cede.
2. The following, which are mostly suggestive of a short, quick, re-
peated motion, reduplicate the radical syllable, viz. :
"^"^Ti to burn.
nns to dance.
i^Hb to be mad.
i^^'O to linger.
T|3D to excite.
C]SS to chirp.
5>?T2J to sport, delight.
ppb to run.
STJn to mock.
3. The following insert Hholem after the first radical, viz.
'is to complain.
bba to mix.
pps to empty.
1T2 to cut.
TiJ to sweep away.
cr'n to be still.
rrn to break loose
in: tofiy. yyn to break.
Dp3 to lift up. '^b"'^ ^0 sink.
tlEO to occupy the thres- b^d to spoil.
hold. nid to be desolate or
"in^ to bind. amazed.
CiG]:? to cut off. r|sr) to beat.
diT]^ to gather.
4. The following employ two forms, commonly in different senses, viz. :
^i-^ and bbia to roll. '(in to make gracious, "iJin to be
'.r n ^0 praise, bpin to make mad. gracious.
-.^n to pre fane, bbin to wound. Vi-Q to speak, bb'in to mow.
176 ETYMOLOGY. ^142,143
230 to change, -210 to stirroiind. Vip^ to curse, Vj^^P to tchet.
*|SS to gather clouds, 'liiS to prac- yit~} and '['i'ii to crush.
Use sorcery. ^■nd and Tno to treat uith via-
■("liiD to burst, "•^'i^ to shaketo pieces. lence.
5. The following use different forms in different species, viz. :
pjr'n Pi. to decree, Pii. 'ppn . "ip Pi. to shout, Hith. ■ii^rn.*
i^p Pi. to measure, With. T^ -nn . ircJi Pi. ^o 6/eaA:, Pu. trt'T •
inia Pi. /omaA-eftjV/er. Hith. "r-!T3Pn. "iuJ Pi. to incidcale, Hith. "|:''nrn
iipbo Pi. to e.vall. Hith. 'y'non . to pierce.
ij^ir Pi. /f) maltreat, Hith. bs'rr^n
and ;"pirrn.
6. The following examples exhibit the effect of gutturals upon redu-
plicated (brnis : Preterite. S^SO Isa. 11:8; Infinitive, — ^I'l'j^ Prov.
26:21, rnrn^rn Ex. 12 : 39 ; Future, rTr:"niyx Ps. 119:47, iirui'r'r^ Ps.
94:19; ImpiM-ative. dornrn Isa. 29:9; Participle, ?Pi-;nxi Gen. 27 : 12,
n'inbris Prov. 26 : 18.
§142. 1. Tiie Pual ppecies adheres 1o the analogy of perfect verbs
with the exception of the preterites, n"i"i3 Nali. 3: 17. ii^i:? Lam. 1 : 12. the
future nrt'rcn Isa. 66:12, and the participles, ^'JY'i''^ ^^^- 9:4, Vsn-a
Isa. 53 : 5.
2. :i-i?i": Isa. 15:5 is for *. 'i"';?"!?'? Pi. fut. of in?. §57. 1. -^nn 2 Sam.
22 : 7 is contracted for "'^^Pr' Ps. 18 : 27, probably with the view of as-
similating it in form to the preceding :n?sriri ; in regard to : bsnn in the
same verse. Nordheimer adopts the explanation of Alting that it is a simi-
lar contraction of the Hithpael oi" bbo thuu vill shcnu t/tt/se/f a judge. hut as
it answer.s to ibnern Ps. 18:27. the best authorities are almost unanimous
in supposing a transposition of the second radical with the first and its
union with n of the prefix.
3. ^rn and hhn . The prefixed ti remains in the Hiphil future of ^^n,
G- g- -"^r!? ' "'r!\'?- ^-r!^'^ '^^fl '■'• fie derivative nouns cprn. risprr^,
whence these forms arc in the lexicons referred to the secondary root bnn .
Pe Yodh C^'d) Verbs.
^143. In quiescent verbs one of tlic original radicals is
N , 1 or "^ , Avliicli in certain forms is converted into or ex-
changed for a vowel. As x preserves its consonantal charac-
ter when occupying the second place in tlic root, and also
* "jirPTa Ps. 78:65 is not from 'i^i (Gcscnius) but from )\l, see
Alexander in loc.
§144 PE YODH VERBS. 177
(with the exception of the Pe Aleph future, §110. 3, and a
few occasional forms, §111. 2) when it stands in the first
place, verbs having this letter as a first or second radical be-
long to the guttural class ; those only in which it is the third
radical (Lamedli Aleph) are properly reckoned quiescent. On
the other hand, if the first, second, or third radical be either
Yodh or Vav, the verb is classed as quiescent. All verbs
into which either I or "^ enter as a first radical are promiscu-
ously called Pe Yodh, as the modes of inflection arising from
these tAvo letters have been blended, and Yodh in either case
appears in the Kal preterite from which roots are ordinarily
named, § S3. «. In the second radical the Vav forms (Ayin
Vav) preponderate greatly over those with Yodh (Ayin
Yodh). In the third radical the Yodh forms have almost
entirely superseded those with Vav, though the current de-
nomination of the verbs is derived from neither of these
letters but from He (Lamedh He), which is used to express
the final vowel of the root in the Kal preterite after the
proper radical has been rejected.
a. Verbs whose third radical is the consonant n belong to the guttural '
class, e. g. niia , fn^Fi , and are quite distinct from the quiescent verbs tib
in which n always represents a vowel, e. g. "^p^, '^3^ .
§ 144. 1. In Pe Yodh verbs the first radical is m.ostly
Yodh at the beginning, § 56. 2, and Vav at the close of a
syllable. It is accordingly Yodh in the Kal, Piel, and Pual
species, and commonly in the Hithpael, iTC;i , n-its'^ , yi^"^ ,
aiT^nn . It is Vav in the Niphal and commonly in the
Hiphil and Hophal species, n^i: , n-'iain , ni-^n .
2. In the Kal future, if Yodh be retained, it will quiesce
in and prolong the previous Hhirik, and the second radical
will take Pattahh, e. g. liJi"';' ; if the first radical be rejected
the previous Hhirik is commonly lengthened to Tsere, 1^':! ,
the Pattahh of the second syllable being sometimes changed
to Tsere to correspond with it, § 63. 2. c, e. g. ^V.^ ; in a few
instances Hhirik is preserved by giving Daghesh-fortc to the
12
178 ETYMOLOGY. ^145,146
second radical as in Pe Nun verbs, the following vowel being
either Pattahh or Ilholcm, rk^ , p^"" .
3. Those verbs which reject Yodh in the Kal future, re-
ject it hkewise in the imj)erative and infinitive construct,
where it would .be accompanied by Sh'va at the beginning
of a syllable, ^•'yS. 2. a, the infinitive being prolonged as in
Pe Nun verbs by the feminine termination, 2\d , rnfc .
§ 145. 1. In the Niphal preterite and participle Vav
quiesccs in its homogeneous vowel Ilholem, lir"^: , nfciD ; in
the infinitive, future, and imperative, where it is doubled by
Daghesli-forte, it retains its consonantal character, ^ir^n,
2. In the Hiphil Vav quiesccs in Ilholem, aifcin, ^^wv ;
a few verbs have Yodh quiescing in Tsere, n'^u'^n , 2'^b'^'! ;
more rarely still, the first radical is dropped and the preced-
ing short vowel is preserved, as in Pe Nun verbs, by doubling
the second radical, y'i^T} , ?"'ii^ .
3. In the Ilophal Vav quiesccs in Shurek, ac"n, atDi"'-,
occasionally the short vowel is preserved and Daghesh-forte
inserted in the second radical, ^k";^ .
a. The Hliolem or Tsere of the Hiphil arises from the combination of
a. the primary vowel of the first syllable in this species. §82. 5. b. (3),
with u or I, into which the letters "l and ■> are readily softened, §57.2. (5).
The Hholem of the Niphal is to be similarly explained : the Hhirik of
this species, which has arisen from Sh'va and cannot combine with Vav,
is e.xcliangcd for the simplest of the vowels a (comp. 2C3 , Cip3), and the
union of tills with l forms o. The Hoplial retains the passive vowel «,
which is occasionally found in perfect verbs, §95. a.
§146. The inflections of Pe Yodh verbs may be repre-
sented by those of si?;* fo sit or diccll. The Piel, Pual,
and Ilithpacl are omitted from the paradigm, as they do not
differ from perfect verbs. The alternate form of the Kal
futiue is shown by the example of tDn;' to be dry.
Paradigm of Pe Yodh
Verbs.
,
KAL.
NIPIIAL.
HIPHIL.
HOPHAL.
KAL.
Peet. 3 m.
— T
n-JiiD
n^tiin
nic^n
. 1
"T
3/
rat""
T : IT
T : 1
r;n'i'in
T : 1
T : IT
2 m.
T ; — r
T : —
pin"j:in
T ; —
T : —
T : — T
2/
nniT"
ri;ii:i]
m-iT-in
nniT^n
: : — r
Ic,
^nn^^
■^riniiiiD
^Finirin
^rair^n
^^^^^1
PZ«r. 3 c.
: IT
: 1
"Q^ijin
: 1
: IT
2 m.
Cl3h^"^^
t!rG"::iD
DratJin
nnr::^n
DPi'i'n^
2/
"i^^"^";
1^^'^"^'?
inztin
1 V : - 1
'\^^:
1 c.
: — r
ii:ri;i3
^uzirin
^un^T-in
r:^zr
: — T
Infin, Absol.
ni{zj^
niTin
T
Constr.
nn-^"
••T •
n^^ijin
n-^^n
irn;'
FuT. 3 ??i.
nip;:
•T •
i-|i^
mrr
njn^:
3/
^V^
n-i:^n
n"™
n-i:^.n
^■n^n
2 m.
"^^^
••T •
n^ibiP
n-ijin
»rn-ri
2/.
. : 1-
^nirj-n
^n^^fflin
• : 1
Ic.
mriji
"T •
n^■i^i^5
'ntjii<
irn^ss:
PZwr, 3 m.
^i'i^
:iT •
^n^ipr
^n'iur
: !■
3/
ras-iin
T : •'
nrnir^m
V : —
2 TO.
sa^isin
: 1
2/
HDnisn
nDnirin
T : ••
T ; -
nrm-rn
Ic.
n-^D
••T •
n^iui:
nic'^D
■i'n^?
Impee. 2 TO.
^^?
niT^n
n^in
^i^
2/
^iia
^nir^jri
^n^-^in
vranling
Plur. 2 TO.
'inis
^nir^iH
^n^ii5'',n
v^rn':
2/
n^nir*
T : ••
^.-^^^n
nsiizjin
r : — :
Paet. AcL
3-ij^
n^iri'^
^5'
Pass.
T
n'i513
r
T
T
179
ISO ETYMOLOGY. § 147
Remarks on Pe Yodii Verbs.-
§147. 1. The following verbs retain Yodh in the Kal future, viz. :
t'i^ lo he dry. T\^_1 to be poured. ^^^ to fear.
si; to toil. "li"^ to appoint. M^^ to cast.
^n; to delay. C]?; to be weary. "oy^ to possess.
nj* to oppress. ys"^ to counsel. cb'j to put.
p:; to .vtck. ne;; to be beautiful. "lii^ to sleep.
The concurrence of Yodh s in the third person of tlie future is some-
times prevented by oinilting the quiescent ^t"' . ^5<T']!- ^^'■r'i'., *hG long
vowel receiving Methegh before vocal Sh'va. and thus distinguishing the
last two words from tiie Lamedh He forms, 'IX"';' Irom nxn and iJt"^ from
nio, §45. 2.
2. The followmg have Tsere under the preformative ; those in which
the second vowel is likewise Tsere are distinguished by an asterisk :
^^1 to k)iou\ * "iS; to bear. Sp^ to be dislocated.
"in'; to be joined. * xk^ to go out. * in^ to go down.
tn*! to conceite. "is; to be straitened. * sb; to sit, dwell.
The second syllable has Pattahh in 'inn Jer. 13: 17, Lam. 3:48, and
in the feminine plurals, njl^n, njnnn; "JS^n has Seghol after the
analogy of Lamedh Aleph verbs; tisnO'^n (with the vowel-letter ^ for e)
occurs only in the K'thibh, Ezek. 35: 9, and of course has not its proper
vowels. In : ""i;7 Ps. 138:6 the radical Yodh remains and has attracted
to itself the Tsere of the preformative. Comp. §60. 3. c.
3. The following insert Daghesh-forte in the second radical, viz. : "ib;
to chastise, instruct, nk; to burn. In ^inin Isa. 44 : 8 short Hhirik re-
mains before a letter with Sh'va; ^y^,"]"! Job 16: 11 is explained by some
as a Kal future, by others as a Piel preterite.
4. The following have more than one form : aa; to be good fut. 3I3''7 )
once "'i'^'n Nah. 3:8; pk; to pour ps^, once p^.|;] 1 Kin. 22:35; ii;
to form, "^h and "^T^; "^Pl to burn, 1p; Isa. 10:16, and "ip'n Deut.
32:22; |"p; to awake, "J'p"''? once 'J'p; 1 Kin. 3:15; "ip; to be precious,
■ip"'7 and "ip"^ , or with a vowel letter for e. •"P''|; ; cir; to be desolate, ClL'tn
once S^J^'JjT} Ezek. 6:6; "iltJ; to be right, ^b'^'^ , once npt; (3 fem.plur.,
§88) 1 Sam. 6 : 12. Some copies have sirai Isa. 40 : 30 for ^irr .
5. In futures having Tsere under the preformative, the accent is shifted
to the penult alter Vav Conversive in the persons liable to such a change,
viz. : 3 .=ing., 2 masc. sing., and 1 plur., Tsere in the ultimate being in con-
sequence shortened to Seghol. 5'T^!}, '1^?^'!!. 1"!.?!! • Pattahh in the ultimate
becomes Seghol in "*S^}, "i^"^^!! (with a postpositive accent) Gen. 2:7, 19,
cb"'''] Gen. 50:26; but -^'^';]. ^"T'o V--^T-i IT^'- j only once before a
§148-150 REMARKS ON PE YODH VERBS. 181
monosyllable, §35. 1, yj^"^'^ Gen. 9:24. Tiie accent remains on the ulti-
mate in the LameJh Aleph form X:il^T , unless the following word begins
with an accented syllable, e. g. S^i^!! Gen. 4:16, 8:18. The pause re-
stores the accent in all these cases to its original position, : ivT'i Ruth
4:1,: rnni Ps. 139 : 1, i^''.^ Ps. IS : 10, §35. 2.
§148. 1. Kal construct infinitives with Yodh : 'Oz'j and with a feminine
ending n'lp';', rbb^ , '107 with suf. "^IP^, once with prep. 'liS'^b 2 Chron.
31 : 7, Daghesh conservative after «, §14. a/ •^iji'?, §87, once IS"!'^ Josh.
22:25 and with prep. Xib 1 Sam. 18:29 from ti^/^; nin^ once 6<iT7 2 Chron.
26 : 15 from .Ti; , lie": .
2. Infinitives without Yodh : T\"_'^ (with suf. Tns'n), ny'n Ex. 2 : 4, and
without the feminine termination y"^, nny (with suf. '^ri'ib) and rrib , once
r^ ] Sam. 4:19.554.2, nsk (with suf "'pn^), Pp.^', nnn (with suf.
•^nn-i) once nn-i Gen. 46:3, n'ujn (with suf t^n^"}), nnq (nnn , with
suf "^Pi^lJ once "^ri^iy Ps. 23:6). Yodh is perhaps dropped from the ab-
solute infinitive 2ii3 Jer. 42: 10, which is usually explained to be for -iii^^;
it may, however, be derived from tlie Ayin Vuv verb -VJ .
3. Imperatives with Yodh : sin"^, Kn"^ , nA';' , Without Yodh: 2?'i (with
n parag. Tiy-i Prov. 24 : 14), z'n (witli n parag. nrri; for ^in Hos. 4: IS,
see §92. a). N^ (ni<^, fem. plur. nrxil Cant. 3:11), zb ("nra , f^r^')-
With both forms; pi and fk^ (^p^l), 'in (^^l), twice Ti^ Judg. 5:13, TJ-i
\IJ"i and ncn'i .
§ 149. 1. The Niphal of nr has u instead of 0, "^513 Zeph. 3 : IS, mj!i3
Lam. 1:4; =1^^513 1 Chron. 3 : 5, 2U : 8 has u followed by Daghe.sh. V^: ,
which according to Gesenius is from ris^ , has z; Ewald assumes the root
to be nrs , and refers to it likewise the Kal future and the Hiphil ascribed
to nk;, §147.3. and §150.4. In that case the Daghesh in IPiS"^ Isa. 33:12,
Jer. 51 : 58, will not require the explanation suggested in §24. c, but the
K'thibh nin^Sin 2 Sam. 14:30 will be unexplained. llJfeia Ps. 9:17 is
not the Niphal preterite or participle of UJp^, but the Kal participle of irp3 .
2. Yodh appears in the Niphai future of two verbs instead of Vav,
^n.t'i'^ Gen. 8 : 12, 1 Sam. 13 : 8 K'ri, nn^7 Ex. 19 : 13. In the first person
singular X always has Hhirik, rnnx, ib^x, "iC^X, li^^^iJ* , stlJX, "^rvX .
§ 150. 1. In the Hiphil the following verbs have Yodh preceded by
Tsere, viz. : -13^ to be good, hh^ to howl. '^^ to go to the right, "a'^ to
change, pi'^ to suck. Yodh is likewise found in iDd^STi Judg. 16:26
K'thibh, and in the following instances in which the prefix has Pattahh as
in perfect verb-s, Cnic^t* Hos. 7 : 12, ^n"'©'?!: Prov. 4 : 25, nir-^n Ps. 5:9
K'ri (K'thibh ndin), 'a-k'^f} Gen. 8:17 K'ri (K'thibh i<ann), C'i'^^^T?
1 Chron. 12 : 2. '
2. In nil?!!'? Job 24 : 21 (elsewhere n''l!:"«i) and ^^2'; (once n^i^^N IMic.
1:8), the radical Yodh attracts to itself the vowel of the preformative,
comp. § 147. 2. He remains after the preformative in ^ib^^ini Isa. 52 : 5,
nnini Neh. 11:17, Ps. 28:7, S-'mii 1 Sam. 17:47, Ps. 116:6. Both
Yodh and Vav. quiescing in their appropriate vowels, are liable to omis-
sion, "'^n , ^P^rv), i^^H , ^ii;"!zh, and once the vowel Tsere is dropped
before a suffix, ^np-'rn Ex. 2 : 9 for 'inp-'j-n .
1S2 ETYMULOC.Y. §150,151
3. Vav conversive draws the accent back to the penultimate Tsere or
Hholem of the Hiphil I'ulure in the persons liable to be all'ected by it,
§147.5. and shortens the final vowel, -::"'!], prP], 2^i'''*3 , 3C:i, yED] ;
but with a pause accent ! ~rriT Ruth 2 : 14.
4. The foliowinof verbs insert Diiehesh in tlie second radical in the
Ilipiiil, viz. : 5S^ to set. place, r::^ to spread, ps^ to pour, except ! rjT^'^a
2 Kin. 4 : 5 K'ri (K'thibh rps->7:), rk^ to bum, except rr^nisin 2 Sam.
14 : 30 K'thibh.
5. In the Hoplial a few examples occur of u followed by Daghesh, 53""
Ex. 10:24, ^k-^ Isa. J4 : 11, Esth. 4 : 3, nsn-3 Isa. 28: IG. pk-a Job 11 : 15';
and a few of Hholem, rnin Lev. 4 : 23, 28, !K^i-> Prov. U : 25 for nnii from
t^h"^ . The construct infinitive: '^\h^r[ Ezr. 3: 11, and with the feminine
termination riisnn Ezek. 16:4, mrn Gen. 40:20, Ezek. 16:5.
§ 150. 1. In the Kal preterite Yodli is once dropped, Ti Judg. 19 : 11 for
1"!^ . Hhirik occurs with the second radical of "i"?^ and ^'^'^ in the first
and second persons singular with suffixes, and in the second person plural,
which is perhaps due to the assimilating power of the antecedent Yodh,
e. g. ■'sn'!^'?, P^!?''^"!'?, tin^l";.
2. In the Piel future the prefix Yodh of the third person is contracted
with the radical after Vav conversive. ^^^i^S'i Nah. 1:4 for !in'w2^';'\ nh";i
Lam. 3 : 33, ^^.'T Lam. 3 : 53, cntr^l 2 Chron. 32 : 30 K'ri ' (K'thibh
D-id-'i'i).
3. Three verbs have Vav in the Hithpael. "^"rn, :-^:rrt. rr"rn; n
is assimilated to the following i and contracted with it in ^">S?3 Ezek.
23:48 for 1"^5'n3 a peculiar Niphal formed on the basis of a Hithpael,
§83. c. (2). In ::krn Ex. 2:4 for rk^nn Yodh is rejected and its vowel
giveii to the j)receding letter, §53. 3. 6.
§ 151. 1. ~'rrj and *r? • T^^v to go in the Hiphil and for the most part in
the infinitive construct, future and imperative Kal follows the analoiryofPe
Yodh verbs, as though the root were "^^ . Thus. Kal inf const. r=3 (»^^.^ ,
with suf ■'nsb) rarely T^'^n.; lut. T\?^ (once with the vowel letter ^ fore,
nbV^ Mic- 1 : S, fom. pi. nzr^n), occasionally in poetry Ts^H,"! (3 fern. sing.
T,!:npi); im])Pr. Ti^with n^ parag. "i:^ , or without the vowel letter ?]b ,
fem. pi. niriJ and ^"B) once libn Jer. 51:50. Hiphil: ""^in once in
the imper. '^:;'^'?"'n Ex. 2:9, and once in the participle chsn*: Zech. 3:7
for ci-bna, §04. e.
2. rox to gather and ~c;j to odd are liable to be confounded in certain
forms. In the Hiphil future of rb^. o is twice represented by the vowel
letter x, w]pS'i 1 Sam. 18:29. "liEpst^ Ex. 5:7; pbx drops its S in the
Kal future, when it follows the Pe Aleph inflection. §110. 3. which it does
only in the following instances, rc'i 2 Sam. 6: 1, rcn Ps.104 :29. nccx
Mic. 4:6, ^(SOX J Sam. 15:6. where the Hhirik. be4ng abbreviated from
Tsere, is short, notwithstanding the Methegh in the intermediate syllable,
§45. 2. a. The apoc. Hiph. fut. of rc"; when joined with the negative
particle bx is accented on the penult, pD'in-bx Dent. 3:26. and in one in-
stance the vowel of the ultimate is dropped entirely, rD"n~bx Prov. 30:6.
^152,153 AYIN VAV AND ATIN YODH VERBS. 183
3. f^niS'iJin Zech. 10:6 is probably, as explained by Gesenius and
Hengstenberg, for n-inairin from nB^ to dwell, though Ewald derives it
from -^ilJ to return, as if for n"'ni::t"n , and Kimchi supposes it to be a
combination of both words suggesting tlie sense of both, in which he is
followed by the English translators, I will bring them again to place them.
TT'xih Isa. 30: 5 "is regarded by Gesenius as an incorrect orthography
llir C^iin ; but Maurer and Knobel read it TU"^X3n and assume a root dka
synonymous with li"'3 ". Alexander in loc.
ri"'riin Ps. 16:5, see §90.
Ayin Vav {^^) AND Ayin Yodh (■''i^) Verbs.
§152. Yoclli and Vav, as the second radical of verbs,
have the following peculiarities, viz :
1. They may be converted into their homogeneous
vowels i and u.
2. They m-ay be rejected when accompanied by a hetero-
geneous vowel, which is characteristic of the form. Yodh
forms are confined to the Kal of a feAV verbs ; in the other
species Vav forms are universal.
a. Yodh is never found as a quiescent middle radical in any species
but Kal: it enters as a consonant into the Piel of two verbs, and the Hith-
pael of two, §161. l,lheNiphal of n'';n to be, and the Hiphil of n'jn to live.
§153, 1. In the Kal preterite and active participle and
in the Hiphil and Hophal species, the quiescent is rejected
and its vowel given to the preceding radical. Thus,
Kal preterite : wf^ for DTJ? Avhere a, Yhich arises from
blending a with the pretonic Kamets, §62. 1, is in partial
compensation for the contraction, nh for fii'a , ti for TiJia ,
y^ for l^'n . For an exceptional formation, see § 158. 1.
Active participle : D]? for n^j^ , r^ for niia , t'ii for t% ,
^T for 3;'"i , the ordinary participial form being superseded
by that of another verbal derivative, as is the case in some
perfect verbs of a neuter signification, § 90.
184 ETYMOLOGY. §154
Ilipliil and Iloplial : D"^pn for D'''}pn, ny"; for n^lp!',
DJ5^n for QTJpn, the short vowel of the prefix being pro-
longed in a simple syllable, § 59.
2. In the Kal constrnct infinitive, future, imperative and
passive partieiple, the quiescent is softened into its homo-
geneous vowel, nip , n*'! ; in the future the preformative
commonly takes the simplest of the long vowels a, Q^p^,
n^\\ comp. no;.
3. In the Kal absolute infinitive and in the Niphal
species a similar softening of 1 occurs, which, with the
accompanying or preceding a, forms 0, § 57. 2. (5), Dip (kom=
kaum) for D'i'^p ; nipj for nip:, the prefix usually taking the
simplest of the long vowels ci ; D'p^ for Dip;" .
4. In the first and second persons of the Niphal and
Hiphil preterites D (i) is inserted before the affixed termina-
tion in order to preserve the long vowel of the root from the
compression incident to standing before two consonants,
§61.4; in the feminine plurals of the Kal future v {''..) is
sometimes inserted for a similar reason, this prolomjation of
the word being attended by a shifting of the accent and a
consequent rejection of the pretonic vowel of the first sylla-
ble, nniiaipp, ™-^pn, nria^pp. In the Niphal preterite,
when the inserted i receives the accent, the preceding i is for
euphony changed to i , e. g. "^riiiiip: .
5. In the Kal and Hiphil species the apocopated future
takes the diphthongal vowels 0 and 8 in distinction from the
orcUnary future, Avliich has the pure vowels w and I, §65. 2. d,
thus nir;* , nir^ , MVitli Vav Convcrsive the accent is drawn
back to the simple penult, and the vowel of the last syUable
is shortened, 2cH , nt'h .
§154. 1. In the Piel, Pual, and Ilithpacl, the form of
perfect vcrlis is rarely adopted, the second radical appearing
as 1 , e. g. nil?, or as "^ , e. g. D'jp.
2. Commonly the third radical is reduplicated instead
§155 AYIN VAV AND AYIN YODH VERBS. 185
of the second,^ which then quiesces in Hholem, Pi. D^Sp ,
Pu. Diaip , Hith. oiaipnn .
a. In the Pual o is the passive vowel here adopted in preference to u:
in the Piel and Hithpaei it arises from the combination of u, to which 1 is
softened, with the antecedent a, c^ip for nTSip . §82. 5. b (3).
3. Sometimes the quiescent letter is omitted from the
root, and the resulting bihteral is reduplicated, Pi. ^?^3,
Pu. b?b3 .
a. The two Ibrms of the intensive species, which depart from the regu
lar paradigm, precisely resemble in appearance those of Ayin doubled
verbs, though constructed upon a different principle, as already explained.
§155. The inflections of Ayin Vav verbs are shown in
those of D^p to stand or rise, in the following paradigm ; the
divergent forms of Ayin Yodh verbs in the Kal species are
exhibited by I'^'n to contend.
a. Ayin Vav and Ayin Yodh verbs are named not from the Kal
preterite, in which the quiescent is rejected, bot li-om the construct infini-
tive, the simplest form in which all the radicals appear.
6. No Hophal forms occur in those persons in which the inflective ter-
minations begin with a consonant. The same is true of the Ayin Yodh
imperative.
Paradigm of Ayin Vav
'IeI.
PUAL,
Peet. 3 m. Dp
3/ n-p
r 't
2 m. r,-;p
2/ rrip
1 c. *ri-^p
PZ«r. 3 c. Sl--p
2 w. Dri'jp
1 c. ii:--p
Dip:
T I T
ni:i?ip2
ni:i^p3
rjipD
Dnr::ip:
^:rb^p3
DT^V
' D'^ip
^'r'f'I?
^TI?
n-rrp
t?r^P
ri-^7^ip
n-fiip
-rrrrp
-n-frp
^-t'I?
^-T'l?
Drrr:-ip
V : - 'i
C3ri*f=^i>
I^T?"i?
)^"f=^I?
^:t='P
^:-;^p
Infix. Ahsul.
Const)'.
Dp
D^p-
Dipn
D---P
FuT. 3 in. D'p;
3/ D^pn
2 m D^pri
2/. r;^pri
1 c. D'piJ
P^ar. 3 w. V-^p
3/. M:""!:"pri
D^p^ D-rp": D"rp^
Dipn D";'pn c="pri
D'pn C'^'pn D'r'pn
^:aipn "!:r-pn ^'b^ipn
D^pS D-rpX D":"piit
T ; I • T : ■■ • ; t : — • :
2 m.
^■rpn
rrpn
Tr-"pn
: 'i :
■1 .'. .I^i-I
2/.
*^T-"9^P^
M-rpn
n-frpn
*~'yTT?!^
1 c.
D^pD
D'p?
ci';t?
Q="p?
Imper. 2 m.
Dp
Dipri
t^rip
2/
■r-p
Vpri
"bpip
wanting
PZ'/r. 2 ??i.
^-p
mpn
^^T^i?
2/.
""tP
rirrpri
--rrp
Part, ^c^
«=)?
D-bip-j
Puss.
D^p
Dips
D-rp23
leG
AND AyIN
YoDH Verbs.
HipniL.
HOPHAL.
HITHPAEL.
KAL.
Q'pn
Dp^n
d-bipnn
T
-r-pri
M-bp^n
T T
t^Trpn
{^tP^")
r-fbipnri
T : —
T •
nrj-pn
(n-^p^n)
rrf^'",prn
^T^
-ritrpn
(^n-9f.^-)
^r.-fbipnn
^mn
^nin^n
^-■P~
': 1
: 'i : •
T
^--n
Dhr^-j:-
(Dri^ap^n)
Dn-rrpnn
^^7^}
inrri:-
(I^tP^v)
]T)'uiTprti
I^T^
^:i-:-;:ri
(r^p^n)
^rfbipnr;
^:::n
Qfen
nin
1
2-n
D-pn
ffhipnn
-"?
c^t:
DpV
D:l2ipn^
• r
d-pn
Qp^n
D'!:iprn
n^^n
D-pn
Dp^n
n-bipnn
s^in
'•^'P^
^7bp^n
^^•jiprn
^n^in
CJ-P^
Dp^J5
t^rT^^^
n^ii^
^•rp:
^■-P^'
^■rfpnt
^n*n^
J^:?pn
(r:5:p^n)
|-irri:ipnn
T : •• T
vrpr^
^tj)^r\
^•^■fpnn
^-^nn
nr^pn
(n:::p^n)
nrfjiprn
* . c='P?
npi3
D-hiprij
• T
t^Pv
S'iT^ri
L-n
^■-?"P"
wanting
^■;?tf^n
"2-1
rrpn
vj-^ipnn
: 'i : •
^nn
n:-pn
nrfripnri
(^?T^)
C3-I?-^
dp^-j
D'bipri'^
187
1S3 ETYMOLOGY. §15C, 157
Remarks on Ayin Vav and Ayin Yodii Verbs.
§ 156. 1. Medial Yotlli and Vav remain without quiescence or rejection
in a few verbs, whose root contains another feeble consonant by contrast
with which these letters acquire new strength. This is always the case
in Lamedh He verbs, e. g. n^n. ni3 ; so likewise in the following guttural
verbs and forms. 5^5 to expire, : l"',in^ Isa. 20:22. ; >in''Si Isa. 42:11,
s'-^X to be an enemy, "i^is 1 Sam. 18:9 K'ri (K'thibh vr), ng-^r Jer.
4: Sl.whicli are confined to the Kal species, and in n^n to be airy or re-
freshing, whicli is besides Ibund in the Pual participle.
2. The Kal preterite has Pattalih in two instances as in Ayin Vav
verbs. T2 Zech. 4 : 10, na Isa. 44 : 18 but nb Lev. 14 : 42. It has Tsere
in rh to die, ^i Isa. 17 : 11 but inj .Ter. 50 : 3. and Hholcm in iix to shine,
Cia to be ashamed, ::ia to be goad. §82. 1. a, and in ^1X2 Jer. 27 : 18, else-
where 1X2. !i~T Isa. 1:6, Ps. 58:4, elsewhere ^"ij. Hhirik once occurs
instead of Pattahh in the second person plural, cncs Mai. 3:20. Tiie
following participles have Tsere. C^jb , y^ , yh , ri , is ; the following
have Hholem, D-'Oia, cta-ia , t:"iaip 2 Kin. 16:7 (comp. nrfsip Ex. 32:25
in the Samaritan copy), elsewhere cip .
3. The vowel letter N is written for fl, § 11. 1. a, once in the preterite,
nxp Hos. 10:11, and occasionally in the participle, axJJ Judg. 4:21,
ri^xn Prov. 24:7, irJxn 2 Sam. 12:1, 4, Prov. 10:4, 'l3 : 23, C'jxd
despising Ezek. 16 : 57, 28 : 24, 26, to be distinguished from D"'i:'j rowing
Ezek. 27:8, 26. The consonant X is once introduced in place of the
omitted 1, ■^'^^.^ Zech. 14: 10 for t^^i ; the ancient versions favour the
assumption, that ''ixs Ps. 22:17 is in like manner for C"'n3 ])iercin<r,
though tlie most recent and ablest expositors take it to be a preposition
and noun like the lion. Alexander in loc,
4. The accent regularly remains upon the radical syllable before
affixes consisting of a vowel or a simple syllable, though with occasional
exceptions, e. g. nxi^ Lev. 18 : 28, lin Gen. 26 : 22, :i4b Gen. 40 : 1.5. nn
Num. 13 : 32. In a few instances it is shifted by Vav conversive preterite,
§100.2. irbi Obad. ver. 16, ^EDT Am. 3 : 15, nnr Isa. 11:2. ^nv] Isa. 7: 19
but >ixi!i il)id.. nxrii Zecii. 5:4, njiil ibid., where the feminine ending is
n.^ instead of n ^ ; so in the passive participle, nnsiT Isa. 59 : 5 for nnii; .
§157. 1. Hlinlem is in a few instances found instead of Shurek in the
con.strnct infinitive!, xia , b-'i Jii(lg.3:25, D1T3, ni: and TO:, r^i Isa.7:2,
elsewhere y^i , tii Isa. 30: 2. which is not from TU'. 2'1' Josh. 2: 16, else-
where 210, and with suf. crin Ezek. 10: 17, "'Tia Ps. 71 :6. which is not
the participle from fin (Gesenius), Tia my breaking forth, i.e. the cause
of it Ps. 22: 10, see Alexander in loc; Gesenius explains this form as a
participle, but is obliirod in consequence to assume a transitive sense
which nowhere else belongs to the verb.
2- The following imperatives have Hholem, "^lix Isa. 60:1, X3 , t'ia,
§15S AYIN VAV AND AYIN YODH VERBS. 189
^ri Mic. 4:10, "^ain Mic. 4:13. With paragooric n. ni^ip or nssip,
»niT:3 or n^sid. Examples of the feminine plural, nj^a'p , nD:;c.
3. The following futures have Hholem. Nis^, "lin^ Gen. 6 : 3, elsewhere
I'^'il, aioj Ps. SO: 19, Din;' and om;i, '(yii^ where the Hhirik of the per-
fect paradigm is lengthened to Tsere under the preformative. Examples
of the feminine plural : npi<3n and njxnn, npbilBPl, nj^k^lSFl and Zech.
1:17 nrk^isn (in some editions without Daghesh), nriii^'Fi and njaii'n,
nj-ixn, n:r-1^n Ezek. 13: 19. The accent is shifted and Kamets rejected
from the preformative upon the addition of a suffix or paragogic Nun, the
latter of which is particularly frequent in this class of verbs both in the
Kal and Hiphil future, ^3Si'::": . ^^'^>?., ^i^''^, ^^=0": , 'li^""?, 'Wiirn,
niJ"n Ezek. 4 : 12, with Daghesh euphonic in the 5 which is omitted in
some copies. Apocopated future: rb;| , nb;! and "-'•^^ , "^35^, VP^- ^'r^j
Cp'^ with the accent thrown back to the penult vp^^ . Future with Vav
conversive: r^j^ (in pause nt*i), zt^^ (^iu^i), bis^l , c;^^! , Vpfi , cis*n
the last vowel is changed to Pattahh before a final guttural, 3."5^i , n:'^n,
and sometimes before i or after an initial guttural "it^l but "i5*l, wji"^^ he
was weary, ^^^il hejlew, onri] ; the vowel of the preformative is likewise
changed to Pattahh in UJnn." Job 31 : 5, ay*1 1 Sam. 14: 32, larn;; 1 Sam.
15:19 but -Jrf 1 1 Sam. 25 : 14.
§158. 1. The verbs which exhibit peculiar Ayin Yodh forms in Kal,
with unimportant exceptions, either do not occur in the Hiphil or retain
the same signification in both these species. This has led some gram-
marians to entertain the opinion that these are not Kal but abbreviated
Hiphil forms, while others suppose that the Hiphil in these verbs is a
secondary formation, and has arisen from the Kal future having the form
of the Hiphil. Only three examples occur of quiescent Yodh in the Kal
preterite, nii^-i Job 33 : 13 (Finn Lam. 3:58). Tira Dan. 9:2 (nn:3 Ps.
139:2) D^rn Jer. 16 : 16. ' ' '' •
2. The following verbs have "^ in the Kal future and imperative, '"^a
to understand, ty^i (once "'Ha Mic. 4: 10) to break forth, b^s (once h^^i.^^^
Prov. 23 : 24 K'thibh) to exidt, V^ (once "in^' Gen. 6 : 3) to judge, "pS to
lodge, -■'"I to contend, ni'i to muse, D"'iU (once cVw^ Ex. 4:11) to put,
b°iO (once r.^'h^'i Isa. 35 : 1) to rejoice, n^uj (once "ic;" Job 33 : 27) to sing,
T'^ilJ to place ; b^n or h^T] to twist, writhe, has both Yodh and Vav. . To
these are to be added IT'S Jer. 4 : 3, Hos. 10: 12, njin Ps. 71 : 12 K'thibh,
K'ri ndiin as always elsewhere ; y"'^?^ to urge, y'Si'l to jiourish, T""^^ to
wander, are in the Hiphil according to Gesenius : but as the corresponding
preterites are not Hiphil but Kal, and there are no other forms of the Kal
future, they might with equal propriety be regarded as Kal futures of
Ayin Yodh roots ; the second of them is so regarded by Ewald. Apoco-
pated futures: "p"' . hi'' and bav -'^■' , ciL""^ . rir"|. 'hi^ and il^n. With
Vav conversive : bj*! , iS^i . nb'T , ■^ni , bnri . n:nn , irni . With para-
gogic Nun and suffixes : 1^^"'?'?, "r^"''!?}; C;a"'bv Feminine plural : njbaj^i.
3. The infinitives show a stronger disposition to adopt Vav forms.
Yodh is only retained in the following absolute infinitives: ■)"'3 Prov. 23: 1,
nia and na, ^ Prov. 23:24 K'ri (b'i K'thibh), 3"in Jer. 50:34, else-
190 ETYMOLOGY. ^59,100
where 2'"i. Construct infinitives: ^'^M . ',■'1: Gen. 24:23, elsewhere 'flS ,
^•'n once 311 Judg. 21 : 22 K'thibh. n-^ib and nnib, fir Job 20:4,2 Sam.
14:7 K'ri, elsewhere cnb, -.""UJ 1 Sam. 18:6 K'ri (K'thibh iiu:), Vf^h ,
also with suf. "itti-'n Deut. 25:4, elsewhere t^^ . In the difficult verse
Hos. 7:4 "I'^ST? has been variously explained, as the Kal infinitive pre-
ceded by the preposition "iP or as the Hiphil participle. Tl>e only certain
instance of a Kal passive participle of Ayiu Yodh verbs is nrrc: 2 Sam.,
13: 32 K'ri (K'tliibh ITQ-'b) ; some explain C-'U: Num.24: 21. Obad. ver.4,
as a passive j)articiple. others as an infinitive.
4. Ayin Yodh verbs ndopt the Vav forms in afl the derivative species,
e.g. •'riisj. "iii;. ^"?.r??' U'^^rr'. riki\^- t^tj cooA-et/, i. e. po«ag-e, is the
only instance of a Nipiial participle with Yodh.
§159. 1. Examples of the Niphal preterite: Si^j, aid: , y^VZ, 11X3;
the accidental Hhirik of the perfect paradigm is preserved in b"a3 by
means of Daghesh-forte in the first radical ; in 1i~.3 it is lengthened to
Tsere before the guttural; in : 1^3 Jer. 48: 11 the radical l is rejected,
which gives it the appearance of an Ayin doubled verb. Inflected forms :
nris: (part. fem. n:ir:), ^izh . ^arj , vjirj, ^ba:, "^riiDs , tUz: . cr'i:i*E3,
crb,ti3 .
2. Infinitive absolute: ^isn . Construct: ^isn, nian, with n re-
jected after tiie preposition lixb Job 33:30, §91. b; once it has Shurek,
^ssi^n Isa. 25: 10. Imperative, "il'in. ^iban .
3. Future: "iii^, aia":, ^"'a^ Tir Ps. 72: 17 K'ri (K'thibh )^i-^), ^:"^7 ,
Si£% lis;^, ^inx;;. liyv Participle: "liij , ti^3 , c-'ii£3 , c\ii03 , C'p:? ,
§ 160. 1. The short vowel of the perfect paradigm is in a few instances
•preserved in the Hiphil by doubling the first radical, thus H'^rn and ri'^n,
n-'EH and n-'pn , V-^in , f^^ , 'p^^ , and 'f i;'; , i"^n^ and -n?!! 2 Sam.
22 : 33.
2. Hiphil preterite inflected: fii^'^itn, 13''2n, I3."'^in and >irin, with
syllabic aflixes : niis^^n . niui"'3n , nii3"'"irj. and H -in , cpi'->in. and
tri'in , crb'^Ti'ti, •'ri:j-'Elil , or when the first radical is a guttural,
iniiiyn, Pl"'rri and nrirn, or without the inserted Hholem. r£:n.
Tinrn and •'rirr^rn . ^isin iuid !i3i3"':n . cjnwX^in. and crx-^rn . ipirn and
cfi'^n, §61.4. a. With sufllxes, "irDn^, nyon, ^n-'ian, "rs^'J^i^, "inxirn^.
3. Ilipliil future inflected: ^13"=";. I-"^!?, feminine plural nJit'n ,
n3T2"'pn, nsr-^nn. With Nun paragogic and suffixes: ',!iii"iri, cr."'^"^ .
Apocopated future : yb"; . nb^ , HB^ , ni^ . With Vav conversive :
P^'1, r3'i, njrj'i, irxi and T'^'JI, if the last radical be a guttural, 3?~^V
ris»l, r.i^l, or X, xb^i once X-r'i and once X'^syl ; upon the reception
oT a suffix the vowel is restored to its original length, ci'^d^i . ^HB'^ri.
4. Hiphil infinitive absolute: =i"n. Prn, cpn once C^pn Jer. 44 : 25 ;
construct, b-in , n-'in, z-'in . c-pn , with su(Tix_''i"'iri, ^"i^OvJ, c?^''>'?:>
CrB'':n. and once with a feminine termination nc:n Isa. 30: 28.
'§> 101,162 LAMEDH ALEPH VERBS. 191
5. In a few instances u is found in the Hopiial before Daghesh-forte or
Sh'va. nn4n Zech. 5:11, n273 Ezek. 41:9, 11 but nr^in Lam. 5:5, and
in some ediuons cjjn 2 Sain.' 23:1. !^a^ Job 41:1, sinrn 2 Sam. 21:9,
though otliers read cj?n , x''^'^"! , Ir.^n.
§161. 1. The following verbs, which are only found in one or more of
the three reduplicated species, double the middle radical eitlier as Vav or
as Yodh, viz. : 2'^n to render liable, ijiS to do wickedly, "lir to blind, n^ir
to -pervert^ sk'd to cry for help, ^Vihi^s.T] Josh. 9:12, *l"i':?^"' Josh. 9:4; so
also c^p fut. D*;5'i and c^ip;', In:^ fut. l^is?"^ , which have quiescent Vav
in other species, and n^n , which has consonantal Vav likewise in the Kal.
2. The following omit the quiescent in the Piel and double the result-
ing biliteral, biibs to sustain, n''rx:;x'J Isa. 14:23. T^bz^h-jXi Isa. 22:17,
Ti^i-Tn-o Hab. 2:7, '^lisilE'^ Job 16: 12 but y^^S"^ Jer. 2'3':29,' npnp Num.
24: 17 and ip-ipia Isa. '22;' 5. ^?p:bn Isa. 17:]'l'; : ^l^rSJ': Isa. 15:5 is for
!''^^!"??"?i §57. I; 'i^'^"'? Job 39: 3 is perhaps for l5?br7 from h^b , comp.
pON Ps. 139:8 for p^O^, , §88, though Gesenius conjectures that it is an
erroneous reading for ti"^:;b from 'S^'i . The only Hithpael formed by a
like reduplication is ^n^nrri Esth. 4:4, elsewhere bSinnn .
3. Other verbs double the third radical in the Piel and Hithpael. Ex-
amples of the ieminine plural : n:"ini:£n , nsbipn, : nsjriiTonn , nDL:i:ic'nri.
Hholem is changed to u before the doubled letter in the contracted form,
!is:^=-'l Job 31: 15 for ^isisiD-ii, §61. 3. Fiirst explains sijaniam Isa. 64:6 as
in like manner for IDWI^ctnT . while Gesenius makes it a Kal future, used in
this single instance in a transitive sense, cboitin Am. 5 : 11 is probably a
variant orthography for Ci3CD13, §92. b.
4. The following are Ihe only examples of the Pual in Ayin Vav verbs,
viz.: With "I doubled, r\h-q Eccles. 1: 15, n-^nj^^ Jer. 22: 14. Redupli-
cated biliteral, 1^=1=3 1 Kin. 20:27. The third radical redu])licated, b^-in
to be born, :>l33i3 'Ezek. 28 : 13. Ps. 37 : 23, HDrbi'^n Ps. 75: 1 1 and n?:i^a
Neh. 9:5. r:J,n";i Isa. 16: 10, ^SSIt^ Job 26: ll', nsiill"^ Ezek. 38 : 8. '
5. oi'^rn'sisn Jer. 25 : 34- is an anomalous preterite from y^isi to scatter,
with ri prefixed and inflected after the analogy of Niphal ; some copies
have the noun CD^nillisri yoitr dispersions.
In T^l^r!^ Ezek. 36: 11 for "^nhlirii from pii: , Tsere is retained under
the prefix as though the word were i'rom the related Pe Yodh verb -^■',
e. g. in::-u:-'n'i . On the other hand, in inp^JW Ex. 2: 9 from pi;", Tsere
is rejected as though it were from an Ayin Vav verb.
Lamedh Aleph (i<b) Verbs.
§162. 1. Aleph, as the third radical of verbs, retains its
consonantal character only when it stands at the beginning
of a syllable, r^ki'a , qs^iian .
192 ETYMOLOGY. § 1G3
2. At the end of the word it invariably quiesces in the
preceding vowel, §57. 2. (^), i^'ra , Nsia, s^i^an . If thig
vowel be Pattalih, as in the Kal and Niphal preterites and
in the Pual {uid lloplial species, it is in the simple syllable
lengthened into Kaniets, § 59, xi^a for xip , xi^a? for si^3 ;
so likewise in the Kal fnture and imperative, where iJ as
a guttural requires a, xi^:* for xiia'' , xi^ for i?i^ . A like
prolongation of Pattahh to Kamets occurs before medial x
in the tirst and second persons of the Kal preterite, ^^^i'a ,
3. With the single exception just stated, medial J? quiesces
in the diplitliongal vowel e before syllabic affixes ; thus, in the
first and second persons of the preterites of the derivative
species in Tsere, rii'^'Q?, %^i«2r''9n, in the feminine plurals of
all the futures and imperatives in Seghol, rcsi'cn , rcsis'a .
a. This e may arise from the diplitliongal preferences of N . §60. l.a(5),
or it may he horrowed frotn the corresponding forms of nb verbs, between
which and N2 verbs there is a close affinity and a strong tentlency to
mutual assiniilalion. la Chaldee and Syriac no distinction is made be-
tween them.
§103. This class of verbs is represented in the follow-
ing paradigm by Ni^a to find ; the Picl and Hithpacl, though
wanting in this verb, are supplied from analogy. The Pual
and Hophal are omitted because they *are of rare occurrence,
and they present no peculiarities but such as are common to
the other species.
a. In their ordinary inflection Lamedh Aleph verbs dilTer from the
perfect paradigm in the vowels only.
Paradigm of Lam
EDii Aleph Verbs
KAL.
NIPHAL.
PIEL.
HIPHIL.
HITHPAEL.
Peet. 3 m.
^ra
^%:^
5<-r;n
NS-^nn
3/.
r^^^ra
rkra:
M.r4:2
T : - : •
2 m.
ini^rj
mj^r^D
T •• •
Tm:zr^r\
2/.
T T
r.si;";^
nj^iiiD
r.K^^r^
n.s^=nn
1 c.
• T T
^n.sr^:
^nsrj
-nj^r^n
'rvsr^'^nn
Plur. 3 c.
^i^:i-^D
^k-rn
^j<-::an
"^k'l'cm
2 wi.
V T ;
Dn^5r;D
Dnx^j
Dn«r;n
UTi^^'zryi
2/
]^^ri
■ni<r;2
-nj52S!a
■,ni<r;n
"n^5"4'^rn
1 c.
r T
^-^^H
r.^^r^
^:i<r;?7
^:^^r2n^
FuT. 3?«. . 5<r;^ ^i;/2i mrT ^^^4't ^■4'^'^'
3/ i^rjn ^i:^ri u^ii'^n ^5■r^^l ^^
2 m. j^i^n i^^^ri s><T=^ 5^"ii3r) ^^k^^rr
2/. \^rjn ^!k"4'/2n "s^r^n -i?!;-r;ri \^S/5nn
ic. i^r;^ ^i^!j? ^4=^ ^5■^■2^ ^'4'^^^^
Plnr.^m. ^kl'T '^^^''l^l '^^'TT ^i^"^-! ^k'l'ZT)-'^
3/ nr^r^ipn nr^^^n nr^^fs^n nr^^ij'^n n:^^|^rn
2 m. ^^5r;^l ^s^:;/2n Tij^2i"^n "^^-r^ri ^krr^nn
2/. n:i^r;n r;:«ii2ri r!:«r-:n np.si'^n r;r^^4=^^
ic. ^5rj2 S}5i-/2D «!k-j: ^5■r2] ^^^-m
Imper. 2 m.
T :
S^i:2u
^V^
^^;2r}
.N;k-^rn
2/
\N:rj
^t^^^M
^kT2
'^'^■?u
"s^ii»rn
Plur. 2 m.
^kT2
^.s::i2n
'^^'T2
^.^-r;n
^.s'^-^pr;
2/
T V ;
T V T •
rr.^'t2
r;:«r^ri
nt^^s-^nn
Paet. Act. ^'ra ^^■'2^2 ^'%'2'2 ^""^.'ZT^'Z,
Pass. N^rj i^i^li
r r ; •
13 103
194 ETYMOLOGY. §164,165
Remarks on Lamedh Aleph Verbs.
§164. 1. Verbs having Tsere as their second vowel, §82. 1. a. retain it
in the first and second persons of the Kal preterite, l^i*"!)^, f"^'?'^) T^?.^-
2. Quiescent x is occasionally omitted from the body of the word,
6. g. Kal pret. ^r^'; Job 1 :2l for "'PS^;;, "'ri^ Num. 11: 11, "^rrs Judg.
4: 19. tI?"? Job o-l-AS. !i:3 1 Sam. 25:8 flir 13X2: fut. nr^an and nDNian ;
rk^ Deut. k!8:57 part. fern. sing, for rxk^ ; iniZJTD Job 4i:17 for irx-y^
const, iiil! with prep, and suf. from xii"3 . Niph. pret. crrnj Josh. 2:16,
cn'Cli? Lev. 11:43. Otiant K, §16. 1, may in like manner be dropped
from the end of the word after quiescent Vav or Yodh. e. g. ""-O Gen.
20:6 for xvjn . ia^i 1 Kin. 12:12 for Kii^^ •'i?nn 2 Kin. 13:6, '■'i:nn
Jer. 32:35, ^D^ Ps.'ui : 5, ^^1 Ps. 55:16, '^'ix 1 Kin. 21:29, Mic. 1:15,
"hxi 2 Sam. 5:2. and in three other passages; ''zn Ruth 3:15 is Hiph.
imper. fern, for "'X'^nn, §62.2.
3. The vowel following X is in a few instances given to a preceding
vowclloss consonant, and the X becomes otiant or quiescent, §57. 2(3),
xri'3 Ps. 139:20 for ^ixr 3 , xvis';' Jer. 10:5 for !lx'w\S"i, ixn-^ imp. for IX-.7,
x-^'^'EccIcs. 10:5 Kal part. fern, for i^XS^ , O'^X-jh 1 Sam. 14:33 for
c-x-:n, cs-iia Neh. 6:8 Kal part, with suf! for cx"ii2, siXQ-;? Ezek. 47:8
for 1XQ"'3; and, on the contrary, quiescent X attracts to itself the vowel
of the preceding consonant in "t^-Jp Ex. 2:20 Kal imp. for i^JX-ip and
na-^x^ Cant. 3:11 lor n:xk from'xiv
4. Final X resumes its consonantal character upon the addition of
suffixes "ixts, receiving (. ) before T], cd and "3. in consequence of which
a previous Tsere or Sh'va is converted into Pattahh, §60. 1, ^x'rs . ^X3"yr5,
rx-a. r|Xn2n, r^i».rrq Pi. inf, C=xs^, crx^'o Kal inf. for c=x^:;^. §61. I.e.
5. Kamets in the ultimate is mostly retained before suffixes and para-
goffic n, r,xs^'^, nxs-i Ps. 41:5. S^i^^p^l I Sam. 28: 15, but nx2D3 Isa.
56^12. Tsere is rejeVted r'xax Neh. 2:13, 2 Chron. 1:10, or retained
only in pause : nx^ Judg. 9:29.
§1G5. 1. He is, in a few instances, substituted for X, ncn Ps. 60:4 for
XC1. ni-n Jer. 19: 11 for X2-n, nD3 Ps. 4:7 for XC3 , §3. 1. a, nsns Jer.
49V1O for'xins, ninn l Kin.' 22: '20, 2 Kin. 7:12 lor xinn nr^^ Job
8:21 for x^^v'
2. Sometimes X remains, but the vowels arc those of nb forms. ■rxJS
P.S. 119: 101 f)r T5<^3, «'4" Ecrl. 8:12,9:18. Isa. 65:20 Ibr X'jn , XITS
1 Sam. 22:2, Isa. 24:' 2. xi-'"3 Eccl. 7:26, xi? 1 Kin. 9:11, Am. 4:2 Pi.
pret. for X'i;3. xsn Ps. 143:3 fir XSn , X^^ Jer. 51::!4 for x|^, -rxcn
2 Kin. 2:21 for T^E") , "3X5-) Jer. 51:0 for "-XQ-i , -^"^V] Job 39:24 for
-S"5^ x^EH Deut. 28:59 Hiph. pret. fir X^V^H - K^""^ Ps. 135:7 Hiph.
part, const, for X-'i'i^ from xi^ ; to whirli may be added i^J-'X'^Pi Ezek.
.23 : 49 nr-'XS'sn Jer. 50 : 20, with "^ inserted as in rTis verbs.
§ 166-168 LAMEDH HE VERBS. 195
3. Sometimes the •^b form is adopted both in consonants and vowels,
!|5?3 Ezek. 28:16 for ^kh^, ^Bs 1 Sam. 6:10, rcij Ezek. 39:26, ''ihh-s
1 Sam. 25: 33 for lanxba/nas^Ruth 2:9 for rxo^ , n^D^ Gen. 23:6 for
xy37 , njiD-in Job 5 : 18 for njSE-in comp. Jer. 8:11, 51 • 9, 2 Kin. 2 : 22,
•'•Vri Ps. 32:'l for nr<ri: , n-^arjer! 26 : 9 for nxa? , n^a?nn i Sam. 10:6,
riaann l Sam. 10:13, ^n-^^isn 2 Sam. 3:8, n^5/lsa.'29: 7 for n^N2iS;
nipa Ezek. 8 : 3 is by some interpreters thought to be for S'^ipp provok-
ing to jealousy, and by others explained in the sense of the ti'b vevh selling
(Israel to their foes).
§166. 1. The 3 fem, preterite has the old ending n^, §86. 6, in nxin
Ex. 5: 16 tor nij-jn, nN-if? Deut. 31 :29, Isa. 7: 14, Jer. 44:23, nxin Gen'
33:11 Hoph. from Nia' nx^E3 Ps. 118:23 (r^xHs? Deut. 30:ll''is the
feminine participle), to which the customary ending n^ is further added
in nnsbsD 2 Sam. 1 : 26. nnxann Josh. 6: 17 for nx-iann.
2. A feminine termination n^, n, or as in nb verbs ni, is occasionally
added to the construct infinitive, e. g. Kal, i'ii^'O'J . nx"i';i, HNDb , rxnp from
snf? to meet, distinguished from ^'^p_ and nixip Judg. 8 : 1 from X'^jf? to
call, nxBia and nixlJ?? never xSa, nxbb Prov. 8: 13, with suf. inxan
Ezek. 33": 12. Niphal, irxnsn Zech. 13:4. Piel, nix^Ta and n|iq j
inxsp 2 Sam. 21 : 2; nix"^^ Ezek. 17 : 9 is a Kal inf. const., formed as in
Chaldee' by prefixing a.
3. There are two examples of the Niphal infinitive absolute. N">p5
2 Sam. 1 : 6 and Nsan Ex. 22 : 3: the analogy of the former has been re-
tained in the paradigm for the sake of distinction from the construct. Piel
infinitive absolute : iiip, KSn , xna. Hiphil inf abs. : xi^sn , Vi'q'ri .
4. The Hiphil future with Vav conversive commonly has Tsere in the
ultimate, thougli Hhirik also occurs Xnpnr, NJr^l , xin*'] , xanni . X^i'3
and siw, ND^'l, once SfajT Ezek. 40 : 3, and once N"^i;] Neh. 8 : 2.
5. Kamets sometimes occurs in the ultimate of the Hithpael future,
S-^Jn-i Num. 23:24 but s'l^snn Ezek. 29: 15, so Ni2nn7 , XM-J":, N^snPI,
: 'j-lNS'an'^ ; more rarely in the preterite, nxaan.
§167. 1. The following are the only Pual forms which occur. Pret. :
siksn , ixan , xVp , Fut. : xsn^ . Part. : xsiia , nijaao , n-'it|7:ri , n-'k^Dia ,
nixS-JTD,' with suf "'X'^iTi^ . ' ' '' T.. '■. .
2. The following are the only Hophal forms: Pret. ^xann. nxri^n,
xa^in, nxan, ."inxan, ^ixairi. Fut.: xai-', ^ixaiii. Part.: xa'ii, nxinia .
3. For the anomalous forms, nnxiin Deut. 33; 16, T;nj<iapi Job 22: 21,
JHiiari 1 Sam. 25 :34 (K'thibh Tisan), see §88 (sing. 3 fern.) '
Lamedh He (nb) Verbs.
§168. In these verbs the thuxl radical, which is Yodh or
Vav, does not appear at the end of the word except in the
196 ETYMOLOGY. ^169
Kal passive participle, e. g. "''^^ ; in all other cases it is re-
jected or softened, the resulting vowel termination being
usually expressed by the letter n, ^11. 1. <?.
In the various preterites n stands for the vowel a, and
is hence pointed n ^ ,
111 the futures and participles it stands for e, and is
pointed n . .
In the imperatives it stands for e, and is pointed n _ .
In the absolute infinitives it stands for 0 or B ; in the
Kal it is pointed t^ , in the liiphil and Hophal n , in the
Niphal and Piel n or n . . There are no examples in Pual
and Ilithpael.
The construct infinitives have the feminine endins; fii .
a. In this class of verbs the Yodh forms have almost entirely super-
seded those with Vav. The latter are confined to the construct infinitive
Avhere ni, occurrin<r in all the species, is best explained by assuming l to
be radical (comp. nixn Ezek. 28: 17 as an alternate of r'xn) and to a few
other sporadic cases, viz.: a single Kal preterite, "^r*;"?"^ Job 3:25. the
reduplicated forms of three verbs, "I'xa , ^*n«^, n^Pindn, and the pecu-
liar form, 'n.'f'^X^ Isa. 16:9.
b. In the Kal preterite, Yodh is rejected after the heterogeneous
vowel Pattahh, §57. 2. (5). which is then prolonged to Kaniets in the sim-
ple syllable, nbj for "'ba. As Pattahh is likewise the regular vowel of the
ultimate in the preterites of Niphal and Hophal, and occasionally appears
in Piel. §92. c. and Hithpael. §96. b, the final Kamets of these species may
be similarly explained. The ending, thus made uniform in the other
species, passed over likewise into the Hiphil preterite, which it did the
more readily since a belongs at least to some of its persons in the perfect
verb. Yodh is in like manner rejected after the heterogeneous Hholem
of certain infinitives, while it leaves the homogeneous Tsere of others un-
modified.
c. The futures, imperatives, and participles of certain of the species
have e as the normal vowel of their ultimate; in this Yodh can quiesce,
leaving it unchanged. Those of the other species (except the Hiphil,
which is once more attracted into conformity with the rest) have or may
have a in the ultimate ; this, r-omhined with the i latent in "^ . will again
form e. In the future this becomes e (..) in distinction from the ending e(_)
of the more energetic imperative ; and the absolute is distinguished from
the construct slate of the participle in the same way.
§ 1G9. 1. Before personal endings beginning with a
/owel the last radical is occasionally retahicd as "^ , particu-
§170 LAMEDH HE VERBS. 197
larly in prolonged or pausal forms, n^^on , vtn , : )Tcr}^, ; it
is, however, commonly rejected and its vowel given to the
antecedent consonant, ^^a for ^^)^ , "'^^n for '''?'?^l? ; in like
manner the preterite 3 fern., which in these verbs retains the
primary characteristic ri^ , §86. ^, r^a for rrjbs , to which is
further appended the softened ending n ^ , thus iTJb^ , in
pause nnba .
(I. The n^ of the 3 fern. pret. is frequently explained as a second fem-
inine ending added after the first had lost its significance in the popular
consciousness. It might, perhaps with equal propriety, be regarded as
paragogically appended, §61.6. comp. such nouns as nrs'Vr^, <^r^^2J ,
nnr'^X, in order to produce a softer termination and one more conformed
to that which obtains in the generality of verba. Nordheimer's explanation
of the in as hardened from n, nnbji jbr •^S^^S, labours under the double
difficulty that there is neither proof nor probability for the nssnmplion that
the consonant n could be exchanged for n , and that ii in the preterite of
these verbs is not a radical nor even a consonant, but simply the represen-
tative of the vowel a.
2. Before personal endings beginning with a consonant
the third radical "^ remains but is softened to a vowel, so
that in the Kal preterite it quiesces in Hhirik, in the Pual
and Hophal preterites in Tsere, in the Niphal, Piel, Hiphil,
and Hithpael preterites in either Hhirik or Tsere, and in the
futures and imperatives of all the species in Seghol, ri-'ba,
3. Forms not augmented by personal endings lose their
final vowel before suffixes, €. g. ""i^a , ^ba from np5 , ^by^
from n^;^:^ , ^b.'^n from Mp^n . The preterite 3 fem. takes its
simple form, e. g. 'innba or ^P^a , and in pause ^nb5 .
§170. The Lamedh He verbs will be represented by
nSa to uncover, reveal, which is used in all the species.
Paradigm of Lamedh
KAX.
NIPnAL.
PIEL.
Pjket. 3 m.
T T
r;b:D
T •
3/
T : IT
nhbj3
T : •
2 m.
r-br,
T • T
n-b'::
T ** : •
^h
2/.
• T
r^'brV
n^ba
\c.
• • T
T'b:?
T"'??
Plur. 3 c.
T
^b;3
iiba
2 w».
Dn-br»
t^^n'b::
C^!''??
2/.
i*:-^?
"iP'^rip
wn
Ic.
• T
^"b)?
^i3.
Infix. Ahsol.
n'bs
rt^r»j
^•y-
1 )>^
Con»tr.
nib'ii
nibsr;
T •
nib'^
FcT. 3 m.
np?:
V T •
3/.
ri.!?r»n
V T •
n.5':»n
2 91.
n.pjn
. » 1
V T •
i^^rtH
2/.
^b"»J^
• T •
"b'^^
Iff.
^b3^?
nv3J5
r;b:.^^
P?w. 3 ?».
^br
^:
3/.
n:'^jn
nrb'sn
T V T »
i^r.K'n'
2m.
'^3n
^b'sn
T ■
^b3n
2/.
^r.?^*^
nrV:;n
T V r •
•^r)'^^
Iff.
J^>;*3
-bs:
1 1 flO
lilPEK. 2 7».
nba
n fiiri
nVik
2/-
^?3
^bsn
^S
P?Mr. 2 m.
^
^br,n
T •
^b3
2/
T •.- T •
nrb^
T V —
Part. ^<?^
nSa
*^.f "'*r^
Pow.
-«3
» i;^r«j
198
He Verbs.
PUAL,
niPHiL.
nOPHAL.
HITHPAEL.
T •..
T ; •
' ribr»M
T : T
nhba
JiribrtJi
T ; :
nrivsn
nr.bsJnM
"?■!?■?
n-b.-r;
T " : r
^^y^rr;
n-l's
ti^brdi
l^'bfO
ri^Vsriri
-r^^
T^^^n
^n-b'.-n
• • : T
^n^^rtrn
^
^hr\
^i:r>
•'b^r^n
DH'^a
^fy):^}
^t}i.-\^
Dn^bann
tf^ .
"P'^rV
"(0^1?r*o
■jn^bsrn
^r|3
^"b3n
^rb?3n
iiD^bsinn
(r;&)
(n'barv)
m;3
niHjH
(n%)
nibarri
-^:
ri.bV
nb':.^
V ; r
•^^'^^r
mVjfi
nb^n
rib'."n
V ; r
li.i^^rri
n&n
•^b*^^
lr;b,-n
V : T
nb'ijnn
'i;^
^b'jD
-b';,n
')'5^J?
^m
nb'3^
nb'jsj^
^^%^^
^f.
%
^^:
^ban^
~r)i^
nrb'3n
rirb'^-n
T V : T
j^r)'^^^
^%^
^i^3n
; T
^barn
n:-);n
f^r^'f^
T V : r
n:^b5nn
^<i
nbb?
nb^rij
ri >r»n
^^^^^
wanting
^bbn
wanting
^"i^^K^
^S^n
^b'anri
^"•^f^
nrb'^rri
nb'rir.'j
n^3^
V : T
199
MPHAL.
PIEL.
HipniL.
HITHPAEL.
npr
n5rp
•^'?"0
n^^n;'
"^h
"^
^?:i
ban^
b^l
^^1
^?i:i
biin'^'i
200 ETYMOLOGY. §171,172
enORTENED FTTURE AXD IMPERATIVE.
§ 171. 1. The final vowel n is rejected from the futures
when apocopated or when preceded by Vav conversive. The
concurrence of final consonants thence resultmg in the Kal
and Iliphil is commonly relieved by inserting an unaccented
Seghol between them, §01. 2, to which the preceding Pat-
tahh is assimilated in the Uiphil, §G3. 2. a, the Ilhirik of
the Kal either remaining unchanged or being lengthened to
Tsere in the simple syllable.
KAL.
Future. S^???
Apoc. Fut. b^"*! or b.";^
Vav. Conv. b^^] orbrt^l
2. The final vowel n . is sometimes rejected from the im-
perative in the Piel, Hiphil, and Hithpael species, e. g. Pi. ba
for nba , Hiph. b^n for nb.nn , Hith. bsnn for n;?5nn.
Remarks on Lamedh He Verbs.
§172. 1. Kill preteritp : The third person feminine rarelj' occurs with
the simple endintr r, . nir Lev. 25 : 21, n^n 2 Kin. 9 : 37 K'thibh ; so in
the Hipliil, rjxbn Ezek."24:12. nk-in Lev. 26:34, and Hophal, rb';n
Jer. 13:19. Yodh is occasionally retained bef()re asyllabic affixes. !^^cn
Ps. 57 :2, the only instance in which the feminine has the ending usual in
other verb.s. s^on Deut. 32:37, ^''i:} Ps. 73:2 K'ri ; so in the imperative,
fi-'DX, fl-'ra Isa. 21:12; future, •|=l'^3-7 , ?"''b27, ^^'IjV l'l'''9D,!! • ?^P^"'',
?■'"?'!!,'!, ?^n=f?- 't'l^"^"!' r.?"'"', ^'r'-"'j l"'ri<,'' , Niphalprftfrite. rK3, Piel
future, ",l'"'Hnri, ^^•'«p27, Ilii)liil future, "i^'^^n, imperative, ^I'^nn for 1"'ri<n .
2. Infinitive: Vav is sometimes written for the final vowel of the infini-
tive absolute instead of n, 1=3. ir:,, Van. inn, ina, idr, i:;^. -ixn. irr^
and in a few in.stanrcs the feminine terniination is added, nibx , rix"^,
nima. There are al-so examples of the omission of this termination from
the cotistruct infinitive, nr?. and i'-r . nip, ni<"i, inu: ; once it has the
form n-xn Ezek. 2S : 17.
3. Future : There are a very few examples of Tsere as the last vowel
of the future. nx-iP. Dan. 1 : l'3. nrrn .Tosh. 7 : 9, rirrr Josh. 9 : 24,
-n;;nn Jer. 17: 17} bo in the Piel, n^;ri Lev. 18:7 ff.; and, on the olhet
§.173 REMARKS ON LAMEDH HE VERBS. 201
hand, there is one instance of an imperative ending in Seghol. viz., the
Piel, n?n Judg. 9:29. The radical "^ remains and rests in Hhirik in
•'bfni (3 fern.) Jer. 3 : 6, in the Hiphil, "in^cp (2 rnasc.) Jer. 18 : 23, and in
the Kal imperative, "'sn (2 niasc.) Isa. 26 : 20. Yodh appears once as a
consonant before a suffix, ''r?.'?^,!!!'! Job 3 : 25, and once before n paragogic,
n^^ns Ps. 77:4, whiidi is very rare in these verbs, but perhaps displaces
the final vowelin S^i'i^^ Ps. 119 : 117, and the Hithpael, i^^!^^? Isa.41:23,
In a few instances ^ is restored as a quiescent before suffixes, 'li^li'n^ Hos.
6:2, "^rsn 1 Kin. 20:35, i^'^S?'? Ps. 140:10K'ri. nn\NtSX Deut. 32 : 26.
Examples of the feminine plural: nrssn , njB-rn /^T^nrr.] , nr^?ny,
nr:?n and ^(^X^ .
4. The future of a few verbs when apocopated or preceded by Vav con-
versive simply drops its last vowel, either retaining Hhiril< under the per-
sonal prefix or lengthening it to Tsere, Pis';] , 3d^t ^ rj^-ni ^ "n-ijrii , 'Sili'"^ ,
T}'6h; so in the Pe Nun forms, t^i and T^i , a^ , and Pe Yodh ",1^1, with
Pattahh-furtive under the first radical of the Pe guttural, "nri"], § 17. , or
the vowel of the personal prefix changed to Pattahli. §60. 1, fiN^l, X'l^l
but X">"; , Xiril . Most commonly Seghol is inserted between the concur-
ring consonants, TS'Ji, '|3^, kn^. nni. bD-i and VsPi, Y^.^2, '2'^ and "Sril,
t,^}_. '^J^}^, ^kiV , ^h:bi ^l.'l and s'^ti], ClI^T , yn.'. , i<'2J'2, ^\j^1. ^^."^j or
Pattahh if one of the consonants is a guttural, §61. 2; thus, in Ayin gut-
tural verbs, yilJ^I , ."lanl , ^T. , ^'^^, in Pe guttural 'iH'T from n;r;;i ,
§60. \.a. (3), "in'^ from ir^nV or with the additional change of the vowel
of the prefix to Pattahh, "■^nni , mn from i^^nri , )'n^: from nisn;] , "irtni ,
B?'^] Isa. 59: 17 (in 1 Sam. 15:19. 14:32 K'ri, this same form" is from
V^V or -J^S, §157. 3), b^'ai , -jy^i , il5?!y The rejection of the final vowel
takes place frequently even in the first person singular, which in other
verbs is commonly exempt from shortening, §99. 3. a, 'B>?T. X7S1 and
nN-!wNi, T\-ch, inn, h-Jit't, irxi. larxi and nibrxn. In a few instances
the final vowel is retained in other persons after Vav conversive, e. g.
niyr^l l Kin. 16 : 25. n::;!! 2 Kin. 1 : 10, nb*l Josh. 19 : 50. nrsn::. 1 Sam.
1 ■^', "^?.,!] 1 Kin. 16:17, n5<-:,^i 1 Sam. 17:42. n^3'_l 2 Kin. 6: 23, "'irn
Deut. 32"': 18 is fut. apoc. of n';;^ as "^ti^ or ■'h'^ of n^n .
5. The passive participle drops the final "^ in ^D^ Job 15:22 for ""'D^,
siirr Job 41:25 for •'sii'S, and fern. plur. n-,rJ3 Isa.^ 3:16 K'thihh (K'ri
nf^i^a?), mbJJ 1 Sam. 25': 18 K'thihh.
§173. 1. In the Niphal preterite Yodh may quiesce in either Tsere or
Hhirik, though the former is more frequent, ri''p3 and "^ri^f?: , ri^^sa and
sirB:?. cn^:33 and l^"''?'^;, "'^'^S? and 15^^23.
2. Examples of the infinitive absolute : n'b53 , nbns , ^pllf . Construct :
im"l35n and nnSss, niian, mxnn and njinri ; with suffixes, "ih^'n, "ihibsn,
once as though it were a plural noun, D3"'ninjin Ezek. 6:8, so the Kal
infin.,' "■^r'^SS Ezek. 16: 31, once with a preposition, rii^ib Ex. 10:3.
3. Future apocopated and with Vav conversive: b-jn, i^^^ni, n55<i,i
Vnn, ti'V\, Nn.'T, -{s'T, and in one verb with Pattahh before n, nia^]
Gen. 7:23, Ps. 109: 13, though some editions omit the Daghesh-forte in the
former passage, thus making it a Kal future.
202 ETYMOLOGY. ^174,175
§174. 1. Piel: Two verbs, ns3 to he becoming ?Lni\ Mn:: to draw [ihe
bow), luvving a guttural for their second radical, double tbe third instead,
which in the reduplication appears as Vav, though the general law is ad-
hered to requiring its rejection from the end of the word and the substitu-
tion of the vowel letter n. The only forms which occur are, of the
former, the preterite n'^XJ Ps. 93:5, lixj Cant. 1: 10, Isa. 52:7, and of
the latter the participle plur. constr. *'in^'9 Gen. 21 : 16. There are
three examples of Hholem inserted after the first radical, §92. 6, "'n^Si'^
Isa. 10: 13 from nD':3 , the b being an orthographic equivalent for O,
§3. 1. a, and in the infinitive, ijii, nn Isa. 59: 13.
2. In the first person singular of the Piel preterite ^ sometimes quiesces
in Tsere ; in all the other persons, however, and even in the first singu-
lar, when a suffix is added, it invariably quiesces in Hliirik, ''ri"'ba and
ip">j!a, "'n"'iiK', once Ti-'ip , •^n-'i-ii and '^n"'|3 , rpn^^s , cn-i^s .
3. Infinitive absolute: l^^p, and T^^p_, n^3. nf?3 . nb. iih, iVn . The
construct always ends in ni with the exception of nj;3 ;ilso ri53 , and
''Sn Hos. 6:9.
4. Future: in "'^"^J* Isa. 16:9 from •^^'J, the second radical is doubled
as "^ , §153. I, and the third appears as 1, §56. 3. a ; '~\?'^^, Ex. 33: 3 is
for ^,i2X. §63.1.6. With Vav conversive : bi*;: . bb"^l, t>'z'<^ . v!i'^],
bpri] . ~i?n] . so in the first per.son singular. b^xV l^X.i ; once Pattahh is
lengthened to Kamets, in';'] 1 Sam. 21: 14; so in pause, \hyr\ Prov. 25: 9.
5. The imperative has Seghol in a single instance. ri2"] Judg. 9:29
and sometimes drops its final vowel ba , bn, l^a , DD , yi and n)ia .
6. Pual infinitive construct with sufiix : iri:? Ps. 132:1.
§175. 1. Hiphil preterite: The prefixed n has occasionally Seghol,
n^sn and nb':n, rxbn, Prftsn, nx^n, rpr-x-in. Yodh may quiesce in
Hhirik or Tsere, n^irjn, ''P"'b»;n , ri''3Tn, •>n''i:n . Yodh once remains as
a quiescent in the 3 masc. sing., "^bnn Isa. 53: 10, and once in the 3 masc.
plur., '^'^h-zr^ Josh. 14:8 for rp^n , '§'62. 2.
2. The infinitive absolute has Kamets in S^^in by way of distinction
from nain ;uid ns^n Jer. 42:2. which are always used adverbiallv.
Construct: The prefixed n has Hhirik in one instance, rii:ipn Lfv.
14:43; Piinb 2 Kin. 19: 25 K'thibh is for mxcnb .
3. The future, when apocopated or preceded by Vav conversive. some-
times simply rejects its final vowel. rs'| , X'ni'^, nn;). pii'^^, ii'^ from
ri"^', ^T? from Myj, i:?1 from <^tJ3 , T|?^ Irani ni? ; commonly, however,
Seghol is inserted between the concurring consonants, bx''] from n^x,
§111.2. rt. b_vi. "iT'i, DiaPi.\ irn], -^E^i, a-i^i. ci'^in, br Pattahh if one
of the consonants is a guttural, "^n^T, nrn, bs^i . rn^n . Occasionally the
final vowel remains. nBr*l 1 Kin. 16:17. 18:42. r-,2-ni Ezck. 23:19-,
once the radical "^ appears quiescing in Hhirik, Tirn (2 masc. apoc. for
tT?n) Jer. 18:23. The retention or rejection of the vowel is optional in
the first person singular, ninx'' , npcxi , nsxi and ".Xt from ni:3. bsxi,
I ' , o ' ■.* : -IT J '■•• : -iT ' v -iT 1 -r »T ' — »'
ux from n-js.
$176,177 REMARKS ON LAMEDH HE VERBS. 203
4. The imperative is sometimes abbreviated, i^^ifi and S"iri , Ms^n
and T\-}ri , brn for M]t'?,n , nan and UH , f^'Si'i and Ty} ; -•'On (accent on
the ultimate) Ps. 39:14 is for ■~i?ii;f], the same word Isa. 6 : 9 is from
rrir, § 140. 5.
5. Hophal infinitive absolute: frnsn Lev. 19:20.
§176. 1. Hithpael: One verb <^n'J^ reduplicates its third radical, which
appears as 1, n'lnnpn to worship, \at. n'lnni::^ with Vav conv. sinnir'si
for ^r;iri'^'?], §61. 2, plur. 1"rinc*1, infin.' ninp'rn , and once with suf.
T'^J'^.^D^'^ 2 Kin. 5: 18, the accent being thrown back by a following
monosyllable. For the inflected participle, cn'^insno^ Ezek. 8:16, see
§90, page 120.
2. In the preterite "^ mostly qniesces in Tsere in the first person singu-
lar, and in Hhirik in the other persons, ''n"'li<Pi-i , '^ri^'inpivun, n"''inrnrn,
cn-inncn, nib'rn, n"'Q"inn, ninsnn, nirnir'n.
3. The future apocopated and with Vav conversive : bsr!*^ , C?r'- 1
*innn, byn*', -"^nn, i'riirn, or with Kamets in the accented syllable,
I'jri'!!) "i-vr^P, so always in pause, bhn'si, :D3rril Gen. 24:65.
4. The shortened imperative: I5ri«7) ^f^TH •
§ 177. 1. n^n to be, fut. <^7.n|; , Hhirik being retained before the guttural
under the influence of the following Yodh, whence the Sh'va. though
vocal, remains simple ; so in the inf const, with prep. ni"iiia, ni'inb. ni''i"i53,
though without a prefix it is r'i''n, once t^^•^ Ezek. 21:15. The apoco-
pated future T)7 (in pause ''•^'^J and with Vav conversive "^Ti"^"^, is for
■^il^, the vowel of the prefix returning to the Sh'va from which it arose,
§85. 2. a (1). page 116, when the quiescence of the middle radical gives a
vowel to the first. The same thing occurs in the peculiar form of the
future x>l!T^ Eccl. 11 : 3, where the second radical appears as 1, which it
sometimes does in the imperative, Si^n and niSi Gen. 27 : 29 or N'n Job
37:6, and in the participle n'in Neh. 6-6, Eccl. 2:22, fem. n^^n Ex. 9:3.
2. tT|;n tn live. The root i^n is usually inflected as a Lamedh He
verb pret. rr^n, fut. <i^ni] , apoc. Ti"^ , with Vav conversive ''n']^!, though
in the preterite 3 masc. it occasionally takes an Ayin doubled form. ""n.
e. g. Gen. 3: 22, 5 : 5, and once in the 3 fem. an Ayin Yodh form ; n'^n Ex.
1: 16, or it may be explained as an Ayin doubled form with Daghesh-forte
omitted, §25.
3. In a few instances N is substituted for the third radical in Lamedh
He verbs, ""rxsn Ezek. 43:27, Nnx Isa. 21:12, xiii; Jer. 23:39, Nin^
2Chron. 26: 15, xi'n Pro v. 1 : 10 from'nix . Nn'^] Deut.'33:21 from nnx',
^^UV- 2 Chron. 16:12. nivJI Lam. 4:1. ait 2 Kin. 25:29, NSTT'i Eccl.
8: 1,' =''5<^,f^ 2 Sam. 21 : 12 K'ri for Cllin, Di^bri Hos. 11:7, Deuty28: 66
for ni-^^bnj §56. 4, D^sniBn . ^sn^l 2 Sam. 11:24 from nn^^ ; the vowels
are those of Lamedh Aleph verbs in ^isrx .Ter. 3 : 22 for iirrx , iib'^Pi 1 Kin.
17 : 14 for n^^P, n^p"] Dan. 10 : 14 for'nnp'i ; and the full Lamedh Aleph
form is adopted in i<''^^'2 Hos. 13: 15 for n^ai.
204 ETYMOLOGY. ^178,179
Doubly Imperfect Verbs.
§1 17S. Verbs which liavc two weak letters in the root, or
which are so constituted as to belong to two different classes
of imperfect verbs, counuonly exhibit the peculiarities of
both, unless they interfere with or limit one another. Thus,
a verb which is both s'b and n"b will follow the analogy of
both paradigms, the former in its initial and the latter in its
second sylhibic. But in verbs which are both lb and n"5
the 1 is invariably treated as a perfect consonant, and the n"i
peculiarities alone preserved. All such cases have been re-
marked ujjon individually under the several classes of verbs
to which they respectively belong.
Defective Verbs.
§179. 1. It has been seen in repeated instances in the
foregoing pages that verbs belonging to one class of imper-
fect verbs may occasionally adopt forms from another and
closely related class. Thus a n's verb may appear with a
rib form, or an "yv verb with an TJ form or vice versa. The
occurrence of an individual example, or of a few examples
of such divergent forms, may be explained in the manner
just suggested without the assumption of an additional verb
as their som-ce. Sometimes, however, the number of diver-
gent forms is so considerable, or tlie divergence itself so wide,
that it is simpler to assume two co-existent roots of the same
signification, and differing only in the weak letter which they
contain, than to refer all to a single root.
a. Thus. S33 means to shut vp or restrain, and n^3 to be Jini/thed:
yet a few n'b lurms occur in tlic sense not of tlie latter but of tlie (brmer
verb. Tlicy are accordingly Iield to he from N53 . hut assimilated in inflec-
tion to the nb paradigm. On tlie other hand, N^;? means to call, and
'^Ti? ^o ineet; but so many ii'b forms are found with this latter sicrnifica-
tion that jt seems necessary to assume a second root K^;5 having that
§. 180 QUADRILITERAL VERBS. 205
meaning. The verb to run is ordinarily yi'i ; but Xik"! Ezek. 1 : 14 is too
remote from an IS form to be referred to that root ; hence it is traced to
another verb N15T of tlie same sense. No clear line of distinction can be
drawn between the cases in which divergent forms are to be traced to a
single root, and those in which the assumption of a second is admissible or
necessary. This must be decided in detail, and the best authorities not
infrequently differ in their judgment of particular examples.
2. Where two verbs exist which are thus radically con-
nected and identical in signification, it not infrequently hap-
pens that they are defective or mutually supplementary, that
is to say, that one of them is in usage restricted to certain
parts or species, the remainder being supplied by the other.
a. The following are examples of defective verbs : -il3 to be good, used
in the Kal species only in the preterite, the corresponding future is from
"b^ ; "5^ Kal pret. to fear, the fut. and imper. from "i^i ; p^l Kal pret,
and inf. to spit, fut. from ppli ; "psj Kal pret. and inf to break or disperse,
fut. and imp. IVora yiQ; Sp3 Kal pret. to be alienated, fut. from yp^ 5 tiycs
K. pret. to be a prince, fut. from ^>lb ; Dan Kal pret. and inf to be many,
fut. from n^"i which is used throughout the species ; ^Tv^ Kal fut. to be hot,
pret. and inf from c»n , which is also used in the future ; ys^ to counsel,
borrows its Kal imper. from y^V ; flP'^ Kal fut. to awake, pret. from the
Hiphil of yip, which is also used in inf imper. and fut.; as3 to place, the
reflexive is expressed by -2^rn from 2^'^ ; nniu to drink, the causative
is i^i^wn from n'l^O ; UJ'^ain from 'C'Z'^ is used as the causative of Cik to
be ashamed, as well as 'J''iD ; T\?^ to go, derives many of its forms from
T\?1 ; -r}'^ to give, is only used in the Kal imperative, it is supplemented
by "jlis of totally distinct radicals.
QUADRILITERiAL VeRBS.
§180. Quadrihteral verbs are either primitives formed
from quadrihteral roots, whose origin- is explained, § 68. a,
or denominatives, the formative letter of the noun or adjective
being admitted into the stem along with the three original
radicals. The former class adopt the vowels and inflections
of the Piel and Pual species, while the latter follow the
Hiphil.
a. The only examples of quadrihteral verbs are the following, viz. : Piel
pret. TUns he spread, Job 26 : 9, where the original Pattahh of the initial
syllable of the Piel, §82. 5. b (3), is preserved; fut. with suf i^2^0'J='? he.
206 ETYMOLOGY. ^181
shall xcaste it. Ps. 80: 14. Pual pret. uife-jn it freshened. Job 33:25, the
Metliegh and tlie Hhateph Pattalili being used to intlicate tliat the Sh'va
is vocal, and that tiie form is equivalent to liE^"i ; part. CCDno scaled off
or resembling scales. Ex. 16: 14, i'3"i2p clothed. 1 Chron. \b:21. Hiphil
pret. in-iiTxn they stank. Isa. 19:6lbr iin-'-jTsn as 1"i^r3 for l"irrj, de-
rived from Wi'}<. putrescent, wliich is simpler than to make it with Geseniua
a double or anomalous Hiphil from nst , §94. a, comp. Alexander in loc. ;
fut. nb-'XTibX I will turn to the hft. Gen. 13:9; ^b-'Xiabn Isa. 30 : 21, part.
C"^i:x'3r^ 1 Chron. 12 : 2 from bxiia the left hand, elsewhere reduced to a
triliteral by the rejection ofx, Is'^^'Cfl^ 2 Sam. 14:19, "'^"'t'i'n Ezek.
21 :21. To these may be added the form, which occurs several times in
the K'thibh Cins:sm3 1 Chron. 15 : 24, etc., and Di-.-isna 2 Chron. 5 : 12,
for which the K'ri substitutes cisna or ninsnia. As it is a denomina-
tive from n^s^n a trumpet, it has been suspected that the form first men-
tioned should be pointed c^-iSbinis ; the other, if a genuine reading, is
probably to be read D">"in::n"Q .
Nouns.
THEIR FOKMATION.
§181. Noims, embracing adjectives and participles as
well as substantives, may be primitive, i. e. formed directly
from their ultimate roots, or derivative, i. e. formed fi'om pre-
existing words. Those which are derived from verbs are
called verbals ; those wliich are derived ' from nouns are
called denominatives. The vast multiplicity of objects to
which names were to be applied and the diversity of aspects
under which they are capable of being contemplated, have led
to a variety in the constitution of nouns greatly exceeding
that of verbs, and also to considerable laxity in the significa-
tions attached to individual forms. But whatever complexity
may beset the details of this subject, its main outlines are
sufficiently plain. All nouns are, in respect to their forma-
tion, reducible to certain leading types or classes of forms,
each having a primary and proper import of its own. The
derivation of nouns, as of the verbal species, from their
respective roots and themes calls into requisition all the expe-
dients, whether of internal or external changes, known to the
language, § G9. Hence arise four classes of nouns according
as they are formed by internal changes, viz. :
§182,183 FORMATION OP NOUNS. 207
1. The introduction of one or more vowels.
2. The redupUcation of one or more of the letters of the
root. Or by external changes, viz. :
3. The prefixing of vowels or consonants at the begin-
ning of the root.
4. The affixing of vowels or consonants at the end.
a. The mass of nouns are to be regarded as primitives and not as de-
rived from their cognate verbs. Many roots are represented by nouns
alone, without any verbs from which they could have sprung, e. g. 3X
father, yi.x earth. And where verbs of kindred meaning do exist, it is
probable that they are not the source or theme of the nouns. bu.t that
both spring alike directly from their common root, as 7)^^ to reign, and
T)bc king from the root "]ba . Since, however, these roots or elemental
themes are destitute of vowels, and consequently are incapable of being
pronounced in their primitive or abstract state, it is customary and con-
venient in referring to them to name the verb which though a derivative
form has the advantage of simplicity and regularity of structure, and is
often the best representative of the radical signification. Accordingly,
~r!'? king may be said to be derived from the root ~p^ to reig7i, that is, it
is derived from the root -[h'u of which that verbal form is tlie conven-
tional designation, §08.
b. Infinitives, participles, nouns which follow the forms of the secondary
or derived species, §187. 2. a, and some others, are evidently verbals.
Most nouns of the fourth class, as well as some others, are denominatives.
Class I. — Nouns formed iy the insertion of vowels.
§182. The first class of nouns, or those which are
formed by means of vowels given to the root, embraces three
distinct forms, viz. :
1. Monosyllables, or those in which the trihteral root
receives but one vowel.
2. Dissyllables, in which the second is the principal
vowel and the first a pretonic Kamets or Tsere.
3. Dissyllables, in which the first is the principal vowel
and the second a mutable Kamets or Tsere.
1. Triliteral Monosyllables.
§183. The formative vowel may be given either to the
second radical bt2)5 , b^is)? , bitsjp , brojp , or to the first, Vjj? ,
208 ETYMOLOGY. ^181
b'jp , Vj;p ; ill the latter case an unaccented Scgliol is com-
monly interposed between the concurring consonants, ^ Gl. 2,
to "which a preceding Pattahh is assimilated, §G3. 2. a, b*j]^ ,
b'jp , b::p . Forms thus augmented by the introduction of
an auxiliary vowel are termed Segholates.
a. In this and the, following sections ii-p is used las a reprcscnlntive
root in order more convenitMitly to indicate to the eye the formation of tiie
different chisses of nouns. No root couhl be selected which would afford
examples in actual use of the entire series of derivative forms; blip has
but one derivative bup slaughter^ and this only occurs in Obad. ver. 9.
h. As t u. and u rarely or never occur in mixod accented syllables. § 19.
they are excluded from monosyllabic nouns. Every other vowel is. how-
ever, found with the second radical, thus a, aria a lillle prop, paucity,
uh^ honey. ~i? man; G, b^X strtnigth. -ri3 wn'liyig, ~N"J residue; e. ni'j
shoulder, n:o bush; e, V^l howling-, ~N3 grief, -XT a wolf; especially 2,
0, and u. which occur with greater frequency than any others. When the
first radical receives the vowel, i and H are likewise excluded, inasmuch as
they rarely or never stand before concurrent consonants, §61. 4. Few of
these nouns remain without the auxiliary Seghol if^J a valley, ityij
vanity, s::n sin, 'htd spikenard, :3"i"p truth. Kanicts i.s only found before
Vav, §63. 2. a, r]T2, and in pause, §65, 'rs , n-;3.
c. When the second radical receives tiie vowel, there is a concurrence
of consonants at the beginning of the word, which is sometimes relieved
by j^refixing X, §53. 1. a, with a short vowel, mostly e, §60. 1. a (5), but
occas'onally a, y'z^ii Jinger for ?is , :d'::s lattice, :2:=x belt, "'i'^.TX and
Sint arm, bibnx and Hnn yesterday.
^ISl. These nouns, standing at the first remove from
the root, express as nearly as possible its simple idea
either abstractly, e. g. ^"^^5? emptiness, b'istD bereavement, TiW
stren(/th, y^. rigltteousness, "ity help, ^"^ fjreatness, or as it
is realized in some person or object which may be regarded
as its embodiment or representative, "i^ia lord from "123 to he
migUy, tJisx man from llJis to he sick, ^^iii hoandanj, ?Tci
Uhation y^qpi^. pourintj out, p'a? vallei/ prop, dejjth, "f'an vine-
gar prop, sourness.
a. That the position of the firmative vowel befire or after the second
radical does not materially affect the character of the form, appears from
the following considerations: (1.) The sameness of signification already
exhibited, and which may be verified in detail. (2.) The occasional ap-
pearance of the same word in both forms, e. g. ">^:; and i::5 man, raj
^185 FORMATION OF NOUNS. 209
and sb? plant^ N^3 and X'^^s prison, 'na and "pna 1/mmb, ti^'i and r^Tii:^i
brightness. (3.) The concurrence of both forms in the Kal construct infi-
nitive VJp and ny'Jp5, §87, "'ji-JJD and CDb-^P • ('i.) The fact that Segho-
lates may arise alii^e from biip and ^^|b , §61. 1.6. (5.) The cognate
languages ; monosyllables in Arabic, whose vowel precedes the second radi-
cal, answer to those whose vowel succeeds the same radical in Aramasan,
and both to tlie Hebrew Segholates, e. g. "rzv servant, Aram. 1??., Arab.
9 0^
b. The presence of imperfect letters in the root may occasion the fol-
lowing modifications:
NS mots. Aleph. as a first radical, sometimes receives a long vowel (_)
instead of Sh'va (J, §60. 3. c, '^'VQ^_ Jidelily for "i^irix, -liis girdle lor "litX .
S Gidtiirrd and h Guttural. If the third radical be a guttural, Pat-
tahh is substituted for the auxiliary Seghol, §61. 2, n:32 coiijidence, ^"C'dl
hearing, t^?j height ; if the second radical be a guttural, the preceding
vowel if Hholem remains unchanged, otherwise it also commonly becomes
Pattahh iS'i young man, "i^"3 youth, "inb/^arbut bnx tent, en]? bread.
"^a and "iS roots. A vowelless "^ or 3 is in a ^ew instances rejected
from the beginning of a word, §53. 2. a, b^is produce for ^13';', ^''^famil-
iarity for niD";! . N"'\b elevation for ^■'bs, "^ii lamejitation hr •'iiD . particu-
larly in feminines and secondary derivatives ; thus, n?2n , tr\'J , nu^, nuin
drop an initial Yodh, and n^p , "^^"'3 an initial Nun. Nun may also ex-
perience assimilation when it is a second radical, TiX anger for OSN , Giis
cup for o;3.
IS artfZ "1^' roo/s. In Segholates 1 is preceded by Kamets b'S' (accord-
ing to Kimchi bljJ in Ezek. 28 : 18) wickedness, T\'i^ midst, unless the last
radical is a guttural, ni"j space; ^ is preceded by Pattahh and followed
byHhirik, b^^ night, 'IV eye. These letters frequently give up their con-
sonantal character and become quiescent, §57. 2. Vav is rejected in a few
words as "^3 brand for ''IS, "^X island for ''^x, ''"i watering for "ti"! , §53. 3.
nb roots. In a very few instances the proper final radical is rejected,
as it is in verbs, and the final vowel written ti, as n:p bush, tiDS weep-
ing, n7^_ thought. When "* ajipears as the radical, it prefers the form
■'33 weeping, ^"^Q fruit, "'^3 vessel; 1 retains its consonantal character in
irD winter, ibb quail, or it may be changed to its cognate vowel u,
which combines with the preceding a to form o, §62. 1, 1^'n (for dhjau)
ink, ixn antelope. In Segholates 1 quiesces in Shurek, §57. 2. (4), inib
swimming \or 'iniu, Jina emptiness; the lexicon of Gesenius contains the
forms Tio garment., ilip enc/, lb'!a security, but these words only occur in
the plural or with suffixes, and the absolute singular is quite as likely to
have been >n^, '^'■^P^ , ^ba.
2. The main vowel in the ultimate.
^185. 1. The second form of this class is a dissyllable
with one of the long vowels in the second which is its prin-
14
210 ETYMOLOGY. §185
cipal syllable, and in tlic first a pretonic Kamcts, for which
Tsere is occasionally substituted when the second vowel is
Kaniets, thus ^i:;? or bbp , bbp , b-^bjp , brjp , brjp .
2. Tliese are properly adjectives, and have for the most
part an intransitive signification when the vowel of the
ultimate is <?, c, or 0, and a passive signification when it is
I or a, li:;? and iq? small, Wifat, C-n: made of brass, T^na
chosen. Those with a and I in the ultimate are, however,
prevailingly and the others occasionally used as substantives,
and designate objects distinguished by the quality Mhich
they primarily denote, P'H;' herbs prop, (^reen, "lii? stro)i(/
drink prop, intoxicating, "lis? leoimrd prop, sjjotted, !^''i2 and
ri':^: turban prop, looimd around, lii? l/^orij, that ichich is
glorious.
a. The intransitive adjectives supply tlie place of Kal active partici-
ples to neuter verbs, §90, and in IS verbs they have Ruperseded the regu-
lar formation, §153. 1. D)5 for c^I^. Kal passive participles are verbals
with u. This formation with i in the ultimate is adopted in several names
of seasons. 3''^X Abih. the. time of earn of corn. vi"'6s msralliering' prop.
the bein^ g-alhered, "i"':!^ vintage, "^'^''Cf pruning-tinie, ui"'"in ploiighing-
time, Tik;^ harvest, Coinp. § 201. 1. b.
b. Ailjoi'tives with o commonly express permanent qualities, those
with e variable ones. bi"ia great, b"ia growing great ; pm strong, piri be-
coming strong ; 2i"i(5 ?iea/\ "Z^p^ approaching ; pini re/uo/e, pr}-) receding.
Hence the former are used of those physical and moral conditions which
are fi.xed and constant, such as fiarure, colour, character, etc.. T|"^i< foiig,
h'i'J round, pis deep, ri'da high; cHx red, 1^3 spotted, "(pi speckled, pin;
green, "I'p'J striped, nn^ irhile, piU baij. ~n':J black; P'ir'a siceet. "I'iniJ
pnre, llJiip holy. And the latter are employed of shifting and evanescent
states of body and of mind, Nr^ thirsty, rrn hungry. 'JZ.^ sated, riJ;
weary. b^X grieving, |'En desiring, ^'"2^ fearing, Tbr e.ridting.
c. Tlie active significal ion asserted for the form ^"^^^^ in a li'w instances
cannot be certainly established; T^'ip^ or t"1p^ /ow/fr. is intransitive in
Hebrew conception as is shown by the construction of the corresponding
verb, comp. Lat. ancnpari. aucupatns. Otlier alleged cases are probably
not nouns but absolute infinitives of Kal. 'pna Jer. 6: 27 may as well be
rendered / liare set thee to try as for a trier (of metals) ; "j^'-n Isa. 1 : 17 is
not oppressor nor ojtjrressed but wrong-doing, to dSi/ceii', see Alexander in
loc. ; and even P"Cy Jer. 22: 3 may in like manner be oppression instead
of oj)pressor.
d. T^b roots are restricted to forms with i, in which the radical "^
quiesccs, "^y^ fresh, "^r? ajjlicted, "^pj or N^pj with otiant X, §16. \.piire\
^ISG FORMATION OF NOUNS. 211
or with a which combines with it to form e, ri ,, ^nb and i'i'ra Jield, l^h^
fair, nxa high; in a few nouns this final vowel is dropped, ^"^ Jish for
na^ , IP. viark for !inn , yb tree for nks , '|2 son for nia , ns mouth lor n;^Q ,
unless, indeed, these and the lil<e are to be regarded us primitive bilit-
erals. Vav, as a final radical, may be preceded by a. *12^ vieek, or e, ibia
secure.
3. TJie maia vowel in the pe7iult,
^186. 1. The third form of this class is a dissyllable
having an immutable vowel, mostly Hholem, though occa-
sionally Shurek or Tsere in the first, which is its principal
syllable, and a mutable Kamets or Tsere in the second, thus
Vjip, bbip, bbip, bt:^p, bb^p.
2. These indicate the agent, and are either active par-
ticiples, bibip kiUinf/, or substantives, Dnin signet-rmg prop.
sealer, I'^is? enemy., one practising hostility, bS'^ilJ fox prop.
digger, ?|b"'5 hammer prop, pounder, bpTi morning-star prop.
shining 07ie.
a. A number of nouns, indicative of occupation, follow the participial
form, which thus serves to express permanent and professional activity,
"ipia herdsman, hzn sailor i>rop.ropC'ha7idler, llJ"]in ploughman. "i^i"i poller
prop, former, oils fuller, "jhis priest, C"i3 vine-dresser, "iniO merchant,
">bia scribe, bbii trafficker, nyS shepherd, Xs"i physician, njs'l dealer in
unguents. cpT embroiderer, "iTsiU watchman, "i2;iUJ porter prop, gate-keeper,
asid judge.
b. In a very few instances w in the first syllable is shortened and fol-
lowed by Daghesh-forte conservative, 2512' and 333? P'/^e. I'^IJ ^j<7.
c. S:!' roo/s. The contraction of 'S'3 and the quiescence of li' roots, by
reducing them to biliteral monosyllables, obliterates to a considerable ex-
tent the distinctions which have been described and which are possible
only in triliterals. The contracted forms which arise from ^'S roots are
ab , do, no , ao, § 183. 6. Of these so = Mb belongs to the monosylla-
bic formation, and is chiefly used of abstracts, i3 purity, 'z^^ nmltitude, cn
integrity, h'j> yoke ; and 30 = D20 to the first species of dissyllables, em-
bracing adjectives and concrete nouns. Dn perfect, ^U feast ; while 3D
and 30 may arise indiff'erently from either, p'O rottenness is an abstract
noun for pp^ . but Tt^ tender is an adjective for Tj^"^ , Kamets being com-
pressed to Pattahh before the doubled letter, comp. § 135. 3 ; 3b heart is
for the dissyllable 33b , but "jn favour for the monosyllable .'Sn .
13 and "IS roots. Nouns from quiescent liJ and "^JJ roots may be
divided into three pairs of forms, n]5 , 3"^ ; Dip , 3">'i ; c^ip , ^^'-\ . Of these
the last pair (with the exception of Kal passive participles) belong to the
primitive monosyllabic formation, 3"''i strife, 3!ia goodness ; the first pair
212 ETYMOLOGY. § 187
*
to tlic first ppecies of dissyllables. ttJ"! poor, IT pi
miirftli/ one; aiul tiie second pair may bolong to citli
pin = pi-\ em-ply, "pis =;i"X slrenglh, zrj =: zh':: g
1 prmul, bi« (7orZ prop, //je
■itiier. UJ'^n ^ UJ'^'i poverty,
:j g-ooc/.
Class II. — Xouns with reduplicated radicals.
§187. 1. The simple form proper to adjectives is ex-
plained §185; it may be converted into an intensive by
doubling the middle radical, retaining the long vowel of the
second syllable and giving a short t or a to the first. This
reduplicated or intensive form denotes what is characteristic,
habitual, or possessed in a high degree. Adjectives of this
nature are sometimes used as descriptive epithets of persons
or things distinguished by the quality, which they denote,
TD^n verj/ weak, nj^s seeing prop, (having eyes) wide open,
yh"! righteous, "^iaa mighfg man, "j'sn full of grace, D^nn
merciful.
a. As a general though not an invariable rule, the first syllable has
Pattahh when a pure vowel a, I, or u stands in the ultimate, but Hhirik
when the ultimate has one of the diphthongal vowels e or o. Several
nouns with a in the second syllable are descriptive of occupations or
modes of life, comp. §186. 2. a, "irx husbandman, ^'^'!} Jishernian, 'j^'n judge,
UJnn (rrif'nn) workman, ns:: cook, n^p seaman (from nbia sail), bsD
hearer of burdens, l^S hunter, n^'|5 hoioman. 325 thief, not a mere equiva-
lent to -}^^ one who steals, but one who steals habitually, who makes steal-
ing his occupation.
b. Since the idea of intensity easily passes into that of excess, the
form bap is applied to delbrmities and defects, physical or moral, c^X
dumb, "|2a hump-backed, uj^n (=\a'nn) deaf, "i^s blind, ncQ lame, n^i?
bald, \a;33 perverse.
c. In a few instances instead of doubling the second radical, the pre-
vious Hhirik is prolonged, §59. a, liJi^p and ll"ir"'p nettle prop, badly
pricking, "i'ii3"'p soioke, "lirr^'lj the Nile prop, very black, piJ"^-! priso7i.
lin-'S spa7k, -linis buttle, f'ii''? spark.
d. The following double the third radical in place of the second, riPi'iD
brood, "isn green, 'JX.O quiet. n\x3 comely from nx3. the last radical
appearing as ^, §169. bBisx. /cpft/e, where the long vowel Tsere is in-
serted to prevent the concurrence of consonants.
e. 55 and more rarely ^^S roots reduplicate the biliteral formed bj- their
contraction, bjb5 and bjbr. wheel prop, roller, rnrn frightful. i"'T~t girt.
ipn;? crown of the head prop, dividing (the hair) ; so fern, nbribn ."Severe pain,
nbijb:;: casting down, nbjbn .-■ikull, and plur. r'spbo baskets, c^i.;^? turning
§ 188 FORMATION OF NOUNS. 213
upside down from tih = 1]S, nixb^ib (sing, "^^iib) loops and di^lb (sing,
probably nBiib = ^.r'^) winding stairs from nib = lib ; a root bib is need-
lessly assumed by Gesenius. Sometimes the harsh concurrence of con-
sonants is prevented by the insertion of a long vowel, b^bs (const. b^b:i)
cymbal prop, tinkling, "i^"^? and i^;'i"'?. stark naked, totally destitute, bj??;?
despicable, or the softening of the former of the two consonants to a vowel,
§57. 1, iiis star for 3333, niSwia bands worn on the forehead for
nisijs:: , 'ib'j^^P (with the ending ")i added) ignominy for "pb;rbp, bra
Babylon for biba , or its assimilation to the succeeding consonant, ^23
something circular, a circuit for ^3"i3 . The second member of the redu-
plication suffers contraction or change in Md-ii;: chain for n'Sain^ and
^p.'^P. floor for ir?"ii^.
2. Abstracts are formed with a doubled middle radical
by giving ii to the second syllable and i to the first, plan
folding the hands, D^":?© retribution, f^p^C abomination, and
in the phu'al ni'^'is? atonemeiit, D^i^ps commandments, D"^rtibT^
divorce.
a. These may be regarded as verbals formed from the Piel. A like
formation is in a few instances based upon other species, e. g. Hiphil "Iprj
melting from ~r? • ri^Sfi. cessation from the IS" root 51Q, Niphal Dib^ins:
wrestlings : crisins when derived from the Niphal means repentings, when
from the Piel consolations.
c. 2'j' roots reduplicate the biliteral to which they are contracted, "in'in
inflammation, ^'^'Sy:y_'d delight.
c. A few roots, which are either is or V guttural, or have a liquid for
their third letter, double the last radical with u in the final syllable,
y!i:i?.3 thorn-hedge, iinXD ( = -mNQ) ruddy glow, nTSnon upright columns
designed for way-marks, nnsnr'r horror, D'^E^SND ad.ulteries, C'jpiia ridges,
also with o or 2 in the last syllable, nrr^: acquiescence, b'bnp_ pasture,
"I'^'^JD shoiver. ">''"'i^3 obscuration. "i"'"i'Sd (K'thibh misir) tapestry, bibsn
whence '^b'bDn dark. The concurrence of consonants is relieved in b^bau
(in some editions) snail by Daghesh-forte separative.
^188. A few words reduplicate the two last radicals.
These may express intensity in general, r^lp'nps complete
opening, n^STis^ very beautiful, or more particularly repeti-
tion, ^SDSn twisted prop, turning again and again, '^^'T^y^,
slippery, ^p^p? crooked, ^ThT)'^ perverse, C|DSOif' mixed midti-
tude prop, gathered here and there, ni'i^'isn sp)ots or stripes,
ni'iS'isn moles prop, incessant diggers. As energy is con-
sumed by repeated acts or exhibitions and so gradually
214 ETYMOLOGY. §189,190
weakened, tins form becomes a diminntivc wlicn applied to
adjectives of colour, D'^'a"Si: reddish, p'blrT'!' (/rccjti.sh, "liiiniD
blackish.
a. Tlic first of two ronciiiTing consoiuiiits is soflcned to a vowel in
ny.i::n t rum pei for nn:i-i:in, and probably ^ixj? Lev. 16: 8 lor btbTy,
b. "^'s roots drop their initial radical, C^nrin gifts from -H^, cssss
offspring, issue from Nk^ .
Class III. — JVovns formed ly prrfxes.
§ ISO. The third class of nouns is formed by prefixing
either a vowel or a consonant to the root. In the fullowing
instances the vowel a is prefixed with a in the ultimate to
form adjectives of an intensive signification, HTsx idierly de-
ceitful.^ 1T3S violent, in'^J?? ( = in"N) 2^c^'C7imal, nzTS (only
represented by a derivative, § 94. a) very foul, fetid, "i^icx
exceedingly yr OSS or thick (applied to darkness, Isa. 59 : 10),
or verbal nouns borrowing their meaning from the Hiphil
species, nnsTi? memorial, "O^i? declaration.
a. This form corresponds with J^'t the Arabic comparative or .super-
lative. Its adoption l(>r Hiphil derivatives corroborates the siijrgestion,
§82. 5. b (2). respecting tiie tbrniation of the Hiphil species and the origin
of its causal idea.
b. The letter N: is merely the bearer of the initial vowel and has no
significance of its own in these forms; n is substituted for it in ^^''n
(=b3';x) palace, temple prop, very capacious from hz"^ in the sense of its
cognate bis lo contain. So. likewise, in a few verl)als with feminine ter-
minations, r!ir?3ii*ri Ezek. 24:26 caii.fing io hear used (or the Hiph. infin..
§128, i"^^"^!^ delicerance from bs3 , <^n:n grant of 7 est (=nni:n) from
c. The short vowel prefixed with N to monosyllables of the first
species, as explained § 183. c. lias no effect upon the meaning, and does not
properly enter into the constitution of the Ibrni.
§190. The consonants prefixed in the formation of nouns
are "a, n, and "^ . They are sometimes prefixed without a
vowel, the stem letters constituting a dissyllnble of them-
selves, ^k^i^ , ^"J^''? , ''^'^i? , "i^>*n ; more commonly they
receive a or i followed by a long vowel in the ultimate, e. g.
§191 FORMATION OF NOUNS. 215
a. Pattahh commonly stands before e, I. and u. and Hhirik before (i and
e, unless tiie first radical is a guttural or an assimilated Nun, when Pattahh
is again preferred, ^^i*.^ food, 3."l37D planting, liia?? saw, D^nn a species
of bird, ^^,1 aland of gem. Seghol is occasionally employed before a
guttural or liquid followed by a. §63.1.6, '^^'^'0, depth, 33n^ chariot,
chi^Sia pair of tongs. These rules are not invariable, however, as will
appear from such forms as n^i^:, "3073, ibpia , liJipbi? , tlipan . A few
words have d in tlie ultimate, rVn^ harp, p:n^ strangling. The inser-
tion of Daghesh-ibrte separative in the first radical is exceptional, ^7^'?
Ex. 15: 17. ::-'V""?'? Job 9: IS, rinjai? Joel 1 : 17.
b. ■'B roots. The first radical appears as "^ resting in Hhirik or Tsere,
"lib'^^ and "1^"^^ rectitude. ttJiT^n new wine, "i'9'^n south, or as T resting
in Hholem or Shurek, 13?1^ appointed time, iGliS correction, "ilJin sojourner,
iIjTO sorrow. In a few instances it is rejected, bin world, or assimilated
to the following radical, rSJ^ bed, S'n^ Jcnawledge.
^'.V and "*:! roots. The root is reduced to a monosyllabic biliteral by
the quiescence or rejection of the second radical, the prefix receiving
Sh'va, "TS^ citadel, cina sound place, cinn ocean. Cip^ living thing, or
more commonly a pretonic Kamets or Tsere, "^ixia luminary, "(ii^ , I'^'i'a
and '"I'O strife, T"'"!'? race, 3"^^^ adversary. The feminine form is almost
always adopted after r\, ns-'Vrn salvation, n^^i^n oblation.
rs roots. The root is mostly contracted to a biliteral and the vowel
compressed to a, «, e or 6, §61. 4, the prefix sometimes receiving Sh'va
which gives rise to a Segholate form, §61. 1. b, 03^ tribute for ti'Z'O, 17375
bitterness for ~i7:a . ban defilement for bsri , ~ib fear for T|"i^ . 'C^"^ mast
for ")"in ; more frequently it receives a pretonic Kamets or Tsere, "O^
covering. ".^'3 shield., tii'TS fortress, 1^73 anguish. In pt'^a running, the
short vowel of the perfect root is preserved by means of Daghesh-forte in
the first radical. H is almost always ibilovved by the feminine ending,
nbnn folly, n^rn beginning, HiJEPi prayer.
rtb roots. The ultimate has n , niTTa disease. !^S?"i^ pasture, which
is apocopated in a few words, hv^ lifting up, b"a higher part, '|"73 and
■^"^ o?« flcco^m^ 0/^ and always disappears belbre the feminine ending n^,
§62. 2. c, r^b?a ascent, ni^^ commandment, i^'pFi ^ojoe, tixbn weari less.
Before the feminine termination n the final radical appears as quiescent
"^ or 1, ri"'airi interest, rsiitn whoredom, mDnn encamping, niyia parfiwre.
Yodh is retained as a consonant after «, n'^"'bn73 diseases.
^191. The letter '52 is a fragment of the pronoun '''a
zc/io or nia ^t;/^«^'. Nouns, to which it is prefixed, denote
1. The agent zv/w does what is indicated by the root, as
the participles, ^ 84. 5, formed by an initial "a , and a few
substantives, bibb's didactic psalm prop, instructor, 'Sa
(from b?2) c//(7^prop. zohat falls off.
2. The instrument bt/ lohich it is done, HPEa /Y'y from
216 , ETYMOLOGY. §192
nn2 to open, "^^^ goad from tbb fo Icarn, '\'h'a saw from
"lie: to saw.
3. The place or time in which it is done, T[%va altar
from nzT to sacrifice, y?7''? lair, "ji^^ brick-kiln, yoin period
of residence.
4. The action or the quality ichich is expressed by the
root, ns'j'a slaughter, ^29''? moarning, "'IT'? sickness, ri^r^
error, "ni"'T3 straighiness. Verbals of this nature sometimes
approximate the infinitive in signification and construction,
as nisTO overturning, trk'm Ezck. 17:9, <^1GG. 2. In
Chaldec the infinitive regularly takes this form, e. g. ^i?p^
to kill.
5. The object upon 2chich the action is directed or the
subject in which the quality inheres, ^^'^^. food from bisj to
eat, 'yi'diy^ psalm from "Taj to sing, nipbia bootg from npb ^
/«/J-^, rriizt-Qfat things from l^ilj /o be fat, ^^^^ ///«^f «67/2c:7^
25 small, PO?''? ''^^'^^ ^^^y^/c/^ 26' remote.
a. These dilTerent eignifioations blenrl into one another in such a man-
ner that it is not always easy to distinguish the precise shade of meaning
originally attached to a word: and not infrequently more than one ofthese
senses co-exist in the same word. Thus. ~"X"2 luviinarij. may suggest the
idea of agency, (lispmser of light, or of place, reservoir of light ; rbrN"3
knife, may be so called as an agent, a devourer, or as an instrument, ^^sed in
eating; 'O'^'P^'O means both ^ holy thing and a. holy place ; "'S^^ sale, and
something sold or for sale ; nsbiaia royal authority and kingdom; v.'ii'O the
act. place, and time of going forth nm\ that which goes forth ; S^'l^a the place
and time of sitting or dwelling as well as they who sit or dwell. ■
§ 192. Nouns formed by prefixing "^ or ri denote persons
or thinii's to which the idea of the root is attached.
1. ■> is identical in origin with the prefix of the 3 masc.
future in verbs, and is largely used in the formation of names
of ])crsous, pn:^'' Isaac, rinsi Jephtha, but rarely in forming
a})})cllatives, ^''^'^ adversary prop, contender, "tid^ apostate
j)rop, departer, "^^p^! bag prop, gatherer, D"p^ living thing
j)rop. that iichich) stands, ^^"^"^ fresh oil prop, that {which)
shines.
§193 FORMATION OF NOUNS. 217
2. fi , probably the same with tlie prefix of the 3 fem.
future of verbs, which is here used in a neuter sense, is em-
ployed in the formation of a few concrete nouns, "in^^ ^^^^
prop, that {which) endures, ^"'i^ri cloak prop, that {which)
ivraps iqj, ^^IT^ furnace prop, that {which) burns, n^an apple
prop, that {which) exhales fragrance. But it more frequently
appears in abstract terms like the feminine ending in other
forms, If^yp^ understanding, 'yT\flT\ bitterness, ^^3?n delight.
It is very rarely found in designations of persons, and only
when they occupy a relation of dependence and subordina-
tion, and may consequently be viewed as things, T''abri
learner, sitin one dwelling on another's lands, tenant, vassal.
a. The great majority of nouns with r prefixed have likewise a
feminine ending, n^'n'^r! deep sleep, njilC'ri salvation, rrixsn beauty,
n-ib-in fraud.
Class IV. — N'ovns formed ty affixes.
§193. The nouns formed by means of an affixed letter
or vowel are chiefly denominatives. The consonant "} ap-
pended by means of the vowel o, or less frequently a, forms
1. Adjectives, "jinnx last from -in« after, X^^^"} first from
tish head, I'ib'^n middle from tj^n midst, IPn^Jn: brazen from
nrn: brass. A very few are formed directly from the root,
■ji^ns poor, 'ji'"'^? most high, "i^bx widowed.
2. Abstract substantives, the most common form of
which is 'ji'^^p , e. g. X^^p. blindness, "jintas confidence, "jin^y
pain, 'jip'n,;; paleness, though various other forms likewise
occur, e. g. I'i'^^i? and "J^^^ destruction, ^iins dominion, 'j'i'^tJS
success, IS'^i? offering.
a. In a few words the termination 'i has been thought to be intensive,
riid sabbath, l^nsia a ^reat sabbath, "rr proud, ■"IT^'I eaxeedingly proud,
and once diminutive 'U"'X man, "|iiu"'X little man, i. e. the pupil of the eye,
so called from the image reflected in it. The word 'y^^'^.l Jeshurun from
"rai upright, is by some explained as a diminutive or term of endearment,
while others think that the termination "1 has no further meaning than
to make of the word a proper name, comp. "j'lBst . See Alexander on
Isaiah 44 : 2.
218 ETYMOLOGY. §194,195
b. 1 is occasionally alTixed with the vowel e. 'jT'ij a.ve. ")";Sa nail.
c. A few words are (brmed by appending D, e. g. DT""!?? and "pnD ran-
som. C^D hidilrr froni bBo to lift up. CilJ-in sacred scribe from u-in .tlijhi.-t.
Din^ so;///i li-oiu ITT /o shine; or b, e.g. blsnD garden from c-;3 r///^-
yar(/, bi'^a ctilyx or cup of a Jlower Trom ?"'^5 r?(/j. bbip a;/A:/^ rmm O"]?
joint, -5i~n lociLft from 5")n indicative of trciiuiloiis motii)n, bE^? //<jc/c
darkness from ""''^3 cloud, bna ?/'o/t proljahly li-om Tn3 /o pierce.
§194. The vowel "^ . forms adjectives indicating relation
or derivation.
1. It is added to proper names to denote nationality or
family descent, '^'^^5' llehrcw, "'P^^!^ Jebusite, ''k'^*'^ Philistine,
*ii2")N Jramean, ''"^^^a Egijjjtian, ■'?snir7 Israelitish, an Israel-
ite, •'H Danite, Tnj? Kohathite, ^k"^"}}. Gershonite.
2. It is also added to other substantives, "'b^s^ northerner,
'^'yr.foreif^ncr., "'Hs villafjcr, "•'p-^n footman, ''Py timclij, ■'^"'??
2;;w^r from the plural D"'22; to a few adjectives, "'"^pi? and
ITDS violent, "'"PTX and '^"^y^. foolish, and even to prepositions,
'TTs:^ lowest iYQiw nnh , "^bsb/yw// from ^bDb + \ , §G2. 2.
o. The fomiiiine ending M^ is dropped beflire tiiis ending, ^^^'^'l Jew
from nn^in^. ■'i;"'"i3 Beiiite from ~r"'"i3. or the old ending n^ takes its
pkice, T^?."!? Maachathite from ni:r">3 , or 3 is inserted between tlie vowels,
"^ibd Shelanile fi-om nbilJ. Final ^. combines with the appended "'. into
i, §62. 2, •'I'b Levite and Leui. ''iva Shunite and Shuni.
, 6. In a very few instances ''_ takes the place of "^ . , e.g. "'"^in ir/jjVe
stuffs, ''"nil basket, ^bnb /oo/j. and perhaps ■':'ii>n . in a collective sense
windoics, "'STjri uncovered, "'^"'3 wliich Gesenius derives from ^33 and
takes to mean canning ; if however, it is derived from i^Vs , § 1S7. 1. c,
and means spendthrift, the final Yodh will be a radical.
MULTILITERALS.
§195. 1. Quadriliteral nouns are for the most part
evenly divided into two syllables, ^"^ip? scorpion, "1373 treas-
urer, "^^y) sickle, ^^'iba barren. Sometimes the second rad-
ical receives a vowel, that of the first radical being either
rejected, pT?")?^ damask, ^^^^ frost, "ii^9 vine blossom, or pre-
served by the insertion of Daghesh-forte, TiJibbn fint, ©"'isy
^196 GENDER AND NUMBER OF NOUNS. 219
spider, lij^ls and TiJ"»>"'3 concubine. Occasionally tlie thii'd
radical has Daghesh-lbrte, ^|u? bat, ~\'^hz^Ji/L
2. Words of five or more letters are of rare occurrence
and appear to be chiefly of foreign origin, I'aiinN purple, ?'^1S2
frog, TD-jy-ii? clofh, Hr^^ni? male, ^k'y\'m^_ satrap.
3. Compound words are few and of doubtful character,
t\ydvi shadow of death, tmi^q anything prop, what and what,
TO^ba nothing prop, no lohat, b?!r^ ivorthlessness prop, no
profit, r.^bsN-a darhiess of Jehovah, T^)T}2r\b'd fame of Jeho-
vah, except in proper names, p^ii'^^sbia Melchizedelt, king of
righteousness, ^"0"^^ Obadiah, serving Jehovah, D'^p^'i^^"' Je-
hoiakim, Jehovah shall establish.
Gender and Number.
§196. There are in Hebrew, as in the other Semitic
languages, but two genders, the masculine C^?!) and the
feminine C^ip?). The masculine, as the primary form, has
no characteristic termination ; the feminine ends in n^ or n ,
e. g. bi2p masc., f^?"^p or rib'jp fem.
a. The only trace o!" the neuter in Hebrew is in the interrogative, tra
-M'/ifl^ being used of things as "'"S ?(7io of persons. The function assigned
to the neuter in other languages is divided between the masculine and the
feminine, being principally conmiitted to the latter.
b. The original feminine ending in nouns as in verbs, §S5. 1. a (1), ap-
pears to have been n, which was either attached directly to the word,
Pibb'p which, by §61. 2. becomes n^Vp) o"* added by means of the vowel a.
n^::'p or n^:2p, which by the rejection of the consonant from the end of
the word, §55. 2. c, becomes ^"^'4?^. The termination n. or n^ is still
found in a very few words, rp-i2 emerald, nx;? pdican, rs'Sd companij
2 Kin. 9: 17, ri"';n:Q morrow, nio portion., rip end. rr"^ Josh. 13: i:-i. and
the poetic forms, nn^ai song, r^np^ inheritance, X^y", hflp, r-ib fruitful,
T\yq sleep. Two other words, r?n Ps. 74 : ly and rJ-JS Ps. 61:1, have
been cited as additional examples, but these are in the construct state,
which always preserves the original n final; it is likewise always re-
tained before suffixes and paragogic letters, §61. 6. a, V|ri3.'!iC'|i , nrrVw'^i,
c. The feminine ending fi receives the accent and is thus readily dis-
220 ETYMOLOGY. ^197
tiniTuished from the unncconled paragogic H , In a few instances gram-
niuriaiis liave, suspected that forius may perhaps be feminine, thougli
the punituatois iuive decided otherwise by phicing the accent on the
penult, e.g. n-ir2 burning Hos. 7 : 4. HP^pj Galihe 2 Kin. 15:29, Hnbp
(Jestniction Ezek. 7:25, nrnn vuUure Deut. 14:17, nbc'j low Ezek.
21 : 31.
(/. Tl)e vowel h'tler X. wiiich is the usual sign of the feminine in
Chaldee and Syriac. tai<es tlie place of n in SC'^ thies/n'ng Jer. 50:11,
uln terror- Isa. I'J: 17. sbn wru/h Dan. 11 :44, X^nb lioness Ezek. 19:2,
Nyj'a viark L;mi. 3:12, N^^ biUtr Ruth 1:20, xn-;? bah/ness Ezek.
27:31. xi'i sleep Ps. 127:2. No such form is found in the Pentateuch
unless it be n^t loathing Num. 11 : 20, where, liowever, as Ewald sug-
gests, X may be a radical since it is easy to assume a root t<"ij cognate to
"III. The feminine ending in pronouns of the second and third persons, and
in verbal futures is I "^ ; an intermediate form in e appears in nn!i; Isa.
59 :5 and '"i^t;y the numeral ieii, or rather teen, as it only occurs in num-
bers compounded with the units. For like unusual forms in verbs see
§S6. b. and § 156. 4.
e. The sign of the feminine in the Indo-European languages is a final
vowel, corresponding to the vowel-ending in Hebrew; the Latin has a. the
Greek a or r;, the Sanskrit i. And inasmuch as the feminine in Hebrew
covers, in part at least, the territory of tlie neuter, its consonantal ending
n may be compared with t. the sign of the neuter in certain Sanskrit pro-
nouns, represented by d in Latin, id, illiid, istud. quid; in English ?7,
what. that. This distinctive neuter sign has, however, been largely super-
seded in Indo-European tongues by m or v, which is properly the sign of
the accusative, bonum, Kakov, the passivity of the personal object being
allied to the lifeless non-personality of the neuter. Bopp Vergleich.
Granmi. §ir)2. In curious coincidence with this, the Hebrew sign of the
definite ohject is PX prefixed to nouns; and its principal consonant is
affixed to form the inferior gender, the neuter being comjjrehended in the
feminine.
^197. It is obvious that tliis transfer to all existing
things, and even to abstract ideas, of the distinction of sex
found in hving beings, must often be purely arbitrary. For
althonn-h some thinu;s have marked characteristics or associa-
tions in virtue of Avhicli they might readily be classed Avith
a particular sex, a far greater number hold an indeterminate
position, and might with quite as much or quite as little
reason be assigned to either. It hence happens that tliere is
no general ride other than usage for the gender of Hebrew
words, and that there is a great want of uniformity in usage
itself.
§197
GENDER AND NUMBER OF NOUNS.
221
a. The following names of females are without the proper distinctive
feminine termination :
cx vioiher. lirx she-ass. li-^J-"'^ concubine. ^5\!i queen.
So the names of double members of the body, whether of men or ani'
mala, which are feminine with rare exceptions :
t]3 palm.
))H ear.
S2SS finger.
•jiiS thumb
■^^a knee.
^!|bx footstep.
-1X3 well.
■133 belly.
3Tn sword.
C]r3 .shoulder.
T?? eye.
y^S side.
'"nj? horn.
^Sn fijot.
•jia tooth.
pib leg-.
5TT| Arm.
'i^ hand.
r\^_1 thigh.
The following nouns are also feminine :
nx brazier. 013 nip. iT'^i" Great Bear.
133 circuit. b"!? couch.
tnab brightness, nds workmanship. Xi3"i myriad.
bvi shoe. rs morsel. i>3Pi world.
&. The following nouns are of doubtful gender, being sometimes con-
strued as masculine and sometimes as feminine. Those which are com-
monly masculine are distinguished thus ('^) ; those which are commonly
feminine are distinguished thus (f).
Tj"!'il way. * ^^'Z'O fortress.
*biin temple. * hsttd altar.
* 'ji'Ciii multitude. t^.?n^ camp.
"i;:;! beard. * 'n'^pi rod.
•ji^n window. * cipa place.
I^n court. r^^i^a brass.
^31"' jubilee. f ia£ 3 5oz</.
t r^? "5"'^'^ Aanc/. -i"^D pot.
'^b.^ peg. t nbb flour.
* "1133 glm-y. "zb cloud.
t '|3X stole.
* "lix light.
nix s/o-M.
■'ix fleet.
•ji-ix ar/f.
nnx 7;a;^.
t yix eaWA.
t cix fire.
* "153 garment.
* IT^a house.
"i-ia 7raZZ.
X'^^ valley.
') 5 garden.
t "55 t'i'He.
* ■|"ia threshing-
floor.
TS pail.
* cn3 vineyard.
* 3b heart.
cnb bread.
f "jidb tongue.
* b3X.a /ood
* c? people.
3";s; evening.
t Q?Q i?";?;e (repe-
tition).
"jisrs ?iori/i.
rep 6oip.
t nil spirit.
t 3'n-i street.
* cnn womb.
* cr'"i juniper.
bixd /ie//.
* D3U3 sceptre.
nid sabbath.
IsB g-a/e.
t ry time(dura- Ginn ocean.
tion). *'\^'^V\ south.
* CJQ /ace. * "lyn razor.
t nbn cZoor.
Gesenius ascribes only one gender to a few of these words, but 3^ is
once fem. Prov. 12:25; so bbx^-a fem. Hab. 1:16, "i^JSa fem. Hab. 1 : 10,
nsTB fem. Ezek. 43 : 13, DS3j'masc. Ezek. 24 : 10. The list might be re-
2'22 ETYMOLOGY. ^193
duced by referring fhe vacillation in gender, wherever it is possililc, to tlie
syntax rather than the noun. Verbs, adjectives, and pronouns, which be-
long to leniinine nouns n)ay in certain cases, as will he shown hereal'ter, be
put in the masculine as the more indefinite and primary Ibrm. While, on
the other hand, those which belong to masculine names of inanimate ob-
jects arc sometimes put in tlie feminine as a substitute for the neuter.
c. Some si)ecies of animals exhibit a distinct name for each sex. the
feminine being formed from the masculine by the appropriate termination,
iQ hiillock. nns /,eift'r. bsr calf. fern. n!:;:?. t"=3 lumh. I'em. nubr. or
being represented by a word of different radicals, il^n ass. fem. "("iriN .
When this i.s not the case, the name of the species may be construed in
either gender according to the sex of the individual spoken of, as bra
camel, ~;?3 cattle, ">"iss bird, or it may have a fixed gender of its own
irrespective of the sex of the in,dividual; thus, 253 dog, 3ST wolf, "liiu ox,
are masculine, ri2:"^X hare, nji"' dove, bn"! sheep, are feminine.
d. Tiie names ot" nations, rivers, and mountains are commonly mascu-
line, those of countries and cities feminine. Accordingly, such words as
cinx Edoiii, rjj'.r Moab. nnsin-i Judali, c-'n^ia Egypt, S"'Tr3 Chaldees,
are construed in the masculine when the people is meant, and in the fem-
inine when the country is meant.
§19S. The feminine ending is frequently employed in
the formation of abstract nouns, and is sometimes extended
to the formation of official designations (comp. his Honour^
Jus E-vcellenct/, Ids Reverence), nns gov:ernor, r:2 collcapie,
ribnp p)-eacher, and of collectives (comp. humanit// for man-
kind), 'j^ afislt, '^^ri'^fidh, "j:^ a cloud, nb:? clouds, f^ a tree,
ni? timber, nni? a traveller, nnnij; caravan, nyVs Zeph. 3:19
the haltlnfj, nu'^bs the escaped.
a. (1) The femiinne ending added to Segholales gives new prominence
to the originally abstract character of this Ibrmation, -"i"") and J^^'t'T
wickedness, distinguished by Ewald as to aSu<ov and clbixia, nE"^n shame,
n^^ir slotlifnlness.
(2) So to monosyllables whose second radical receives the vowel, '"i|^'^^
riglitcoitsness. wiiich is more abstract and at the same time used more ex-
clusively in a moral sense than the Segholate, p"|:i rigliliicss, nbsN dark-
ness, equivalent to bex, nr;53 (=n;b) brighl>ie.ss, ni'ic^ ( = rTi"; ) salva-
tion. Or nouns of this description nn'uht be supposed to have .^jirnng from
the adjectives belonging to the second form of Class I., the prelonic vowel
fiilling away upon the addition of the feminine ending, bsx dnjk. nbrx
the dark, to a-Koreivov, nrilD^ the being saved from ?itt3^, >f^^'^B justice
from b'>bQ judge. The Ibllowing nOuns, descriptive of the station or func-
tions of a particular class, fiillow this form. ~bi king, Pisib^ kingly office
or sway. X'^23 prophet. nxi23 pro})hecy. 'H3 ])riest, HSns priesthood or
priestly duty, bs"! merchant, n^^-i traffic.
^198 GENDER AND NUMBER OF NOUNS. 223
(3) Tlie feminine ending occasionally gives an abstract signification to
rec]u[)licated forms, "!^^ bliud^ ^l-'.? blindness, nsa haciv^ a bald fore-
head, rnaa baldness in front, Niin sinner, rxisn and nlsun sin, nnsa
terror, nc^p scoffing, nbnipn anguish, or to those which have a prefixed
letter '33, "can's oi-erlhrow. nbC'C'S dominion, n:c!i.1^ confusion, or parfiru-
larJy n, ni'VJn salcalion, nniirn lesliinony, i^^p^ri hope, niilFi weariness.
(I) It is likewise added to forms in ^_, tl'fs''hQ judgment, MJ'V^?. u-ork-
ing, rribxT beginning, rii"ini|i; e/uZ, ri"i"7Nd remnant, the termination nsi
being often found in place of ni , n"'£"En 2 Chron. 26:21 K'ri, nit'Sn
K'thibh. disease prop, freedom from duty, "'^"Sn free, ri^bsn redness,
i!:-b3n rec/, n^ni-iTS bitterness, i-i"'n?D 6i7/er, nnr3 heariness, r^iirbx
7i?/c/o((;/ioof/, and occasionally rn, mo^n loisdom, Ti^bin folly, though the
latter may perhaps be a plural as it is explained by Gesenius-. Ewald
suggests a connection between the final "^ of the relative adjective, which
thus passes into ^ and even to i in this abstract formation, and the old
construct ending i, and i. The further suggestion is here offered that
■ both may not improbably be derived from the pronoun Sin. which was
originally of common gender, §71. a (3). Thus, y"]N"iri'^n Gen. 1:24
beast of earth is equivalent to ^'"ix N^n n^n beast viz. that of earth, and
pni-iSP-q (which may be tor ^lih^ as the plural ending C. for nil, § 199. e),
is equivalent to p^ri Nin T\^p2 king viz. that of righteousness. The ap-
pended pronominal vowel thus became indicative of the genitive relation;
and its employment in adjectives, involving this relation, is but an exten-
sion of this same use, ''bx"ib';i of or belonging to Israel, Israelitish. Tlie
further addition of the feminine ending in its abstract sense, has mostly
preserved the vowel from that attenuation to I which it has experienced at
the end of the word, comp. § 101. 1. a. rsiSTsbs widowhood prop, the state
of a widow T^^k , ni"23n wisdom prop, the quality belonging to the wise
C3n. The rare instances in which the termination n>l is superimposed
upon ■!_ viz.: nsi'^-iTSN , rui'^riTDiiD , may belong to a time when the origin
of the ending was no longer retained in the popular consciousness. The
termination ni_ or nsi in abstracts derived from rib roots is of a different
origin from that just explained and must not be confounded with it; "^ or -1
is there the final radical softened to a vowel, j 168, as n'i'd or ninu cap-
tivity from n^ia to lead captive.
h. In Arabic, nouns of unity, or those which designate an individual,
are often formed by appending the feminine termination to masculine.?
which have a generic or collective signification. This has been thought
to be the case in a few words in Hebrew, "^i^fleet, nj:x ship, "li'b hair,
nn:'"vZ; a hair. ^t> swarm., '^"^l-"^ (^ bee.
c. Some names of inanimate objects are formed from those of ani-
mated beings or parts of living bodies, which they were conceived to
riisemble. by means of the feminine ending, taken in a neuter sense, ck
mother, Jiax metropolis, 7\y^. thigh, nsi^ hinder parf. e.vtreniHy, t'S palm
of the hand, hB3 palm-branch, n^a forehead, nn:ia greave, tiQ mouth,
n^Q edge.
224 ETYMOLOGY. § 199
^199. There are three numbers in Hebrew, the singular
(Tn;' V'B), dual (d^:© ^iisb), and phral (n^an i-icb). The
plural of masculine nouns is formed by adding D"^. , or de-
fectively written D . , to the singular, 0^6 horse, D^'DTO horses,
p"^"!? righteous {man), D"'p"''i? or Dp"''!? righteous {men). The
plural of feminine nouns is formed by the addition of rii ,
also written n", the feminine endiniij of the sinG;ular, if it
has one, being dropped as superfluous, since the plural ter-
mination of itself distinguishes the gender, C"3 citp, riob
cups, nb^na virgin, rib^na and in'b^rn virgins, rston sin,
rr.'&'C'n sins; in two instances the vowel-letter N takes the
place of 1 , §11. 1. «, nsnb i:zck. 31 -. 8, nsiin Ezek. 47 : 11.
a. The masrulinc plural sometimes has "p ^ instead of c^ , e.g. "p^^'o
oftener than c^^ in tiie book of Job, yz-yq Prov. 31:3, "f ijn 2 Kin. 11 : 13,
'p^S Mic. 3:12, "f'ij^'iu Lam. 1:4, ^bn' Ezek. 4:9, 'piif Dan. 12:13.
This endincp. which is the common one in Chaldee, is chiefly found in
poetry or in the later books of the Bible.
b. Some grammarians have contended for the existence of a few plurale
in "^ without the final D, but the instances alleged are capable of another
and more satisfactory explanation. Thus; "'"is 2 Kin. 11:4, "'ri'^S , "'fba
2 Sam. 8: IS, "'^-V^ 2 Sam. 23:8, and "^isn 1 Sam. 20: 38 K'thibli (K'ri
csn), are singulars used collectively; "'M? 2 Sam. 22:44, Ps. 144:2,
Lam. 3 : 14. and "^sian Cant. 8 : 2, are in the singular with the suffix of the
first person; "^2^ Ps. 45 : 9 is not for cis?3 sfriiiged insifuments, but is the
poetic form of the preposition '^"O from ; '^''jXS Ps. 22:17 is not lor C'^'i3
piercing, but is the noun "'"^X with the preposition D like the linn. §156. 3.
c. There are also a few words which have been regarded as plurals in
■'. . But "'t^ Zech. 14 : 5 and ''nb Judg. 5:15, are plurals with the sutfix
of the first person. In : "^jin 2 Chron. 33 : 19. which is probably a proper
name, and "^35 Am. 7: 1, Nah. 3: 17, vvliich is a singular used collectively,
final 1 is a radical as in """J'J^ = fr^J^ • '"'i^'i'^ I^^-- 19: 9 is a singular with
the formative ending ">. , §194. ft; "^ri^tn Jer. 22: 14 and "'Srjn Isa. 20:4,
might be explained in the same way, though Ewald prefers to regard the
former as an abbreviated dual lor cijliti dmible (i. e. large and shmry)
windows, and the latter as a construct plural for "'Elbn , the diphthongal S
being resolved into ay, comp. §57. 2 (5). "^'i^ Ezek. 13: 18 is probably a
dual for C^ ""J , thougli it might be for the unabridged singular n"!V which,
however, never occurs. The divine name '''ncj Almighty is best explained
as a singular; the name ''J'lX Lord is a plural of excellence, §201.2,
with the sulFix of the first person, the original signification being my
Ivord.
d. In a few words the sign of the feminine singular is retained before
the plural termination, as though it were one of the radicals, instead of
§ 200 GENDER AND NUMBER OF NOUNS. 225
being dropped agreeably to the ordinary rule, rb"ri door pi. riinb'n. So,
ros pillow, rid"; boiD. ripiu trough, n^Dn ,<ipear, r^DTabx widowhood, n^irins
dirnrce, n^iDTn 'whoredom, ns'cj //p pi. m'nsb . Totlie.se must be added
rrrid, provided it be derived Irom f^nuj in ihe sense oC pit ; it may, how-
ever, signify (/es<r?{c/JO?i, from the root nnd, when the final n will be a
radical. See Alexander on Psalm 107 : 20.
e. The original ending of the plural in nouns, verbs, and pronouns,
seems to have been D1, §71.6. (2). In verbs the vuwel has been pre-
served, but the final nasal has been changed or lost, l^^^P'? or 1^^P7 ,
§8.5. 1. a. (1). In masculine nouns and pronouns the final nasal has been
retained, but the vowel has been attenuated to I ore, D^piio, DH , cnx :
the Arabic has una for the nominative and Ina for the oblique case. If
we suppose n, the sign of the feminine, to be added to Dl , tlie sign of the
plural, the vowel will regularly be changed to i before the two con-
sonants, §61.4; then if the nasal be rejected belbre the final consonant,
agreeably to the analogy of ra for fi33 and 013 for 0313, the resulting
form will be ni , the actual ending of the feminine plural. If the sign of
the plural, like all the other inflective letters and syllables, is of pronom-
inal origin, this D, which is joined to words by the connecting vowel 1.
may perhaps be related to MB taken indefinitely in the quantitative or
numerical sense of quot or aliquot, comp. Zech. 7:3; and the adverbial or
adjective ending a^ or d' may in like manner be referred to the same in
its qualitative sense, comp. Ps. 8 : 5, so that Cj3"'n vaciie, would strictly be
qud vacuus. The pronoun seems in fact to be preserved without abbrevia-
tion in the Syriac j.laici = nii"' interdiu.
§ 200. The gender of adjectives and participles is care-
fully discriminated, both in the singular and in the plural, by
means of the appropriate terminations. But the same want
of precision or uniformity which has been remarked in the
singular, §197, characterizes likewise the use of the plural
terminations of substantives. Some masculine substantives
take t^i in the plural, some feminines take C. , and some
of each gender take indifferently a"^ . or ni .
a. The following masculine nouns form their plural by adding rii :
those which are distinguished by an asterisk are sometimes construed as
feminine,
"Zt^ father. * T\']'& path. * 1"!^ threshing- 'ji'^jn vision
■;?X bowl. Ti^"?^ palace. floor. oiBn dream.
3^X familiar V3llix cluster. 'ji'i'n goad. "|13^"n invention.
spirit. "ii2 pit. i:t tail. nsq handbreadlho.
"i^ix treasure. 55 ^oof. y^n street. NS3 throne.
* nix sign. bnis lot. rAn breast. n^iB tablet.
15
'2'2C)
ETYMOLOGY.
§200
h':'^ night.
* nrT-G (tl/ar.
"ilj^a rain.
liayTs tiihe.
• ik'p snnnnit.
* cip^ place.
6. The following feminine nouns form their phiral by adding C : those
marked thus (f) are sometimes niascuh'ne:
t "rx stone. t ~■)'^! f^^^y- ^'1?'?? spelt.
*iix3 bottle.
1.3 lamp.
lis sArm.
IDS rfws^
2bs //er6.
3!"ic leader.
">Pi32 «w6e.
-iin:j bundle.
hip voice.
-■ip tear.
*2"im siree^.
pini chain.
CIO name.
lEi\0 trumpet.
niU pillar.
cinn cieep.
nHx terebinth. r'n /aw.
r!iir-)S widowhood, nil-ai branch.
ri'vi'X woman.
rbna coa/.
t "23 r/?2e.
nsn-n Jig-cake.
n^;'! whoredom.
nan wheat.
ns^Jn darkness.
n:i"' (Zoue.
1 13 pitcher.
ninb ftricA:.
n^l3 tt-07'cZ.
n^^3 a?i«.
nxo measure.
ts she-goat.
rSiD concubine.
no morsel.
hvr\ sheep.
nii"b barley.
nbaia earofcorru
niiij acacia.
nixn ^g-.
Also C'^iJ'iii e^p-g-.? which is not found in the singular.
c. The following nouns form their plural by adding either D''_ or ni;
MASCULINE NOUNS.
r'^'^x porch.
abb /tearf.
',"1?.^ delicacy.
1^1 Q breaah.
•>ix /ion.
nixia light.
Yl'^'o fountain.
IX IS 7iecA:.
"I'i'n generation.
biaa /o7cer.
23'iJ7D 6ef/.
i:p grave.
nsT sacrifice.
loi^ fowidation.
•)3'j?3 dwelling.
n:;? reerf.
')'in3f memorial.
"lOiia 6onrf.
"in3 ri'rer.
TT
Clip o.re.
tii^ day.
n-bi^ seaf.
tlb iasin.
nib field.
■'?'!1 forest.
piTTS bowl.
'(IS iniquity.
S!i3\y ipee/r.
li'S /arer.
nix3^ pam.
2pS ^ee/.
a^sn delight.
"liss /lar/).
nooB naiV.
FEMININE
NOUNS.
n?2"'X terror. 1
nlaiUN grape-cake.
bS3 s/ioe.
nD"S Aoq/!
nrbx .f/je^//.
nnrs;. ^s/ar/e.
nan? /jca/).
nib year.
nsx people.
rijn spear.
NOUNB CONSTRUED IN EITHER GENDER
cVnN . r-^ns^ a/oc,
s. '"liin window.
ni:'2 77)(/.
cs? bone.
1;2 garment.
lin cowrf.
^23 .W)</.
rr /jnje.
aa rm.
""32 circle.
"i"'D thorn.
crb /oo/.
biTi temple.
"SZ'O fortress.
"ZV cloud.
rb's sic/e.
siiT rtr/«.
nrn'g camp.
rzy con/.
«
§ 201 GENDER AND NUMBER OF NOUNS. 227
d. The two forms of the plural, though mostly synonymous, occasion-
ally differ in sense as in Latin loci and loca. Thus n'^'iSS is used of
round masses of money, talents, niiss of bread, round loaves ; D'^n'^O
thorns, mTiO hooks; Ci^jD?. heels, r\'iz'pv foot-prints ; W'Xi"^ footsteps of
men, niisysyee; of articles of furniture. Comp. §198. c. Sometimes they
differ in usage or frequency of employment : thus nia^ days, m'jia years,
are poetical and rare, the customary forms being D""^^, CSlU.
e. Nouns mostly preserve their proper gender in the plural irrespecdve
of the termination which they adopt ; though there are occasional excep-
tions, in which feminine nouns in D^_ are construed as masculines, e. g.
n^iij women Gen. 7 : 13, ci^^ words Job 4 : 4, Q-'ir^a? ants Prov. 30 : 25,
and masculine nouns in Sni are construed as ferainines, e. g. nijscri dwell-
ings Ps. 84 : 2.
f. In explanation of the apparently promiscuous or capricious use of the
masculine and feminine endings, it may be remarked that the termination
C in strictness simply indicates the plural number, and is indeterminate
as to gender, §199. e, though the existence of a distinct form for the fem-
inine left it to be appropriated by the masculine. The occurrence of 12'^ in
feminine nouns, and even in the names of females, as D'^llJS women, CTS
sAe-g-oa^s, may therefore, like the absence of the distinctive feminine ending
from the singular, be esteemed a mere neglect to distinguish the gender by
the outward form. The occurrence of the feminine ending in a masculine
noun, whether singular or plural, is less easily accounted for. Such words
may perhaps, at one period of the language, have been regarded as fem-
inine, the subsequent change of conception, by which they are construed
as masculine, foiling to obliterate their original form. Such a change is
readily supposable in words, which there is no natural or evident reason
fur assigning to one sex rather than the other; but not in T^Szi)^ fathers,
ivhich can never have been a feminine. One might be tempted in this
case to suspect that m' was not the sign of the plural, comp. ninx sister,
ni?2n mother-in-law, but that 1 belonged to the radical portion of the
word, and that ti was appended to form a co!Iective,_/a</ter/toof/, §19'-^,
which has in usage taken the place of the proper plural. More probably,
however, the idea of official dignity, which was .so prominently attached
to the paternal relation in patriarchal times, is the secret of the feminine
form which nx assumes in the plural, comp. nW'^D leaders, ribfi'p preacher,
while its construction as a masculine springs so directly out of its significa-
tion as to remain unaffected. And this suggests the idea that the like may
have happened to names of inanimate objects. They may receive the
feminine ending in its neuter sense to designate them as things, §198. c,
while at the same time they are so conceived that the masculine construc-
tion is maintained.
^ 201. 1. Some substantives are, by their signification or
by usage, limited to the singular, such as material nouns
taken in a universal or indefinite sense, Tifi fire, ^iyi ^old,
•T'2'7^ ground ; collectives, Cl'J children, '^^Vfoivl, ts^? birds of
228 ETYMOLOGY. ^202
jiroij, "ijja large cattle (noun of unity *iiiD an ox), isi small
cattle (noun of unity nii: a sheep or goat) ; many abstracts,
yr;; salvation, rV;y blindness. On the other hand some are
found only in the plural, such as nouns, whose singular, if it
ever existed, is obsolete, Di'i? icater, D"':s face or faces, D!''bto
heaven, ci")? bowels, DT^a men, ^liirj^{n'a adjacent to the head,
and jibstracts, which have a plural form, D"'';ri life, cnnic
love, C^n"]] mereg, riiSiann government.
a. The intimate connection between a collective and an abstract is
shown by the use of the feminine singular to express both, § 198. In like
manner the plural, whose office it is to gather separate units into one ex-
pression, is used to denote in its totality or abstract form that common
quality which pervades them all and renders such a summation possible,
comp. TO. 8tVaia right, ra aSiKa icrojig. Some abstracts adopt indifferently
the feminine or the plural form. !i;t^x and C'l^i'CN fidelity. n^N3 and
C^!ixa redemption, n*n and ni'fn ///e, ^lii;;^ and C^irn darkness, nxbia
and C"x^o setting of gems.
b. The form cb!i::|:5 is adopted by certain words which denote periods
of human life, c^nsiya childhood, C"'r^b5 youth. C'^'ina adolescence, c^sina
virginity, nib lbs period of e.^poiisals, C^'jprT old age.
c. Abstracts, which are properly singular, are Sometimes used in the
plural to denote a high degree of the quality which they represent, or re-
peated exhibitions and embodiments of it, nnn^a might, ni~.!i25. deeds of
might.
2. There are a few examples of the employment of the
plural form when a single individual is spoken of, to suggest
the idea of exaltation or greatness. It is thus intimated that
the individual embraces a phu*ality, or contains within itself
what is elsewhere divided amongst many. Such plurals of
majesty are tpHbii^ God the supreme object of worship, "^b^J*
St/jjre/ne Lord prop, mg Lord, § 199. c, and some other terms
referring to the divine being, T^T? Eccles. 12:1, D'^niaa
Eccles. 5 : 7, vM'^ Isa. 54 : 5, c^ciip IIos. 12:1; also, D-^ns
(rarely with a plural sense) lord, D'^^i^s (when followed by a
singular suffix) master, ri'i''ar'3 Behemoth, great beast, and
possibly C'lEnn Teraphim, which seems to be used of a single
image, 1 Sam. 19 : 13, 16.
^202. The dual is formed by adding D"'. to the singular
^203 GENDER AND NUMBER OF NOUNS. 229
of both genders, n as the sign of the feminine remaining
unchanged, and r.^ reverting to its original form sn^, § 196.5,
^) hand du. w^X , ^)i door du. n:^nb^ , rsiu rqj du. D^n£iJ3 .
a. The dual ending in Hebrew, as in the Indo-European languages,
Bopp Vergleich. Gramm. §206. is a modified and strengthened form of the
plura! ending. The Arabic goes beyond the Hebrew in extending the
dual to verbs and pronouns. The Chaldee and Syriac scarcely retain a
trace of it except in the numeral two and its compounds.
§203. The dual in Hebrew expresses not merely two, but
a couple or a pair. Hence it is not employed with the same
latitude as in Greek of any two objects of the same kind,
but only of two which belong together and complete each
other. It is hence restricted to
1. Double organs of men or animals, 0';'3TS ears, Q^'SS?
nostrils, D'?'?^)? horns, O^^sss win()s.
2. Objects of art which are made double or which con-
sist of two corresponding parts, tr^'^^,}. pair of shoes, D^'irsb
pair of scales, U^rr^h'qpair of ton^s, 'Ci'^t^^ folding doors.
3. Objects which are conceived of as constituting to-
gether a complete whole, particularly measures of time or
quantity, W^hi"^ period of fico days, bidmim, D'^ynia two iceeks,
fortnight, D^nrp tico years, biennium, D^t!)550 two measures,
D^Sss two talents, '^".'kT} Prov. 28 : 6, 18 double way (comp.
in English double dealiny), '^^ST^}. pair of rivers, i. e. the
Tigris and Euphrates viewed in combination.
4. The numerals Q'^iiy two, D';'^53 double, D'!'r)^''? tico hun-
dred, D':l^i? tico thousand, D^i^is"! two myriads, D^'r^^ia seven-
fold, D';'&?b3 of two sorts.
5. A few abstracts, in which it expresses intensity, Q;^p>3??
double-slothfuhess, 'crrrrq double-rebellion, "^Ti^^ douUe-liyht,
i. e. noon, D^ytDn double-wickedness.
a. Names of objects occurring in pairs take the dual form even when a
higher number than two is spoken of. D^irn 'i'^ir 1 Sam. 2 : 13 itie three
teeth, ^^M'P. 2-'2":« Ezek. I'.iofour wings, ^\kp. '^^ Isa. C : 2 si.r uiiigs.
230 ETYMOLOGY. § 204, 205
zyy t^y^'ii Zecli. 3 : 9 seven eyes. c^ins-baT C7'^^■^-b^ all the hands and
all kiieeii Ezek. 7 : 17. Several iianies ol" double organs of the human or
animal body have a plural form likewise, whicli is used of artificial imita-
tions or oi' inanimate objects, to which these names are applied by a figure
of speech. § 198. c, Cijij^ horns, nii^p? hcnns of the altar, f'EJj wings,
nE;3 extremities. c^EPS shonUhrs. riSP3 shoulder-pieces of a garment,
ci'^y eyes, rii^S fountains, cbsn feel, n"'pan times prop, beats of the
foot. In a few instances this distinction is neglected, D'^'!!?'^ sind niPEO
lips. Ci'jn and P'i'i'^ sides, n7r3"i7 extremities.
b. The dual ending is in a very few word.s superadded to tliat of
the plural, riiin walls of a city, crth double walls, ninsib boards,
c^nnb double boarding of a ship, c";r"in; name of a town in Judah, Josh.
15: 36.
c. The words c^a water and c^ad heaven have the appearance of
dual forms, and might possibly be so explained by the conception of the
element of water as existing in two localities, viz. under and above the
firmament, Gen. 1 :7, and heaven as consisting of two hemispheres. They
are. however, commonly regarded as plurals, and compared with such
plural forms in Chaldee as *[7';'^ Dan. 5:9 from the singular K^d. In
C^bdll^ Jerusalem, or as it is commonly written without the Yodh pb'l'ti^ ,
the final Mem is not a dual ending but a radical, and the pronunciation is
simply prolonged from cb'rnit7, comp. Gen. 14:18. Ps. 76 : 3, though in
this assimilation to a dual form some have suspected an allusion to the
current division into the upper and the lower city.
§ 204. It remains to consider the changes in the nouns
themselves, Avhich result from attaching to them the various
endings for gender and number that have now been recited.
These depend upon the structure of the nouns, that is to say,
upon the character of their letters and syllables, and are gov-
erned by the laws of Hebrew orthography already unfolded.
These endings may be divided into two classes, viz. ;
1. The feminine ri, which, consisting of a single con-
sonant, causes no removal of the accent and produces changes
in the ultimate only.
2. The feminine n^ , the plural D"'. and ri, and the
dual d;'. , which remove the accent to their own initial
vowel, and may occasion changes in both the ultimate and
the penult.
§205. Nouns which tcnninate in a vowel undergo no
change on receiving the feminine characteristic ri , "^^sits
§ 206 GENDER AND NUMBER OF NOUNS. 231
Moabite, tr^^'^ra Moabitess, i^^'^'n fjidin^ fern, nsirb, i?^n
sm?ier, t^.^ht] shi, §198. Nouns which terminate in a con-
sonant experience a compression of their final syllable, which,
upon the addition of n , ends in two consonants instead of
one, §66. 2, and an auxiliary Seghol is introduced to relieve
the harshness of the combination, §61. 2. In consequence
of this the vowel of the ultimate is changed from a or a to
c, §63. 2. a, from 8 or i to c, or in a few Avords to e, and
from o or u to 0, §61. 4. "lii^: brohyi fern, innnir: , DTO-ii*
reddish fern. rra'^'a'jS? , tj?n going fern. fiD^n , T^na master,
rrnna mistress, TiJt?0 ^?^'^ fem. rnrisri , ©"•&{ w^«;^ n^jk looman,
§214. 1. (5, fis: 5ra//6"/T^ fem. n^ie?, nirinD and nirriD (5ra6'*.
When the final consonant is a guttural, there is the usual
substitution of Pattahh for Seghol, ^t?^ hearing fem. T\Tqt ,
TV^. touching fem. nj/i^ .
a. In many cases the feminine is formed indifferently by ri or by n^ ;
in others usage inclines in favor of one or of the other ending, though no
absolute rule can be given upon the subject. It may be said, however,
that adjectives in *'. almost always receive H; active participles, except
those of i'SJ , "ir and nb verbs, oftener take ri than n ; n is also found,
though Jess frequently, with the passive participles except that of Kal,
from which it is excluded.
h. A final ' , T or n is sometimes assimilated to the feminine charac-
teristic n and contracted with it, §54, na for r:3 daughter, rriTa for
pans gift, nibx for TDrx truth, nnx for rinx one. rn-c-q ] Kin. 1 : 15
for nnnCTO ministering, nncia Mai. 1 : 14 for rnnrri corrupt, nsnia for
rtran^ pa^i. The changes of the ultimate vowel are due to its compres-
Bion before concurring consonants.
c. The vowel u remains in nasiirn Lev. 5 : 21 deposit, and the proper
name rirnsn Tanhumeth. From nx brother, ch/nther-in-law are formed
mnx sister, ni^an mother-in-law, the radical 1 , which has been dropped
from the masculine, retaining its place before the sign of the feminine,
comp. § 101. 1. a; ns^tJs? difficidt Deut. 30; 11 is for n^sliEJ from Vi^tt}.
§206. The changes Avhich result from appending the
feminine termination ri^ , the plural .terminations D"'. and tr\ ,
and the dual termination D''. , are of three sorts, viz. :
1. Those which take place in the ultimate, when it is a
mixed syUable.
232 ETYMOLOGY. § 207
2. Those whicli take place in the ultimate, when it is a
simple syllable.
3. Those which take place in the penult.
§207. AVheu the ultimate is a mixed syllahle bearing
the accent, it is affected as follows, viz. :
1 . Tsere remains unchanged, if the word is a monosylla-
ble or the preceding vowel is Kamets, otherwise it is rejected;
other vowels suffer no change, irb dead fem. rir^a , j)l. D'^fra ;
^■i,^ thi(jh du. d;'?-!;', d1?tzj complete fem. J"''?!?'?, pi. "crd^t ,
f. pi. niiabiy ; ^r\ (joing fem. robn , pi. D-'ibh , f. pi. n-ibn .
a. The rejection of Tscre is due to the tendency to abbreviate words
which are increased by additions at the end, §66. 1. It is only retained
as a pretonic vowel, $64. 2, when the word is otherwise sufficiently abbre-
viated, or its rejection wouhl shorten the word unduly. Tsere is retained
contrary to the rule by Cuibo, D"'y3"i chikhen of the third and fourth
generations, by a few exceptional forms, e.g. ir^SS Jer. 3 : 8. 11. nbarr
Ex. 23:26, ri.'-r^^ Cant. 1:6, MaTsiffi Isa. 54: 1. and frequently with the
pause accents. §65, e. g. i^^^^'i^ I.«a. 21:3, t-'krid Lam. 1: 16, :ri-3'3'':d
Isa. 49:8, D^'J:;::^ Ex. 28:40. =-^':d Gen. 19: 11, 2 Kin. 6: 18 (on^ewith
Tiphhha), : D'^oi'^?. Isa. 2 : 20. .c^d^-q Eccles. 2 : 5. ni-ir"!^ Isa. 2:4. It
also appears in several feminine substantives, both singular and plural, e. g.-
nban^ overthrow. v<Si"yci counsels. T^zviX^ abomination. f\'.V'Ci2 staff. riE'i'Dia
nitck. On the other hand, tlie following feminines reject it though pre-
ceded by Kaniets, by^ wild-^oat. fern, f^^?." , 1?^ ostrich, fem. M:?^ , ~n^
thigh, fem. !^r"iV It is also dropped from the plural of the monosyllable
"2 son, and its place supplied by a pretonic Kamets, era sous. ri2^ daugh-
ters, the singular of the feminine being r2 for rija, §205.6; so S^tt;
fork pi. niib:^ .
b Kamets in the ultimate is retained as a pretonic vowel, '23 ichile,
fem. n:3b, pi. c^i^b, f. pi. riiab ; "t^^^ fortress, pi. c''-:!::^: and ri-^.:i272,
only disappearing in a few exceptional cases. ""?- hair. fcin. n^rtU. ^rb
(juail.])\. c-'^bb. C-isTD pasture. ]A. c-'b^Jio once n-c-i;":. ni-izi'TS and ri'iar'a
fords, ^rs talent du. C^nzs but in pause n";]|^r3. ~r<: rinnlu. C'^'^n; . The
x"b participles, xz: ;jrf);)/ie.s-////;5- J)!. CNS:. HTZHi polluted ])\. C^-Z'^: . si":?
fotmd pi. c-'N"4r3 adopt the vowels of n"b forms, § 165. 2 ; but with the
pause accents Kamets returns, D-'NaJ Ezck. 13:2, : D"'^<:^^:: Ezr. 8 : 25.
The foreign word "la"^!? suburbs forms it.s plural irregularly D"^"i'~Q.
c. Hholem and Hhirik commonly suffer no change; but in a few words
Shurek takes the place of the former, and in one Tsere is substituted for
the latter. §66.2(3). lij-a terror pi. n-^nsis^. •)"-"'? habitation pi. c^iij'^ ,
T^ir-o .tweet fem. J^irnro pi. c-'prp . p-ii distre.ts l\'m. njriilt. "5:: lodging
fem. ni^bis, D-i:^ //!.'/(/! fem. nbn:r . n-z^z /y.s-Mem. nrmjip , ^'iri'z fortifica-
tion fem. •T^IZiTS. p-iv deep fem. nj^n^ir Pmv. 23:27 and nj?":?, p-'HT
§ 207 GENDER AND NUMBER OF NOUNS. 233
chain pi. nipwn 1 Kin, 6:21 K'ri; O^^Q escaped pi. diia-iba or B^b^S
fem. nb"^bQ or nibs.
cZ. Hholem is dropped from the plural of ~iib:!I bird pi. n""nQ:s . as well
as from the plural of nouns having the feminine characteristic n in the
singular; thus ribabs skull, by the substitution of the plural ending
n' ibr n,_ , § 199, becomes ribsbs , n;r'bni3 course, pi. ripbriT? , or with
Hhateph-Kamets under a doubled letter, §16. 3.6, r:'ri3 coat pi. rJns,
nbaiT ear of corn, pi. C'bad ; in two instances a pre tonic Kuniets is inserted,
niaa drought Y)\. ni-iaa, n-inrs Asiarie p\. ni-indy.
e. Seghol in nouns with the feminine characteristic n affixed mostly fol-
lows the law of the vowel from which it has sprung, § 205 ; if it has been
derived from Tsere it is rejected, if from any other vowel it is still in some
instances rejected, though more commonly it reverts to its original form
and is retained, r^p.P.T' sucker (from pp,'^^) })1. ripDi"^, ri"i5N; epistle (from
^ix) pi. ninax, nbi.x^^ knife (from b-DX.T2) pi. mbiN-Q , rTariTpnx reddish,
(from n-n^lx^) pi. nir'ri'cix^ , npi^^a nurse (from p'^p^) pi. nipr^, nbp/vrJp
scale pi. D"'U:'pbp and niapbp . Pattahh, which has arisen from a Seghol
so situated under the influence of a guttural, follows the same rule, nsaa
.1 I- , '• . ' .1 . '
ring -pi. niraia , nyja (from V^2) toucfmig pi. f\Si^ .
f. A i&v^ nouns with quiescents in the ultimate present apparent ex-
ceptions, which are, however, readily explained by the contractions which
they have undergone. Thus nin for nin, §57,2 (5). thorn., has its
plural cifiin or ninjn ; Dl"i (D^^^) day. pi. ci^ (ci?:^';) ; "jinTO ("O'^'r) strife.,
pi. c'^ii'i?3; nib (nii:3j o.v, pi. C^^ii:? ; 'in'i for Vn or''i-;ti, § 1S6. 2.'c, /jo/, pi,
C^nW or D'^^1^, §208. 3; p^i: (p'n or p;;ib) street, pl.'c^piq; n-^i; (-c^r or
i^y) city. pi. once t:in^?. Judg^ 10 : 4 usually contracted to D"'n:^ ; ONT
(dx'n) head, pi. clrxn (n"'i£'5<"i). So PNp measure becomes in the dual
d";>nXD lor C^nxp and nx-o one hundred, du. C^PNia for Cinx^i ; f^^Nb??
(nixb^a , §57, 2 (3) ), work, probably had in the absolute plural niixba ,
whence the construct is m^xbio ,
2. The final consonant sometimes receives Dao;liesli-forte
before tlie added termination, causing the preceding vowel
to be shortened from a to a, from E or i to i, and from 0 or
u to ii, §61, 5. This takes place regularly in nouns which
are derived from contracted VV roots, ori perfect fern, riisn ,
^1 sea pi. D^i?!'; ']i'Q (from S\^) shield, pi, D"'?^^ and niss^a ,
fein. nsjTQ ; pn statute pi. D'^jtri , fem. nj^n , pi. rr'pn , or in
whose final letter two consonants have coalesced, ^s for w]:s
du, D'S5? nose ; TS? for T:? she-goat pi. D'^-T^ ; n^ for tn"!? time
pi. D'^nS' and nirc? ; ir^s for CSX «^«;/, ni^s): tvoman, and it
not infrequently occurs in other cases.
a. Nouns with Pattahh in the ultimate with few exceptions double their
final letter, being either contracted forms, h^ weak pi. B"^.^^ fem. nH pi.
234 ETYMOLOGY. ^207
nij;^, or receiving Daghesh-forte conservative in order to preserve the
short vowel. CSS j)ool pi. c^raxj t^o "(Eix ichrel, Dnn myrtle, 'oy-q few. riirn
fii^hlfttl. P"^P"!7 greenish. "^IN^ desire. Before gutturals Pattaiili may
be retained in an intermediate syilahlc. rib fresh pi. C"'lib, or lengthened
to Kamet.-j, §0(1.4, "i^ prince pi. cno lem. ri'')'C3 ; so n?3SX fingers,
nrs^x ft)}u\ ciynis helmets, n-ins^ straits and n-^xn^n baskets, rxbb loops,
which do not occur in the singular, but are commonly referred to "'"^W,
''b'ilb, §194. b. ■* being changed to N as in §208. 3. (/; also no breast,
which omits Daghesh du. "71'^' • Pattahh is in the following examples
rhanged to Hliirik before the doubled letter, §58. 2. T2 prey fern, nja , nn
fear W'm. nnn. ra wine-press pi. rins , IB garment pi. ci^^ and d'n'D,
cb tribute, cb basin, rb morsel. "i:r .s/V/f', bjba wheel, r"'icbD baskets,
C"'jp:p palm- blanches, 5niB threshing-sledge pi. CaniB or by the resolu-
tion of Daghesh-forte, §59. a. n^2"'n'i73 . It is rejected from bkbs cymbal
pi. C'b'^b^. IT sor^ pi. O'lST , n^'na'^a 6ern>.?. probably from I2ia and ^^r^
men, from the obsolete singular, pb . The plural of CS people is C"E7
and in a very few instances with the doubled letter repeated. C'Br? ; so
"in mountain pi. D"'"^n and ci'^^n^ Deut. 8:9. hk shadow pi. C"^Hib:£ . pn
statute pi. C";?n. and twice in the construct, ""'H^Kn Judg. 5: 15, Isa. 10: 1,
which implies the absolute form cpi^n .
6. The final letter is doubled after Kamets in the following words be-
sides those from 5? roots, nB^ix porch pi. C^'sbx ; so "ir^X hire, bis camel,
'f'C] time, "'^n*? darkness. pniB distance, 'bp small. "i;".~ green, "|35<d
quiet, "(tyi'j /////. "E'J coney, to whicii should perhaps be added -^p" Deut.
8 : 15 scorpion, tiiough as it has a pause accent in this place which is the
only one where it is found with Kamets. its proper form may perhaps have
been -"^^5, §65. The Niphal participle 12=3 honored has in the plural
both C^^ass and 0*^^233 . Several other words, which only occur in the
plural, are in the lexicons referred to singulars with Kamets in the ulti-
mate ; but the vowel may, with equal if not greater probability, be sup-
posed to have been Pattahh. Kamets is shortened to Pattahh beibre n ,
wliich docs not admit Dagliesh-forte. in the plurals of ns brother pi. CTiX ,
nn hook, niJZ'a confidence. §G0. 4. a.
c. The fullowinu nouns with Hholcm in the ultimate fall under this
rule, in addition to those derived from 55 roots, '^^Z'^ peak pi. C'^paj, ct:"in
sacred scribe, -ilin band, cixb nation, n"i"S naked, and several adjectives
of the form bt:;r. which are mostly written without the vowel-letter "i,
§14. 3, e. ff. ens red fem. HMIN , crnx , c^'s terrible, Tpx long, etc.:
rsrx dunghill takes the form mncirs in the plural.
d. There are only two examples of doubling when the vowel of the
ultimate is Shnrek. C^biri Prov. 24:31 netlles or brambles from bl^n ,
ri'X-i Esth. 2 : 9 from "^IN-i Kal pass, part of nxi .
e. UJ"'X (CSX) 7nan is not contracted in the plural CITJX me7i ; in the
feminine, for the sake of distinction, the initial weak letter is dropped. C^^'j
women, which is used as the plural of nt'X woman; Cd^X inen and r'«i."X
women are rare and poetic, rx ploughshare has cither C^rx or Crx in
the plural.
§208 GENDER AND NUMBER OF NOUNS. • 235
§208. 1. Segholate nouns, or those which have an unrx-
cented vowel m the ulthnate, drop it when any addition is
made to them, §66. 2. (1). As this vowel arose from the
concun'ence of voweUess consonants at the end of the word,
the necessity for its presence ceases when that condition no
longer exists. Segholates thus revert to their original form
of a monosyllable ending in concurrent consonants, §183.
2. Monosyllables of this description receive the feminine
ending with no further change than the shortening due to the
removal of the accent, in consequence of which o becomes 6
or more rarely u, B becomes i or more rarely c ; B may be
restored to a from which it has commonly arisen, §183, or
like e it may become i or e, D^y (P^i^) strength feni. J'''r^<',
ir^n (irsn) fem. r\mi^ freedom, "i^x {y^^.) saying fem. rnrs?
and '^^'''9^ > =Iv'9 (=1''?^) ^'^^^0 '^'t^''^ queen, 'nzb slaifg/iter (em.
nnn-j .
a. Nonns havinar either of the forms ni::p, ii'':>:ip . ti.h'iip . iiSzip ,
nbop , are consequently to be regarded as sprung from monosyllables with
the vowel given to the first radical.
3. Before the plural terminations a pretonic Kamets is
inserted, and the original vowel of the monosyllable falls
away, tfb^a ( ^b^ ) /dng pi. D^ib^a , nsb^ queen pi. niibis , Tcx
(niik) saj/ing pi. c^i^x , rvi^i? id. pi. nin^i« , b?3 (b:?2) worl-,
pi. D^b'^'s , Nt:n sin pi. D^kt:n .
a. Pretonic Kamets is not admitted by the numerals Q'^'ib5| twenfy
from "lbs ten, t)"'y3d sevenhj from S'^iy seven, Cy^"n ninety from i'll'n
nine. The words cilia pistachio-nnts, C33n ebony. D^bx^ Job 40:21.22,
frnn mercies, -"''spTi: and rriTSfrd sycamores, which do not occur in the
singular, have been regarded as examples of a like omission. But there
need be no assumption of irregularity if the first is taken with Fiirst from
npa , the second with Gesenius from "^JSn , and the others are explained
after a like analogy. Q,uadriliteral Segholates also receive pretonic Ka-
mets in the plural "jS^s pi. C^ps'SS merchants, unless the new letter creates
an additional syllable, in which case the introduction of Kamets would
prolong the word too much, '^^i'0 concnbine pi. ciisls , ']"iS3 nail d^3"iq:i .
6. The superior tenacity of Hholem, §60. 1. a, (4), is shown by the occa-
sional retention of o, not only as a compound Sh'va under gutturals, rr^bi
way -pi. niri'^x, so t'ln month, ^y"])! thicket, "iriy sheaf, 't^S fawn ; but as
236 ETYMOLOGY. § 209
Kamefs-Hhatuph in vi^p holiness pi. cij";!^ and Cii'n;?, r"iiy root pi.
cr-i'r , 5 If*^ f>ras a loiiij vovvol in bnx /e/<< pF. c-ib'nx , nins stall pi. ni-iK .
§60. 3. c, or shilled to tlie lullowing letter so as to take the place of the
pretoiiic. Kamels in ""li thumb ])1. PiDinS , rrjs briij-hlness pi. mnjs ,
§181. «. Comp. bcD ("bqQ) fy-raven inuiL'-e pi. C^p^DD. In other nouns it is
rejected. "»;r2 niorniiig pi. n">ni?3 ; so ""^J thn'shing-floor, "iB3 cypress, ycp
handj'iill. n^"i spear, cn'i juniper, bl'b hollow of the hand.
c. Miildle Vav quiesces in the plural of the follovvinij nouns: ri"?3 death
pi. crna, nls^? iniquity pi. nSiJ', Gesenius regards C^p.^ Prov. 11:7,
Hos. 9 : 4, as tlie plural of IJX , while others derive it from "px , translating
it riches in the former passage and sorrow in the latter, the primary idea
out of which hotii senses spring being that of toil. Middle Yodh quiesces
in the plural ofb7^{ ram pi. n-iH^X; n-^! olire pi. c-'n-'l , b-^^ ni^sht pi. n'ils'ib ,
but not in ^^h strength pi. D"'b^n , '^''^ fountain \)\. mr^' , Tiy ass-colt pi.
cn"?. , ir^n g-oa^ pi. D"'O^Pi. The plural of X";? valley is n'^xs by trans-
position from the regular form n'iX"'a which is twice found in the K'thibh
2 Kin. 2: 16. Ezek. 6 : 3 ; rrk house has as its plural c-'ra, whether this
be explained as for D"'n33 from ii32 to build or for D"irin3 from Ma to
lodge. Middle Yodh always quiesces before the feminine and dual endings,
T;ik provision ^em. irn'^^, '{^b eye <\n. n';'5"'r.
d. Monosyllables in '^. from Hb roots belong properly to this forma-
tion, §57. 2 (4) and §184. b. and follow the rules given above both in the
feminine ""Hn (^bn) necklace fem. «^';bn, and the plural """iX ("'"JX) lion
pi. D-i'^nx and ri^";it, '*'!? kidpl. C^na, or with the change of •> to X,
§56. 4, wiiich also occurs in verbs, §177.3, "hn necklace pi. C"ixVn , "ira
simple pi. n-i^ns, n-^ra and D-'sne , •'b:: gazelle pi. B'^^^^ , D"'xr-4 and
nk-S ; in like manner Q'^xss; branches, DX^b lions are referred to "'S? .
and ■'ib though these singulars do not occur; "'bs ("b3) utensil does not
receive Kamets in the plural D"'b3.
4. The dual sometimes takes a pretonic Kamets like the
plural, but more frequently follows the feminine in not re-
quiring its insertion, fi^^ {Th^_) door du. D''r^'7 , '^T} {Tf^)
irat/ du. D"27"7, HJ? {^ip.) horn du. D-'inp and 0^:7;?, "'nb ^
c//er/- du. D^:nb, ^ni (tfna) /v/ce du. "OTTp^ , so D:^:n'a, D???3,
§209. When the ultimate is a simple syllable, the follow-
ing cases occur, viz :
1. rinal n is rejected before the feminine and plural
endings, "?^ beautiful fem. he; f. pi. nis;" , nfc?)a 2vork pi.
cir?;^; so n:™ c«wy; du. a'-rTO .
a. The last radical in words of this description is properly "^ , which is
rejected after a vowellcss letter, §62. 2. c, so that ns^ is ibr n'jE^ and
§ 209 GENDER AND NUMBER OF NOUNS. 237
D'^ibST? for Q'^'^C?.^. In a very few instances the ratlical "^ remains, e.g.
n'yjs Cant. 1:'? from ni32> (^iij*) D'^n^^ Isa. 25 : 6 from nh^-a ("rj-aTi)
and is even strengthened by Daghesh-forte, §207.2, n;^r"2 Lam. 1:16
from t^?'i2, n:j>-is and rrns, §196. 6, fem. of rr^s, ni'nn Hos. 14: 1, else-
where mnn , no viouth, edge pi. n'^b , ni-^s and ni'S , or changed to N ,
§56. 4, nb'o (^Vo) young lamb C^xb:: (n-'^bi:), so that it is not necessary
to assume a siiiirular "^^a which no where occurs, nsbn Ps. 10 : 8 n"'X3bn
ver. 10. See Alexander in loc.
2. Pinal *^. may combine with the feminine and plural
endings, so as to form n;* . , n""^ . , ni'' . , or it may in the
masculine plural be contracted, to C. , § 62. 2, "^i^y Hebrew
pi. D^nny and n^nny fem. n'^^^ny f. pi. ni^nns? ; ^ir shiji pi.
D'^i and D-'^ir, "^i'sn/ree pi. D^irsn, ^f>) piire ip\. Q^^I??- So
nouns in fT" . upon the exchange of the feminine singular for
the plural termination ti'-'b'iiz^ Ammomfess pi. ni^^^Ts:?, ™n
Hittitess ti^TTi.
a. In ti"'X"'::iy 2 Chron. 17: 11 Arabians from "^ilSJ an X is interposed,
elsewhere tD'^ins ; ni'b'i branches, l^'i'^jj comers and ri'|33?2 bowls, which
do not occur in the singular, are assumed to be from n'^b'i , ST^^T and
6. A few monosyllables in "^^ form their feminines in this manner,
though in the masculine plural they follow the rule before given. §20S. 3. rf,
ins kid fem. n^ns , ^ab /jo?t, X*nb lioness, § 196. f/, "'lb:? gazelle fem. n»3S
(iT^3S and N'J3S are used as proper names), ''rd drinking fem. M^nd .
3. There are few examples of final ^ or i with added
endings. The following are the forms which they assume :
^p© drijd- pi. D^IpP , niib^ kingdom pi. ni-^Db^ , §62.2,
n^'i? testimony pi. rinny , ninx sister pi. fTinx and ni^^nx for
ninns , inn and xian myriad pL min , msnn and nixin ;
the dual D*r}ii"i inserts the sign of the feminine.
a. ni'pn or !ri'i"'?H Jer. 37 : 16 cells is referred to the assumed singular
tniijn ; mrj3 Isa. 3 : 16 K'thibh and nili:::' 1 Sam. 25 : 18 K'thibh are
formed from ^1:3 , s.by abbreviated Kal passive participles. § 172. 5, but in
the absence of the appropriate vowel points their precise pronunciation
cannot be determined.
6. Nouns ending in a quiescent radical K may be regarded as termina-
ting in a consonant, since this letter resumes its consonantal power upon
an addition being made to the word. Comp. §162. i<^'2D found fem.
nN^T33, !!<-iQ wild ass T^\. tai^nQ.
238 ETYMOLOGY. ^210
^210. The changes, -which occur in the penult, arise
from tlie disposition to shorten the former part of a word,
\vhen its accent has been carried forward by accessions at the
end, §GG. 1. They consist in the rejection of Kamets or
Tsere, biia great fcm. n'iina pi. D^Si^a f. pi. nibi'^a, w
loord pi. C'^^T , "jiisT memorial pi. nii'iDT , ?i:3 ichig du.
d^e:3, ^^ti-Q restoring pi. trb^^tr^ fern. ni^irTO, ni"a distress
pi. wnTiz , ^h^ Levite pi. c'""!^ , except from nouns in n.. in
which the place of the accent is not changed by the addition
of the terminations for gender and number, §209. 1, HB^
beautiful fem. he;" ])1. trk'^ , n^b field pi. rri-ib , nr]5 /^ri
pi. o^i:')5, nj:)2 pi. 0^773 and JniS'ia bowels, Mi? smitten pi.
C"^i? . Other penultimate vowels are mostly exempt from
change.
a. Kamets, which has arisen from Pattahh in consequence of the suc-
ceeding letter not being able to receive Daghesh-fbrte, as the form properly
requires, is incapable of rejection. Such a Kamets is accordingly retained
without change before *i, e. g. ia"^n for ^'hn, § 187. 1, workman pi. D'^iann,
so UTS horseman, 't"'^3 fugitive, DinD (const. C3"'"!D) eunuch. y^'S^ terri-
ble, }''"'"!Q violent, yiin diligent, or shortened to Pattahh before n,
§60. 1. a (4), "iwa young man p\. C'^n^na. Kamets is also retained in
certain ^'J and nb derivatives as a sort of compensation for the reduction
of the root by contraction or quiescence, e. g. '5'D shield pi. C^JJ^ and
nib^ , Tis'TO fortress pi. C^h'^; '^"'r''? branch pi. rn*bn . n">n comer pi. ri'l'*T .
Other instances of its retention are rare and exceptional, liaa treacherous
fem. nnij3 . i'^ad (const, rad) ireeA: pi. cy^d and niynsj but du. c-^rad ,
lU'^ba u-arrjor pi. Cffi-'bir.
6. When Kamets following a doubled letter is rejected, and Daghesh-
forte is omitted in consequence, §25, the antepenultimate vowel is in a few
instances changed from Ilhirik to Seghol, §61. .5. "'"^•Tn vision yi\. r"3i"Tn,
•ji-i'vas a tenth pi. f'i'nb^ , but 'i^AsT memorial pi. nii'-i=T .
c. Tsere is not rejected if it hag arisen from Hhirik before a guttural
in a form which properly requires Daghesh-forte, ui^n for UJlin, § 187. 1. 6,
deaf [A. C"'!rin , or if it is commonly represented by '', §14. .3, tB^S or
Pib*"3, §186, ham.mer pi. niB^"'S. or a radical "^ quiesces in it. "r^'N or "nx
(from ip^, hl'i'^) perennial pi. C'ip'^X or C^irN. bi-^n temple p|. f^J^'n
and rn5D-n,,c-'niyi^ and D'^nCTS 7rr//<»(/^, C-'i'T'T (ti-om ^!li or T'T);97-o?<(/.
Other cases are rare and exceptional, c. g. C^^b^X Neh. 3 -.^A feeble.
d. Hholem is almost invariably retained in the penult, yet it yields to
the strong tendency to abbreviation in the following trisyllables : n'^n'i'nrs
Ashdoilitess \A. r-'nTdx Neh. 13:23 K'ri (K'thihh PT'Tinrs). r-^iins .1/u-
vwnitess pi. m':r? id. (K'thibh rrrrr, 1 Kin. 11: 1 ni'Sias), "n'S
§211 GENDER AND NUMBER OF NOUNS. 239
Sidonian T pi. ri*;'!^ where long Hhirik becomes Tsere before concurrent
consonants, §61. 4.
e. When the penult is a mixed syllable containing a short vowel, it is
ordinarily not subject to change, §58. 2. The tendency to the greatest
possible abbreviation is betrayed, however, in a few examples by the re-
duction of the diphthongal Seghol to Pattahh, comp. §60.3.6, VsTTS
clusier pi. m'Sbax Cant. 7 : 8. I3i?. chariot fern, tiis""? pi. niS3-i^ , pn"i^.
distance pi. Ci^n-na and Dif^n-iia, or of Pattahh to the briefest of tho
short vowels Hhirik, comp. §207. 2. a, nsrbt fury pi. nisrlsT , 51^173 /or/i;
pi. mJbT?3. §190. a, nn^:J dish pi. riin^a: by the resolution of Daghesh-
forte tor nin^2, §59. a; -nj< for "inx other has in the plural n"^^nj<: , mnriN^
as if from "ifix , nbm coal has pi. B-^^m by §63. 1.
§211. In forming the plural of nouns, whicli have a
feminine ending in the singular, the latter must first be
omitted before the rules already given are applied. Thus,
TOb'52'a hhigdom by the omission of the feminine ending be-
comes ^^72^ , hence, by § 207. l,its plural is nibb-a^ ; so nibia
queen becomes ^jbia , and by § 208. 3. its plural is frisb'a ;
nn^s ejnstle becomes "la^?, and by §207.1. its plural is
Jninas? . As precisely the same changes result from append-
ing the feminine n^ and the pliu'al endings, except in the
single case of Segholate nouns or monosyllables terminating
in concurrent consonants, §208, nouns in t\^ become plural
with no further change than that of their termination ; only
in the exceptional case referred to a pretonic Kamets must
be inserted. Nouns in n , after omitting the feminine end-
ing, are liable to the rejection or modification of the vowel
of the ultimate in forming the plural, as explained § 207. 1. d.
and e. On the other hand, as the dual ending is not substi-
tuted for that of the feminine singular, but added to it, no
such omission is necessary in applying the rules for the
formation of the dual, it being simply necessary to observe
that the old ending n^ takes the place of !i^ , § 202. Thus
n;© (i^bi^) i/ear, by §210, becomes in the dual D'lripTr, Tb;h
door, by § 208. 4, du. D"ri^'7 , m?JiD brass du. D^nt^np .
a. In the following examples a radical, which has been rejected from
the singular, is restored in the plural, nix (for f^n^x) maid-servant pi.
240 ETYMOLOGY. §212-2U
rinrx , p:'2 ffor n"3'2 from (ij-a) portion pi. t^^^Z'O and rikrr . romp.
§208. 3. f/, rsp (for ri;!^P from -i::;?) pi. n':i;r; in like manner rv.3 co/-
leagiies is re\'erreii to tlie assumed t^iiiofiiiar r33. i^rjQ ('^!)P'Q) governor
has in the plural both riiina (const. niinE) and rins .
The Construct State.
^212. Wlien one noun stands in a relation of depend-
ence on anotlier, the second or specifying noun is, in occi-
dental languages, put in the genitive case ; in Hebrew, on the
other hand, the second noun undergoes no change, hut tlie
first is put into what is commonly called the construct state
(ty^'CD or ^'bc? supported). A noun which is not so related
to a fohowing one is said to be in the absolute state (f^t'?'''^
cut off). Thus, "^i'l word is in the absolute state ; but in the
expression tl^i??!! "li'^ verhum reps, the loord of the Icing, ^S'l
is in the construct state. By the juxtaposition of the two
nouns a sort of compound expression is formed, and the
speaker hastens forward from the first noun to the second,
which is necessary to complete the idea. Hence results the
abbreviation, which characterizes the construct state.
a. The term absolute state was introduced by Reuchlin; he called the
construct the state of regimen.
§213. The changes, which take place in the formation
of the construct, affect
1. The endings for gender and number.
2. The final syllable of nouns, which are without these
endiuGTS.
3. The syllable preceding the accent.
§214. Tlie following changes occur in the endings for
gender and number, viz. :
1. The feminine ending n^ is changed to n_ , Thtxo
handmaid const. rinETlJ; the ending n remains unchanged,
nn'QC'a observance const. nn'brTa .
^215 THE CONSTRUCT STATE OF NOUNS. 241
a. The explanation of this appears to be that the construct state re-
tains the old consonantal ending n_, the close connection with the follow-
ing noun preserving it as if in the centre of a compound word. §55. 2. c ;
whereas in the isolation of the absolute state, the end of the word is more
liable to attrition and the consonant lulls away.
b. Some nouns in n^ preceded by Kamets adopt a Segholate form in
the construct, iiDh'D'q kingdom const. T^b^'q instead of V'zh'C'O. §61. 1. 6,
nHr^^ dominion const, nbirrp, nixbo work const, nrsb^ , •^^i^"^^ chariot
const'. ^53-173, rrnijs crovvi const, rinij? , ninb ^oH/e const, nanb , nnbs
ten const, rr^.tb? , or with the Seghols changed to Paitahhs under the influ-
ence of a guttural, J'i'nQ'^'q family const, nns^'ia , iiraixybiir const. fi?3"ii< ;
so T^h'2'i Jig-cake const, nb^n; n'iJX wovidn^ though it occurs in the abso-
lute, Deut. 21 : 11, 1 Sam. 28 : 7, Ps. 58 : 0, is mostly used as the construct
of max . On the other hand, riTsn bottle has in the construct ran Gen.
21 : 14 (the accent thrown back by §35. 1) as if from irjn.
2. The ending D^. of the masculine plural and D''. of the
dual are alike changed to ''.. , Wni'S nations const. '''2? , ^in^.
horns const, ''b'lp ; rii of the feminine plural suffers no change
ni^p voices const, ni^p .
a. The compression of z to e regularly takes place upon its being fol-
lowed by concurrent consonants, §61. 4. This is here suggested as the
explanation of the change of vowel in the plural. It results from the
close connection of the construct state, which as it were, unites the two
words into one compound term; thus, DTia houses joined to n"in hewn
stone would become rin^'nzi, and by the dropping of the nasal, accord-
ing to §55. 2.6, tr^Ta "^03 houses of hewn stone. Comp. §199. e. In the
dual the final nasal is likewise rejected, and ay combines to form the diph-
thongal e, § 57. 2 (5).
6. In a very ^evr instances the vowel ending of tlie masculine plural
construct is added to feminine nouns "^^^3 (the accent invariably thrown
back by §35.1), commonly in the K'thibh "^ni^aa const, of niis high-
places, '^rvs^^'^_ 1 Sam. 26:12; this takes place regularly before suf-
fixes, §220.2,"
§ 215. 1. In a mixed final syllable Kamets is commonly
shortened to Pattahh : so is Tsere when preceded by Kamets ;
other vowels remain without change, "i;) hand const. Til ,
nici'Q seat const. niyi)2 , nx^l* neck const. ^^\^, "ipT old const.
li?" , ^^ heart const, n^? , niaa mighty man const. "T^aa .
a. Kamets remains in the construct of tbix porch, ins writing, 'ri53
gift, 'V clond (once const. 3? Ex. 19:9), Cans decree and C^ sea, e. g.
^^^^'^2 ^^^ of salt, except in the phrase Ti^lO c; sea of weed, i. e. Red
Sea; zin milk becomes 3^ri , and "li^ white "")3b Gen. 49:12 in the con-
struct.
16
i21-.2 ETYMOLOGY. ^215
6. Tscre remains in 'din five const, f^n, "|i^ viire const. I^^ , nt'^
hredthiiiis const, nci^ , sfr:? /i^W const. Sj??, , in tlie ?S derivative "(i.^a
shield const, "liia and in bix found in several proper names. It is occa-
sionally shortened to Seghol belbre Makkeph in bis mourning const.
-b:x, nr /ime const. Pis, -nr and "ns. ciJ 7iame const, oto. "ZO and "Cd:
"(3 son, which in the absolute retains Tsere before Makkeph, Gen. 30: 19,
Ezek. 18: 10, has in the construct "ia , "la or ~'{^. Tsere is shortened to
Piittahh in a few cases not embraced in the rule, viz.: "(JT' nest const, "'ip,
i)]sr rod const, bjsia and b;5p , lix Dout. 32:28 perishing const, of li'x,
the Kal participles of Lamedh guttural verbs, §126. 1, and the following
nouns with prefi.xed "O in several of which a preceding Pattahh is likewise
cliai.ged to Hliirik, § 190. a, ^'"bv'O tithe const, "ita^p , ^kp."^. mourning const.
1301? . nnE-a key const, nns^ and nnsia, Y'rTl"^ ^^'^ const, "•j'a'Ta, nna
clamour const, njn^ , la^'B matrix const. "la'Ja , rinoa corruption const.
nnuiia, nbri o/^ar const, nato.
c. Hholem is shortened to Kamets-Hhatuph before Makkeph in th«
construct of monosyllables from SS roots, jrn statute const, pn and ~pn ,
rarely in other words "bna Prov. 19 : 19, Ps. 145 : 8, Nah. 1 : 3 (in the last
two passages the K'thibh has bnj), — in'j Job 17: 10. Prov. 22: 11, "It?!?
Ex. 30 : 23. "cbd Ex. 21 : 11 ; this becomes Pattahh before the guttural in
"n^a for Piari construct of Fiba high, bs kol construct of ba all occurs
twice, viz. : Ps. 35 : 10, Prov. 19 : 7, without a Makkeph following. § 19. 2. a;
it must not be confounded with ba kal Isa. 40 : 12 he comprehended pret.
ofb^a.
d. The termination •>_ becomes '^.. in the construct, ^57. 2 (5), "'t
enough const, '''i , "^n life const, "^n .
c. Three monosyllabic nouns form the construct by adding a vowel, ax
father const, ax Gen. 17 : 4, 5, elsewhere "^ax, nx 6ro//ter const. Tix , sn
friend const. nSn 2 Sam. 15 : 37, 1 Kin. 4 : 5, or riy-^ 2 Sam. 16 : 16, JProv.
27 : 10 K'thibh. These may be relics of the archaic form of the construct,
§218, or the monosyllables may be abridged from H'b roots, ^185. 2. c.
2. In a simple final syllable n.. is changed to n . , rib
sheep const, riib , ny-i shepherd const. H3?n , tHis: field const.
•^"T? ; other vowels remain unchanged.
a. This is an exception to the general law of shortening, which obtains
in the construct. It has, perhaps, arisen from the increased emphasis
thrown upon the end of the word, as the voice hastens forward to that
which is to follow. In like manner the brief and energetic imperative
ends in Tsere in ti'b verbs, wliile the future has Seghol, § 168. c. An
analogous fact is found in the Sanskrit vocative. The language of address
calls for a quick and emphatic utterance ; and this end is sometimes at-
tained by shortening the final vowel, and sometimes by the directly oppo-
gite method of lengtbcning it. Bopp Vergleich. Gramm. ^205.
h. na mouth iias "'D in the construct.
c. Nouns cndinsj in quiescent X preserve tlieir final vowel unchanged
in tlic construct, X^^yeurmg- const. X'i";', Xa:£ host const. X3:t .
^216 THE CONSTRUCT STATE OF NOUNS. 243
§216. 1. Kamets and Tsere are commonly rejected from
the syllable preceding the accent, Dip^ place const. Dip^ ,
T\rt year const, f?'*^, D"^bil? years const. ^\.^ , trhx^ treas-
ures const, niitix , "^"fr hands const. "'"I' , i^b /^^(xr^ const.
aib , nian ?6t«M const, nian .
a. Kamets preceding the accented syllable is retained (1) when it has
arisen from Pattal^h before a guttural in consequence of the omission of
Daghesh-forte, ilJ^n (for ^"^n) workman const. TiJ'in, UJ'^Q (Ti3'^Q) horse-
man const. liJ^Q, n3~iS (n3"^5) vail const. Pi?"'Q, iT^^ ('^'?^) distress const.
Pn^ ; (2) in words from IS and "'3' roots. Din? (from i""?) cities const, "^ns,
C"5<3 (from X13) coming const. "^NS; (3) under ^ prefixed to SS roots,
"C^o (from "3D) covering const. T^p^, 'jS'S (from 'iS) shield const. '|aT3,
Ti^'O (from '^'^^^) fortress const. tis'^S; (4) in nb derivatives of the form
ri^b'a (trom nby) e:ri7e const, rmba, nian meditation const, rsiafi. (5) in the
construct dual and plural of triliteral monosyllables or Segholates from
Nb and H'b roots, b'^'^nb (from ^6) cheeks const. ''^nh, n-'^na (from ^na)
/f((/s const. •'.^^S , C'^xan (trom Ktin) sms const. "^Xtin ; (6) in the follow-
ing nouns in most of which it stands immediately before or after a guttural,
§60. 3. c, nbx curse, nns-'^D cai^e, n^yn conduit, and the plurals. "'if^'Ti'n,
•'•ir-in, "^sa-ii? Yev. 7: 38,'';Naxs, "^x^iiri', '^i'ni^, "'rii^, ins^ 2 Kin. 12:8,
''hb'?? Ezek.'^27:9, "^^ar^ Job 34 : 25^ ^>?7P^^ '■''i2?/Eccles'. 9: ], ''ii^in .
6. Tsere is retained in words in which it is commonly represented by
the vowel-letter "^, or has ^ quiescing in it. bb^'in temple const, bs^n, and
in addition in the following, D^i^X crib const. D^3S , so "lilN girdle, 'i^iiX
thread, ^z} foreign land const. ""^3, 'T^?':?. /cfs const. rn^X , so <^bEX Isa.
58:10 darkness, nin3 pool, nisa Ex. 22:2 theft, nsaia p/cfg-2<c,'riiQi-i^
orer/Ziroifj, nn373 Gen. 49 : 5 sword, nzr^/o molten-image, nnnTD Job 16:13
gall, ni-i?. /iec/p, nxs e.vcrement, i'^iiiV) fg-tree, ir^'^'^n deep sleep, and the
plurals ■'b^S monrning from c^^X (biix), so "'^sn desiring, "jw^ sleep-
ing, "^noa and ""'n^iU rejoicing, "^nsii^ forgetting, ""^XT wolves from O'^^XT
(3XT) ; cya^ weary becomes ''y''a';' in the construct, and D"iL:bQ escaped
c. Hholem is rejected from the syllable before the accent in ni:^'ix
const, pi. of ■|'i5i"iX palace, ribs'i^x and n'bsdx const, pi. of bb'cix cluster,
''■bixn Cant. 4:5 and "rixn Cant. 7:4 twins, "'nrs from niida high-
places, see ^214. 2. b; it is changed to u in "^spMTa from CDboia treasures,
comp. §88.
d. Medial Vav and Yodh, though they may retain their consonantal
power in ttie absolute, quiesce in Hholem and Tsere in the construct. "W
midst const. TpR, P'i"i"^P cups const, riibp, n*'S house const. n"is . nis^S
fountains const, nirs , X^a valley const. X'^a , pi. ri'^xa , §208. 3. c, const.
nx'^a Ezek. 35:8. Exceptions are rare, bis (according to Kimchi b"]")
Ezek. 28:18 iniquity, "'i?'?*!^ Prov. 19:13 contention,-!, ixis neck const.
1x5:1 and "^nxJiS .
e. A few nouns of the forms buj?, bbl^, b^i^ have biij;? or b:^,^ in the
construct instead of bap, §61. 1.6, "i^a wall const. lia, bb robbery const.
^14 ETYMOLOGY. ^'21G
''.?? "^C:^ /^Ji.''*^ const. '?)".';, 1^3 heai'ij const, lis nnd 1"2 . t"r3 shoulder
roiijit. rrs, "i:;? smoA-e const, yi'?. J^'"! V-r^rl} "V"^ side co\i»t. vh^ and rb^;
T,"IX /oHg- is only found in tiie construct, the corresponding absolute was
probal)ly "I^X ; 53i3 helviet simply sliilts its accent in the construct, J^ID.
On the other hand, while most Scgholate nouns suffer no change in the
construct, a few adopt the form '^p, iin chamber const. *i^n, y^T seed
const, once ~?~t Num. 11:7 elsewliere yiT , s::3 vlant const. "1:3. "i5©
fiilus con>:t. "yj , S'?0 seven const. y2':J , ru:ri nine const. ru;n ; in like
manner ^zn ra^M/^/ const, ^rin.
2. When this rejection occasions an inadmissible concur-
rence of vowelless consonants at the beginning cf a syllable,
§01.1, it is remedied by inserting a short vowel between
them, commonly Illiihk, unless it is modified by the presence
of gutturals, bibi ii,i]din(j const. '^V:^ for '^'"pif , C"''^2" Kords
const. "^^^^ for "^^2" , S"'!?"^ rifjldeousness const. r|:'T3: , pi.
'^'^^'y^ const. r,"p"i, "72ra ^e«6^^ const. ^"^^13, C'iszn 7^7"*^
const, "^t-n . In the construct plural and dual of Segholates,
however, the vowel is frequently regulated by the character-
istic vowel of the singular which has been dropped, comp.
^208.2, D^ibia from Hc; {f--^) Ungs const. ^;"~^ , C-'i:;-^
(w2r) tribes const, ^'^^i^ , r"*:7!» ("j^ii) ihresldnrj-jloors const.
r-'i-ia, n'cnn (ncnn) rcjjwachcs const. ri-E-in, n-rV^ (n^'n
or ri^t^) foldhf^ doors const. Tfl , yet not invariably D''?>'TD
( !;riD ) //r/^^f^/^/^ const. ""^^IT?, ^^^ troufjh (pi. I^'rpi?) const.
«. "When in the construct phiral the introduction of a new vowel is
demanded by the concurrence of consonants, the syllable so formed is an
intermediate one, so that the following Sh'va is vocal, and the next letter,
if an as])irate. does not receive Daghesh-lene. thus. "^Vsi. "^r'sia, rirb'n,
pid^n not "n*^"' . "'3'^, r'ipbn. p"Z~n, §22. a. 3. Exceptions are infre-
quent', as P^-ix Deut. 3: 17. ■^'icn Lam. 3:22 but "'^or Ps. 89:2, Pis-n
Ps. 69:10. -E— J Ezck. 17:0, "CCS Gen. 42:25, 35, "SC? Lev. 23:18,
"• nr^ Isa. 5 : 10, nn'rjT Nch. 4 :7, ■B^n Cant. 8 : C but "■sii"i Ps. 76 : 4. In
a few instances Daghesh-forte separative is inserted to indicate more dis-
tinctly the vocal nature of the Sh'va, §24. 5, "p:^n Isa. 57:6, "=:" Lev.
25:5, "=^3 Isa. 58:3, "Ziss Gen. 49:17, Pinp? Ps. 89: 52, P-r'*L'r Prov.
27 : 25. or compound Sh'va is taken instead of simple for the same reason,
P'iPj^UJ Gen. 30 : ?S. Tiie presence or absence of I^aghesh-lene in the
dual conbtruct depends upon the form of tiie absol;Ue, thus ''PSb from
r'PCb liy.s but ^r~3 (rom C"b~3 knees. When ihe concurring con-
sonants belong to different syllables a new vowel is not needed between
§217
DECLENSION OF NOUNS.
245
them; one is sometimes inserted, however, after a guttural, ''3'iS^,
rii-iS72 but niiinia . In tlie opinion of Ewald "'iriir'? Ezek. 7 : 24 is for
I'r-ipri from n^BVpa , and rj':ii^^ Ex. 26:23, 36-28 for ni!'^p^ ; they
may be better explained, liowever, as Piel and Pual participles.
b. The second syllable before the accent rarely undergoes any change.
In a very few instances Seghol becomes Hliirik or Pattahh, the pure
vowels being reckoned shorter than the diphthongal, comp. §210. e.
iins"!^ chariot const. nriS'^B. The changes in tiiiTTb Jlanie const, rahb
pi. niinb const, ninnb, cib'ra coals const, "'bna are due to the influence
of the proximate vowels, §63. 1; those in "P^Jl vision const. "jT'Tn , nbns
coals const, rbns are consequent upon tiie dropping of Daghesh-forte,
§61. 5; that in C^nx (Irom bnx) tents const. ''.^nJJ arises from the con-
version of a simple into an intermediate syllable, §59.
§217. The following table of the declension of nouns
will sufficiently exemplify the rules which have been given.
Declensiox op Kouxs.
I, Nouns wliich suffer a cliange in the vowels only.
i. With Kamets or Tsere in the penult.
Sii
11) s. "in^^ master
Const. Iili<
PL.
Ah
s. G^ilif:
Const. ip-Ji^
'li"l3T memorial
V"^?T
tD^inDT
^i^ii
yb^ interpreter
rs^?
D^2\b)2
^T)^^
Masc. bil^ great
Fem. nb1n-\
Masc.
d^biis
Fem- niSin:^
fb^tsp nib^top
b ^ t: p^ Kal. pass. part. H b ^ tO j?
ii. With Tsere in the ultimate.
a. Monosyllables.
Sing. Jbs. Vy tree. Const. V^. ^^- ^^*- ^"'1^3? Const. 1^^3>
b. Polysyllables having pi-etonic Kamets in the penult.
I r I I I
Sing. Jhs. ^^^ heavy Const. ^23 or "inS Pl. Abs. Ql^^S Const. "''1-3
Masc. tOD"" dry Fem. HtDj"' Masc. D"''©^"! Fem. rillTZl"'
c. Polysyllables haviiig any other vowel than Kamets in the
penult.
I III
SixG. Ais. ID5i'r judge. Const. tOSllD" P^- ^^s. QipStJ Const. ""pStJ
III I
Masc. btpp Kal. Act. part. Fem. tlbtpP or il_b t3p ^asc. D'^btpp Fern- J^lbtDP
bt£)p)2 Piel part. HbtDp^ ^i" tlbtDp)2 D^btOp^ £libt2p)2
DECLENSION OF
NOUNS.
iii. With Kamets in
the ult
iniate.
Snro.
Abs. r^-^ flsh
T
Const. 31
Pl. Abs
• T
Cons^. "131
"^Jlp;^ sanctuary
'Jl'Sp'?
c^i'ip??
■•i'lp^
121 'word
T T
■^^1
D^ini
'^i;i'7.
"[■i^? cloud
It t
w.
t'?5:?.
^55^-
^ib heart
-i?
^'??y
'i?^?
Masc. DDn ■W130
T T -:
Masc.
• T -;
i^'ew. ni72Dn
yj-)^ Xipb. part.
T I : •
nDL:;:pporribpp)5
tl'?I?p3
nibt)^?
iv
With final n,.
Sn«j.
^^*- tli^'TO appearance
1
Const. ni5"l'0
Pl. ^fe.
C^in:^
CoHs?. "^ij:*^
^.?P. roed
•^ip
^'?P
^.?P
Masc nB"" fiiir
r
T T
• T
Fern. nl5;
\ '^
V. Seofholates.
JSISO.
1
Ahs. 'nb'O kiag
Co»s<. lb "5
PL. Abs.
• T :
Co«5^ i^b)2
iriD covert
^\^?
D^inp
''i-'^P
'D'^S strougth
•••
^'^^>:
'• : T
byi. lord
b^n
n^b^s
■'b^'n
tT|)2 death
V T
mi
d\^i?3
■'ni:a
n-i^? eye
r?
Dual.
^15'^.
'?''^.
TjI foot
'".?■!
t3?p3-)
^:3n
.. . •
•jTii ear
It^
• - ; T
II. Nouns which double their final
con-somtnt.
SlKO.
Abs. '^''2'^ camel
Const. b723
Pu J6i'.
^4^}
Const, "lb "2 3
■
13 garden
li
£^23
'b
pn statute
pn
Q^pn
7^.7
V^' tooth
]^.
Dual.
Q^ip
150
"'"IZ? Ilobrew
^-1^3? PL. t
D^nn^ 0
•t^i;:r
^r.^^:
24G
DECLENSION OF NOUNS
1 1 1
Masc. TOp^ small Fem. HSpp Pl. Ma.'ic. ti'^'^'D'p
1
Fem. niSpp
Dibs' deep
* r -, -.
Q^f5^5>
m>^_3?^
l-ltJ fresh
• T
T ■ :
, 13'r.P
ni^p
III. Otlie?' nouns suffer no
cliange.
Smo.
Abs. llj^lllbl^ garment Const.
mkbiz^- ^is. Q^tp^sb^
Const. "li'qSb^
Masc. ^itD good Fem
nui'D -3/a5t
■■ d^ilt)
Fem. ninito
b^p|:?^ Hiph. part. nV
p-^^ or t^)i^)2
Q^b^ppj)? nib-ipfj^
]Sfou7is tvitli the feminine ending H^.
i. With Kamets or Tsere in the penult
J.
Sing.
Als. t\y^ fish Const.
T T
tni^ PL. Abs.
T
Const, riii^
1
T\l2'p^_ vengeance
^'^R^
nl72j^5
ni^pD
1
X\'^'^ counsel
^i?,
nii?
inii?
nsb lip
T T
Jng^ Dual,
t)^n|tp
■^risp
ii. From Segholates
Sing.
Ahs. nSbTD queen Const.
n3b)3 pi"- ^^5.
fiiib):
Const. nlDb72
1
mtlD covert
T : *
ji"itip
T :
ninjpp
n)2:25? strength
- ; T
mis:?
T t;
iii.
All others.
Sing.
■^^s. nS!! garden Const.
T -
ns^ PL. ^&.^.
nib
Const, nib
1
n3?^12)"' salvation
T :
jniqtri^^
m's'^ti)"'^
■ nli^itu'^.
Nouns ivith tl
.e fem^inine ending Ji.
Sing.
1
A is. ri". '0 ID 'i observance Co ns t. \
-il'ap^ PL. Ahs. nin^tr 72 cy»-^' n1"i"c*i:^
tip 51"' sucker
^Rr'
nip^v
nippi'',
snbsb^ skuu
tnbib^
nib^b-i
nibb3
JTi"!^^' Hebrew-woman
n^nn:?
mini:?
r1''->n3?
fllDblG kingdom
n^Db)2
ni^Db/-?
nl^:Db72
\ : -
247
248 ETYMOLOGY. ^218,219
Paragogic Vowels.
§218. The termination "'. or i is sometimes added to
nomis in the construct singular, §G1. G, '^:3 Gen. 49 : 11 for
■jii, Ti<?^ Isa. 1 : 21 for rsibr), "^nan Lam. 1 -. 1 for nan,
•^b^Er^a Ps. 113 :G for bm-ia , in;^n Gen. 1:24 for ni:n.
This occurs chiefly in poetry and is regarded as an archaism.
These vowels for the most part receive the accent, and com-
monly occasion the rejection of Pattahh or Tsere from the
ultimate.
a. Examples of this antique formation of the construct are likewise
preservcil in ))roper names, as p"i:i;""'3^T3 Melchizedek^ nhjC^VQ Methuselah.
Respecting the origin of these vowel endings, see §198. a (4).
§219. 1. The unaccented vowel n^ added to nouns in-
dicates motion or direction towards a place, nriss northward,
n^jb southward, n'o^'iio heavenward, nn^an to the house,
olKovhe, "00*^ io f^i-^ n/ountain, wheucG it is called He directive
or He local. The subsidiary vowel of Seghola-tes is rejected
before this ending, ^GC). 2 (1), but other vowels are mostly
unafl'cctcd, npna from "j-ih' , nsns from y-}i< , n^ani? from innp ,
nnania 1 Kin. 19 : 15 from the construct state 13"''?.
a. He directive is appended to the adverb Wci there, "T?^ thither, and
to tlie adjective ^''^n profiDie in the peculiar phrase '^^''tH '^'^ profanum
i.e. be it far from, etc. It is rarely used to indicate relations of time,
rna^ri C^JSJia 1 Sam. 1 : 3 from days to days i. e. yearly. ti7rC'''':>':i Ezek.
21 : I'd for the third time, nn? now })rop. at {this) time. For the sake of
greater force and definitene.^s a preposition denoting direction is some-
tmies prefixed to words, which receive this ending, so that the latter
becomes in a measure superfluous, H^?'?^ vpwards. narb doicnvcards,
'^rjy'sb 2 Chron. 31 : 14 to the east, nblKcb Ps. 9 : 18 /o Sheol, conip. aTTo
fiaKpoi^iv.
b. The ending ri^ rarely receives the accent nn^ta Deut. 4:41 ; in
C^S nj-na it receives in some editions an alternate accent, §42 a, in
others the secondary accent Metliegh. §33. 1. a. In ir^n Gen. 14 : 10 and
nj^Q a is changed toe before this ending. §63. 1, in nan'n Ezek. 23: 13,
ri3b I Sam. 21:2 the vowel of the ending is itself changed to e.
c. He directive is probably to be traced to the same origin with
tlie definite article H, whose demonstrative force it shares. Tiie syl-
§220 NOUNS WITH SUFFIXES. 249
lable <i is prefixed to a noun to single out a particular thing from all
others oi' like kind as tlie object of attention. Appended to a word its
weak guttural would be rejected and its vowel prolonged to n^ , §53. 3;
and in this form it is added to nouns to point out the object or direction ot
motion, and to verbs to indicate the object of desire, §97. 1. In Chaldee
this appended vowel forms what is called the emphatic state, and has the
sense of the definite article, T|^T3 ki7ig, nsbiD or Ksb^ the king.
2. Paragogic t".^ is sometimes appended to nouns, par-
ticularly in poetry, for the purpose of softening the termina-
tion without affecting the sense, § 61. 6.
Nouns with Suffixes.
§ 220. The pronominal suffixes, whose forms are given
§72, are appended to nouns in the sense of possessive pro-
nouns, ^) hand, "^y^ my hand, etc. They suffer, in conse-
quence, the following changes, viz :
1 . Of the suffixes, which begin with a consonant, '^,03,
■^^ of the second person are connected with nouns in the sin-
gular by a vocal Sh'va, 13 of the first person plural and ^
of the second fem. singular by Tsere, and in , n , o , *j of
the third person by Kamets ; in^ is invariably contracted to
i , rarely written n', § 02, 1, and n, to J^^ , § 101. 2.
a. There is one example of a noun in the construct before the full form
of the pronoun, Jf^n "'"C"^ her days Nah. 2 : 9.
b. First person: ^13 is in a kw instances preceded by Kamets, isriS'ia
Ruth 3 : 2. ^ua-ip Job 22 -.20.
Second person. The final vowel of "| is occasionally expressed by the
vowel letter n , tvd't^ Ex. 13 : 16, ni^w'2 Jer. 29: 25. In pause the Sh'va
before r\ becomes Seghol. §65, '• ~<p? Gen. 33:5, :n353 Ps. 139:5, or
Kamets may be inserted as a connecting vowel, particularly after nouns
in n_, wheretipon the final Kamets is dropped to prevent the recurrence
of like sounds, Tjsh Ps. 5^:6. In the feminine the connecting vowel e
as rarely written "^ ^ ri^-^h^^y: Ezek. 5: 12; *'., which belongs to the full
form of the pronoun. §71. a (2), is sometimes added 1o the suffix. ''=r:"7
Jer. 11:15, ^23in3 Ps. 116: 19, •^S^Uis 2 Kin. 4:7 K'thibh, where the K'Vi
has TptJ^ . Sometimes the distinction of gender is neglected in the plural
and CD is used in place of the feminine "^, tii/^riN Gen. 31 :9. cii^s,
£3"'rip2 .Ter. 9: 19; n^ is sometimes added to the feminine suffix as to the
full pronoun. T^lZiV-q) Ezek. 23:49.
250 ETYMOLOGY. ^220
Third ]>f>rson. The connecting vowel before ^rt and rj is ocrasionaMy
e. inp-'r-? Gt-n. 1:12. in'r:b-'B Jndir. 9:24. ^incio Nali. 1:13. Vi^"!i< Job
25:3. so Tiyn from ?n anil ViS^^ I'roin ?"3'2 ami Ircfiuently willi iiuuiis iti
n_. !l.-:<{-i:a and niti"i Irom r^k■^■q, ^r\-{3 from nnc, ^~i:n^, ''nk^ ; e does
not occur before tlie plural n uidess it is represenie<l by the vowel-letter
•> in cnnsTia 2 Chron. 34:5 K'tliibh. where the K'ri has crinstii j jt is
once Ibund in the tern, plural n:2"ip Gen. 41:21. Tlie form n" in the
niasc. sing, is commonly reckoned an urchaisra. n"b»lj{t Gen. 12:8, n'T'O
Ps. 42:9. nSa Jer. 2:21. so several times in the K'tliibh •"iT'y, nmo Gen.
49:11, rtnx-on Ex. 22:4, nn.sioo Ex. 22:26. n=D: Lev. 23:13. ncibo
2 Kin. 9:25, nnxinn EzeU. -IS: IS, where the K'ri in each instance sub-
stitutes i. In a few instances the consonant is rejected from the femi-
nine, n being retained simply as a vowel-letter; where this occurs it is
commonly indicated in modern editions of the Bible by Raphe. ri"irt2) Lev.
13:4. nxsn Num. 15:28, or by a Masoretic note in the margin, Miirs^
Isa. 23: 17. 18 for B^rX; once » is substituted for n. nSs Ezek. 36:5.
The longer lornts of llie plural sutB.xes en . ";n are rarely affixed to nouns
in the singular, "jn'^tab Gen. 21:28, iraV^ Ezek. 13:17, "|nr=i::'a EzeL
16:53. or with the connecting vowel Kaniets, Cin32 2 Sam. 23:6. or with
n appended, n:nir3 1 Kin. 7:37, nrii'in Ezek. lb: 53. The vowel n is
also sometimes added to the briefer Ibrm of the fem. plural, njn^b Gen.
21:29, rn|3 Gen. 42:36. The distinction of gender is sometimes ne-
glected in the plural, D or crt being used for the feminine, C|3 Can!.
4 : 2, 6 : 6 for li'a , crT-'T7 Job 1:14 lor fyy] ■
e. The nouns r» father, Hit bioiher. HB month take the ending '^. be-
fore suffixes, as they do likewise in the construct state, ~f^5<. ^r.'r^ ; "*. of
the first person ctxilcsccs with this vowel, ^ZH. "Tis, ""S and ^n of the
third fK^-rsot), contmonly becomes t §62. 2. ITTX. T'nx. ra more frequent
than 'KT'fiJj. '»n-'n;<, I.t^b. In 7'a Zeph. 2:9 the vowel-letter "^ o4' the
first person suifix is dropped after the final "^ of the nouii.
2. The masculine plural ternimation C"*. and tlie dual
D'!'. are changed to "'„ before suffixes as m the construct state ;
the same vowel is hkcwise mserted as a connective between
suffixes and feminine phiral nouns, §214. 2. h. This "'_ re-
mains unchanged before the plural suffixes ; but before ?J the
second masc. singular and n third fern, singulai* it becomes
■'.. , and before the remaining suffixes the diphthongal vowel
is resolved into "'. , which combined with "•. the fii-st singular
forms \ , with t[ the second feminine T. , and with in the
third masculine T^^ , §02.2.
a. In a very few instances suffixes are nppehdcd to feminine pinrals
without the vowel ^ or its modifications. •''r:nri 2 Kin. 6:8 lor '^r:nn,
■"rns Ps. 132: 12 for "'rnr, i\r3-a Ueuf. 28:59 for T^^^ > "f^!'^^.'^ ^^-^^
§ 221 NOUNS WITH SUFFIXES. 251
16:52 for 'n"'r^'i'''!!!< .- 'ohn'nH and nnipSas , arhi'x Ps. 74:4, onxiin , drinnn,
chnsTO, crhs^. On the other hand, sutfixes proper to plural nouns are
occiisioniiliy appended to feminine nouns in the lingular, perhaps to indi-
riite that they are used in a plural or collective sense, iT^drn Lev. 5: 24,
Ti^n'^nn Ps. 9: 15, 'T'njtsiy Ezek. 35: 11, TC^^?, Isn. 47: 13.
6. The vowel-letter "^ is not infrequently omitted after plural and dual
nnuiis, r,i"iti Ex. 33:13 for ^"'i'^'^ , oi"!": P^- 134:2 for ci-^n^ , "n-in Ex.
32:19 K'thibh (K'ri T^^*^). -nis 1 Sam. 18:22 K'thibh (K'ri 1"'72?.),
cn^ia Gen. 10:5 for an"'::''^^, "(nnbn Gen. 4:4 for ■|f^■'?^^.
c. Second person. The vowel "^ remains unchanged before the fem.
sinir. r^ in Tf^l^JX Eccl. 10: 17 and with n appended ! n^axb^ Nah. 2: 14.
Sometimes, as in the full pronoun, "'. is appended to the fem. sing. suflTx
and n^ to the plural, : "'i^Mbnn Ps. 103:3, :"^2":*n ver. 4, njiirinps
Ezek. 'l3: 20.
Third person. The uncontracted form of the masc. sing. *ni occurs
in in^nisj Nah. 2:4 for l^A-iaa , Ji.T^n^ Hab. 3:10,^4^5 Job 24:23;
ehii = aihu by transposition of the vowels becomes auhi = ohl "'pi which
is found once TilbTOStn Ps. 116: 12. and is the ordinary form of this suffix
in Chaldee. The final a of the fem. sing, is once represented by X,
Nn-f^Tis Ezek. 41: 15. In a few instances n^ is appended to the plural
of either gender, niaii-^^x Ezek. 40:16, i^Sn-^r'^'a Ezek. 1:11. and i to
the abbreviated masc. n, ia^^^^< Deut. 32:^37, "i^^naT ver. 38, iB"'Q3 Job
27:23. ia^JQ Ps. 11:7.
3. The suffixes thus modified are as follows, viz, :
Appended to
Sing. Nouns
Dual and
Plur. Nouns
§221. Certain changes likewise take place in nouns re-
ceiving suffixes, which arise from the disposition to shorten
words, which are increased at the end, ^(SQ. 1. These are
as follows, viz. :
1. The grave suffixes, §72, D^, 13, nn, in shorten the
nouns, to which they are attached, to the greatest possible
extent. Before them, therefore, nouns of both genders and
all numbers take the form of the construct, sib heart, oi^^'p
i/oiir heart, lO-?-?!? tfieir hearts; nBTD lij) du. Dn"'rsT2J pi.
Dn^ninsto their lips.
a. D'n 6/ood becomes th^cr^ and "i^ hand cb^"!.
SIXGULAR.
PLURAL.
1^.
2ot. 2/ 3 7??. 3/
Ic.
2??'. 2/. 3 m.
3/.
■l
^.. \. "^ K
^3..
d5^ 1?: ^r
I
V-
r... ^r- ^\ v^..
^'^\.
n5^. ■5\. Dr;^.
l^i^.
2o2 ETYMOLOQY. §221
2. Feminine nouns, both singular and i)lural, take the
construct form before the hght suffixes Ukewise, with the ex-
ception that ill the singuku' the ending n, becomes n^ in
consequence of the change from a mixed to a simple syllable,
§ 59, HE© Up, ihEir /^/.y Up, nnsb their Up, T^irEb thy Ups,
rnirsb Ms Ups.
(I. If the conslnift lias a Seorholato form it will experience the change
inclicated in 5, n^cri^ const. r^^M"^^ suf. 'iPibir^'a . IT two consonants
have coalesctnl in the final letter, it will receive Daghesh-fnrte agreeably
to 6. iP3 ironi ri , irn:x froni nos, : r,n;'3?2 l Sam. IG: 15 from the ll-m.
of rbz-q, §205. b.
b. In a few exceptional instances the absohite form is preserved before
suffi.xes, ■'rb=3 Isa. 26:19 from n^=3 but r,nbr3. "inbss; "ips;^ Cant. 2:10
Irom nb^ const. ri'^_ ; so "^nbs , I'^rnna , 'i"'n^n-) , OD/^rbso but const.
Ti'sd, comp. crr^ya const, "'i"^.
3. jMascuUne nouns, both singular and plural, on receiv-
ing light suffixes take the form which they assume before the
absolute plural termination, nib /leart, ""inb wy heart, T^nnb
thy heart, I3''??b our hearts.
a. Tsere in tlie iiltininte i.'? shortened to Hhirik or Seghol before Tj,
CD. ■,3, e. g. 7^33. n='r':)--2. C-:^;5T2, or with a guttural to Pattahh, T]2ns .
nsbsa , though witii occasional excej)tions, 'J^^I^N Isa. 22:21. '^\r\l'0
1 San). 21; S. ^xpS lioni NSS . Before other sullixes it is rejected Irom
some monosyllaide.'^. which retain it in the plural, ico from ClU plur.
mad, 133 from ',3 i)hu-. n^33 hut ■>:;;, t^'s, "^y^, r,r^. ' ,
4. Dual nouns retain before light suffixes the form which
they Iiave before the absolute dual termination, "•nsb uiy Ups,
^rnpiri our Ups, "'byN wy ears, ^3"':tn our ears ; ^'^\'}'2 and
D^ ':":)? horns, l^bn;? and i-'^^jp his horns.
5. Segholate nouns in the ' dual and plural follow the
preceding rules, but in the singular they assume before all
suffixes, whether light or grave, their original monosyllabic
form as before the feminine ending n^ , §208, ?[b)9 kitty,
•'sb'Q luy liny, DDsb^a your hiny ; ITS ear, ■':ts5 my ear ; in
like manner nip:i"> sucker, iripDi;* his sucker.
(I. When the first radical has Ilholcm in tlie absolute. Hhateph-Kamets
or Kamets-Iliiatuph is soinctimfs given to the second radical before bul-
^•2'2-Z NOUNS WITH SUFfcJXES. 253
fixes, i^ya and i^?.Q from hvs. ^:;'-;;^ Hos. 13:14, with Daghesh-forte
senarativ'e! i^np Eze'k. 26:9. ■'bp 'l' "Kin. 12:10, "iliao Isa. 9:3, i=30
Jer. 4:7; IjZ garment has "^"153, inaa instead of "''^53 , "1^:3.
b. Middle Yodh and Vav mostly quie.sce in e and 0 before, suffixes, •^:"'S
from 'CI eye, ■'ni^ from ri"i3 death; but m'S Gen. 49:11 from i^S
ijmnig ass, in^O Isa. 10: 17 from nyb thorii, i^-S Ezek. 18:26, 33: 13 from
bl5 iniquitij.
c. Triliteral monosyllables sometimes shift their vowel from the second
radical to the first, thus assuming the same form with Segholates, comp.
§ 1S4. <7.. "'bs'n ii-om ©3^, "^K^'r from cbd. but iu-^S from 11'"^ 3 ; T^-^bs from
■'^s ; -'-[ns . t;-;-i3 . CD'i'-is . d'^-iq but chi-is from ins ; i-'isci . Ti'^3'r but
CD"'3'r li-om '■Zf^,. By a like transposition C3B;S Ezek. 36:8 is lor C3E3S
from rjb'.
(/. The noun "I'rx blessedness, which only occurs in the plural con-
struct and with suffixes, preserves before all suffixes the construct form,
rj^Vrx, T^yrx not "fT^x , T'^Js.
6, Nouns in whose final letter two consonants have
coalesced, or which double their final letter in the plural,,
§207. 2, receive Daghesh-forte likewise before suffixes, the
vowel of the ultimate being modified accordingly, '^''V and:
^•Ty frotn VJ (root Tb), ddp3 from na (n:?), niins from,
"iinx (pi. D^Dnx).
a. 3:'l'X lattice, ^^"^3 garden, 3:>n^ refuge, which do not occur in the
plural, take Daghesh-forte before suffixes ; r3d has in the plural mnsiy
but before suffixes inSUJ , cbri3d; "lis (root i;3) fcr/.se has "'rs. 1:3.
6. In a very few instances a final liquid is repeated instead of being
doubled by Daghesh, comp. §207. 2. a. "^-inn Jer. 17:3. ''-.•^n Ps. 30:8,
nn-in Gen. 14:6 from in ; n^b^ Job 40:22 and l^S from bk'; -'^inj Ezek.
16:4 and ~"]"iiy Cant. 7:3. Once Daghesh-forte is resolved by the in-
sertion of 3 , nT3T^T2 Isa. 23 : 1 1 for t^'^h;^ , § 54. 3.
7. Nouns ending in n drop this vowel before suffixes
as before the plural terminations, §209.1, Trm feld "'ii;^,
Ti-iir , rrp^ ; nbpTa cattle 'n?!?^ .
a. The vowel e commonly remains as a connecting vo\ve! before suf-
fixes of the third person singular, §220. 1. b; and in a few instances the
radical "^ is restored, giving to singular nouns the appearance of being
plural, n-iiri' Isa. 22:11, n-^nSTS Hos. 2:16, Dniaip Isa. 42:5, nib sheep
becomes i'^b or in^ia.
% 222. The following examples of nouns with suffixes •
will sufficiently illustrate the preceding rules :
Paradigm of
N
OUNS WITH
Suffixes.
SiNOULAB.
heart Zhb
T ■■
king T(:'2
queen 'n^^'2
hand 1"'
T
Const.
lib
%'9
rsb-5
1]
Sing.
1 c. my
((
^bb-2
((
• T : —
((
•T
2 7ft. thy
^-^
i;
• ^?^^
((
^r^b^
it,
'I-:
2/. thy
15=^
u
T^b"^
((
^ri2b^
(1
^t
3 w. his
T :
"
isb-j
"
ihsb-j
U
T
3/ her
T T ;
-
nsb-j
T ; —
u
nn^b-j
n
Plur
1 c. our
"
^■-5^"i?
l(
^=r)?f"!5
u
••T
2 7?i. yoiir
Diazb
u
DD2b-J
u
^5^=^"^
u
UtT
2/ your
1^^^^
u
1??^^
u
15^?^^
11
I?":
3 w. their
Dnzb
T T ;
u
Dib-J
T : —
u
Dhsb-j
T T ; —
11
1
TT
3/. their
1==^
p
■jsba
Lr E A L.
u
1 T T : -
11
D
i7;
F A L.
hearts D'^i^b
• T ;
kings D^ib'J
queens HlDb'J
hands D""^
Const.
-i=b
■ir^
niib-j
"T
Sing
1 c. my
•==>
u
^ib-j
u
^nijb-j
11
— T
2 TO. thy
T==i
''
i1^-^
i(
T^^h
"
Ti:
2/ thy
T=T^
"
-:?''?
u
Tt)'-?^
Ti:
3 7n. his
T T :
-
rib-j
r r :
'*
rhirb-j
T : —
'•
3/. her
m"ZZ5
rrzb-2
T V T :
'•
W't}^'^^'^
"
• 1 1
T VT
Plur
, 1 c. our
i-izb
•■ T :
u
r,'tb'2
u
r.'r^izb'2
"
•■T
2 7?i. your
Gi-Zzb
>(
Ub"2hl2
Drrirbj
u
^k'T
2./'. your
■|i"nnb
11
■i-b^
u
-yT^^^
"
iri:
3 m. their
Dn-izb
-
.°\?"r =
urrr^'zb-2
''
Qjj""''
3/ their
iT=^^?
u
l^'Sb^
"
■--ni^b-j
'•
iT"r
254
§223
NUMERALS.
255
Numerals.
§223. 1. The Hebrew numerals (^so^n niiaffi) are of
two kinds, cardinals and ordinals. The cardinals from one
to ten are as follows, viz. :
Masculine.
Feminine.
Aisol.
Constr
Al>soL
Constr,
W
ih^
tnhx
T\m
^:i^
^DIC
a^rnuj
"JD"'?
mrb'^
mijSip
r
i2:3i2
nrn-iij?
5^?^"?^
3?B-l!^
:r2n55
ti3-2n
nqtn
" T
iD7bri
n'iisii?
^'4^
IL'4
uiis
n^nir
n^Ti
y^%
:*iiD
nb'tJiD
ni"i3"^
ni>9
nbbiD
ri>'irn
r.rdn
iSTzin
:5--irn
n^iry
trw
nisi?
"^'^?
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Eight
Nine
Ten
a. Vnx is for 'inK. §63. \.a; the Seghol returns fo Pattahh from
wliich it has arisen. Lpon the shortening of the following Kamets in the
construct and in the feminine, rflx for nnns , §54. 2, hut in pause nnx;
•ins occurs in the absolute in Gen. 48 : 22, 2 Sam. 17:22, Isa. 27:12,
Ezek. 33 : 30, Zech. 11:7, and once ^h Ezek. 33 : 30. The plural O-nni^
is also in use in the sense of one, Gen. 11:1, Ezek. 37 : 17, or ,.o»ie, Gen.
27 : 41, 29 : 20. Comp, Span. unos.
c"nT2i is for C-nsr; for the Daghesh in P see §22. 6; this is once
omitted after Daghesh-forte, ^rr^s Judg. 16 : 28.
A dual form is given to some of the units to denote repetition, n^ni;3-^X
fourfold, C-;in53t5 sevetifold,
nsnr occurs once with a paragogic syllable, nh'ri:: Job 42: 13, and
once with a suffix in the form cnrno 2 Sam. 21:9 K'ri.
2. In all the Semitic languages the cardinals from f/iree
to fen are in form of the singular number, and have a femi-
nine termination when joined to masculine nouns, but omit
it when joined to feminine nouns. '\e explanation of this
25G ETYMOLOGY. ^224,225
curious plicnomenon aj)|)cars to be that they are properly col-
h;ctivc uouns Uke triad, dccad, and as such of the feininiiie
gender. With mascuhne nouns they appear in their primary
form, with feminine nouns, for the sake of distinction, they
undergo a change of termination.
a. An analogous anomaly meets us in this same class of words in Indo-
European tongues. The Sanskrit cardinals from^i-e to /^??, though they
agree in rase with the nouns to which they helong. are in form of the
neuter gender and in the nominative, accusative and vocative tiiey are of
the singular number. In Greek and Latin t!iey are not declined.
§224. The cardinals from eleven to nineteen are formed
by combining "lO or nno modifications of the numeral
ten with the several units, those which end in n^ preserving
the absolute form and the remainder the construct. Thus,
MASCri. INE.
T^l «....
( ^^?
^1^
Lleven
1 %
T*^"?
Twelve
Thirteen
r r
T :
Fourteen
T r
T T : —
Fifteen
T T
T • -:
Sixteen
"it:
T r
t ■
Seventeen
T r
T : •
Eighteen
T T
rijb'jj
T :
Nineteen
^ZV
F E JI I X I N E .
♦^■^"^^
Tih^
»^1^?
'T:zv
^i^<,
DTrj
^^^^,
*^^
•^?^'>!
fit
rn^'s^
:'i"j<
^T^?
•i't;n
^T^
t^
H^^?
>5^
•^11??
nrrd
rn-^'j
yirn
a. Tlic orisrin of "^ni^? . the alternate of 'inx in the number eleven, is
obscure. R. Joiia thinks it to be an abbreviation for "I'CS "'ruiJ Ty next to
twelve. Comp. Lat. ■iimleviginti, nineteen. Kimchi derives it from riL'S
to think, ten being reckoned upon the fingers, and eleven the first number
which is mentally conceived beyond.
-lbs niribn fifteen occurs Judg. 8 : 10, 2 Sam. 19: 18, and "itSS PJis'JJ
eighteen Judg. 20 : 25.
§225. 1. The tens are formed by adding the masculine
§226,227 NUMERALS. 257
plural termination to the units, D-^nir? twenty being, however,
derived not from two but from ten "iiD? .
Twenty D^VlT^ Sixty "ZTm
Thirty D^irb^ Seventy D"<^"*?
Forty D"i::^75< Eighty D^i'l2^
Fifty Q^'uS'r" Ninety n^:;'dri
a. These numbers have no distinct form for the feminine, and are used
indilferently with nouns of either gender. nSla?. Ex. 18; 21, 25, Deut. 1 : 15
means not twenty but tens.
2. The units are added to the tens by means of the con-
junction 1 and ; the order of precedence is not invariable,
thouo^h it has been remarked that the earhest writers of the
Old Testament commonly place the units first, e. g. D-^riffi
n^iiJiri two and sixty Gen. 5:18, while the latest writers as
commonly place the tens first, D'^iiL'^ D^#^ sixty and two
Dan. 9:25.
§ 226. Numerals of a higher grade are nif'g one lumdred,
i^k one thousand, nnnn , iii"i or fi^ii"? ten thousand. These
are duplicated by affixing the dual termination D'^riN'a two
hundred, D^s'^s tu)0 thousand, Denial or niiin 'V^1D_ twenty
thousand. Higher multiples are formed by prefixing the
appropriate units trk'Q nJbJis three hundred, D'^e^s? ry^-it
three thousand, nixnn iriij sixty thousand, D^sbx qbx one
million.
§227. 1. The ordinals are formed by adding ■>. to the
corresponding cardinals, the same vowel being likewise in-
serted in several instances before the final consonant ; X^^l
frst is derived from tSKi head.
First
"p-jJiin
Sixth
^'^■j:
Second
'?"4r
Seventh
^i^:2i2
Third
^"^^^^
Eighth
''D''"J12
Fourth
^b^nn
Ninth
*^-'OT
Fifth
"TT^-^n
or ^^)2n
Tenth
^n^iry
17
258 ETYMOLOGY. <^ 2:28, 220
The feminine commonly ends in r"* , occasionally in ri^. .
a. There are two examples of tlie orlhogrrapliy 'li'J'^xi Josh. 21 : 10,
Job 15 : 7. and one of "jia"'-! Job 8 : 8, in all of which the K'ri restores the
customary form.
2. There are no distinct forms for ordinals above ten,
the cardinal numbers being used instead.
3. Fractional numbers are expressed by the feminine
ordinals, rTii:"'bt3 oj/f fldrd, ri"'y"'n"i one fourth, etc., and by
tlie following additional terms, ''in one half, y^i and yn'"i one
quarter, Tl'ian one fifth, 't^'%'3 one tenth.
Prefixed Particles.
^228. The remaining parts of speech are indeclinable,,
and may be comprehended under the general name of par-
ticles. These may be divided into
1. Prefixed particles, which are only found in combina-
tion with a following word, viz. the article, He interrogative,
the inseparable prepositions, and Vav conjunctive.
2. Those particles, which are written as separate words,
and which comprise the great majority of adverbs, preposi-
tions, conjunctions, and interjections.
a. No word in Hebrew has less than two letters; all particles of one
letter are consequently prefixes. There is one example of two prefi.xes
combined constituting a word bn Deut. 32: 6, though editions vary.
The Article.
§229. 1. The Definite Article (nr^^n nh) consists of
n with Pattahh followed by Daghesh-forte in the first letter
of the word to wliich it is prefixed, tfb^ a king, ^^'^n the
kin(j.
a. As the Arabic article J| is in certain cases (bllowcd by a like
doubling of the initial letter, Bome have imagined that the original form of
§229 THE ARTICLE. 259
the Hebrew article was hr\ and that the Daghesh-forte has arisen from
the assimiUition ofb and its contraction with the succeeding letter. Since,
however, there is no trace of such a ibrm, it seems better to acquiesce in
the oKt opinion, which has in its favour the analogy of other languages,
that the article n is related to the personal pronoun N^in , whose principal
consonant it retains, and that the following Daghesh is conservative, §24. 3 ;
comp. the demonstrative particle xn and sn behold! In SJT'in Jer. 29:23
K'thibh (if read ^I'^l^n) the article may perhaps be found in an unabridged
form ; tiie K'ri lias ^T'n • The Arabic article is supposed to be found in
the proper name nniia^x Gen. 10: 26, i:i^i;^N hail^ the equivalent of ^"'is,
and possibly in Cipbs'Prov. 30:31.
h. There is, properly speaking, no indefinite article in Hebrew, al-
though the numeral 'inx one is so employed in a few instances, as X'^23
"iriN a prophet 1 Kin. 20: 13.
2. If the first letter of the word have Sh'va, Daghesh-
forte may be omitted except from the aspirates, §25, "iJ^^'n,
lin^n but "bnan, nsh2n.
3. Before gutturals, which cannot receive Daghesh-forte,
§60. 4, Pattahh is lengthened to Kamets ; the short vowel
Pattahh is, however, commonly retained before H and n , and
sometimes before ^ , the syllable being converted into an inter-
mediate, §20. 2. a, instead of a simple one, ^TXi^^} , "T\^ , u^?n
Gen. 15 : 11, 2?i?nn but tjiunn, s^hn, ^2y_r^ Jer. 12 : 9.
a. Thf! article very rarely has Kamets before H, Tiri Gen. 6:19,
Ci^arin Isa. 17:8; in a very few instances initial i< quie.sces in the vowel
of the article, rjCSOxn Num. 11 : 4.
4. Before n with Kamets or Hhateph-Kamets, Pattahh
is chano-ed to Seo;hol : before n or 3? with Kamets, it is
likewise changed to Seghol if it stands in the second syllable
before the accent, and consequently receives the secondary
accent Methegh, ynr^ , DDiin , D'lizJ'inn , d^nrin , D"^n:?n .
a. This change very rarely occurs before X, '"^'OXv! Mic. 2:7. When
n is followed by Kamets-Hhatnph. Pattahh remains irasrin.
6. The article does not usually affect the vowels of the word before
which it stands; in "iH mmmtain and DS people, however, Pattahh is
clianged to Kamets to correspond with the vowel of the article "^nn , cytn,
so "[-'"ix enrlh but j'liiri . The plurals of bnx te7it and d'lp holiness with-
out the article are c^^rtx Gen. 25:27, O-iliini^ Ex. 29 : 37, but with the
article B"'^nN2 (for D-^ynNna) Judg. 8 : 11, C3''q'7ii',^! ^x. 26 : 33, §208. 3 b
2G0 ETYMOLOGY. § 230, 231
r'Xpj pelican Un. 34 : 11, Zeph. 2 : 14, is pointed rx^rri Lev. 11 : 18. Dent,
14 : 17 upon receiving tlie article.
5. When preceded by the inseparable prepositions the
letter n of the article is mostly rejected, and its vowel given
to the preposition, § 53. 3, D'^isi^? for D'l'Oir'na, sec §231.5.
He Interrogative.
^230. 1. The letter n (nb'x'i-n s?n) may also be pre-
fixed to words to indicate an interrogation; it is then pointed
with Hhatcph-rattahh, ^':?:n s/ia/l tve (jo ? vs.'^br^r), is he not ?
2. Before a vowelless letter this becomes Pattabh, § Gl. 1,
nbiTDn Gen. 34 -. 31, "^y^^ti^ Job 18:4, 'h^r\ Jer. 8:22.
a. The new syllable thus formed is an intermediate one, §22, and the
succeeding ShVa remains vocal, as is shown by the absence of Daghesh-
lene in such forms as cnrn^n Gen. 29:5. In order to render this still
more evident recourse is frequently had to Daghesh-forte separative,
§24. 5, ir^n Gen. 17 : 17, nri^r^rn is :21, Methegh, §45. 2, ^ii-'^n Judg.
9 : 2, r}i-tTr\ Job 38: 35. or compound Sh'va. § 16. 3. h. nr^^^f] Gen! 27 : 38.
h. He interrogative has Pattahh and Daghesh-forte in one instance
belbre a letter with a vowel of its own, -M"'^n Lev. 10: 19.
3. Before gutturals it likewise usually becomes Pattahh,
^'?5?n Ex. 2 : 7, ni?xn 2 Kin. 6 : 22, i-^^^nn Jer. 2:11, nyn
Hag. 1:4.
a. There are a few examples of He interrogative with Kamets be-
fore X, orxn Judg. 6:31, "^nnEXn Judg. 12:5. ui^xrn Neh. 6:11.
4. Before gutturals with Kamets it is changed to Seghol,
iTaxn Ezek. 28 : 9, nn;'nn Joel 1 : 2, oinn Ecclcs. 2:19.
Inseparable Prepositions.
§231. 1. The prepositions 3 in, 3 according to, - to, are
regularly prefixed witii Sh'va, ri"'r5?"'3 /// the bcf/inni/if/, 'sbs
accord'mg to all, Drnisb to Abraham.
^ 232 INSEPARABLE PREPOSITIONS. 261
2. Before vowelless letters this Sh'va is changed to
Hhirik, Tp-}^ for ?^P73 , ^©^^ for bir^b , nhns for 1173 .
3. Before gutturals with compound Sh'va it is changed
to the corresponding short vowel, "^"^ss , bDxb , ■'nna .
a. Initial St qiiiesces in the following words after the inseparable pre-
positions. §57. 2. (2) a, 'liix master when connected with singular suffixes.
''i"ix Lord. WtTib^ God, and also in the inf const. "i^X to say after h,
iinx3,rpx3, n-'inxb. "^d^ws!? , C"'n''bx3 for n-iri''bx3 the Seghol lengthened
to Tsere in the simple syllable, "ir^'X^ but ni^xb , -lisb but ^53X3, irss .
Before the divine nanae nini the inseparable prepositions are pointed as
they would be before '^3"U<. or D"^n"?N , whose vowels it receives. §47, "^ji^^^
Gen. 4 : 3, n-.H^b Ps. 68 : 21.
b. In a very i'ew instances X with Pattahh and "^ with Hhirik give up
their vowel to the preposition and become quiescent, "i''25<3 Isa. 10 : 13 for
n-i2N3 , -pTn-^S Eccles. 2 : 13 for 'O'^n'^s .
4. Before monosyllables and before dissyllables, accented
upon the penult, these prepositions frequently receive a pre-
tonic Kamets, § 64. 2, n^^s , riib , m:b .
a. This regularly occvirs with the Kal construct infinitive of "S , "'S , 5-'">
ir and "^J verbs when preceded by b . e. g. niijsb. nrb, ri'i'ib. 3"ib , S'^'ib ;
also with different forms of the demonstrative tiT and with personal suf-
fixes; and with monosyllabic or Segholate nouns when accompanied by
disjunctive and especially pause accents. Beibre the pronoun n^ ichat
they are commonly pointed n532 , nias, n53b' or followed by a guttural,
nib. '- - 'T
5. Before the article its n is rejected and the vowel
given to the preposition, li'^? for ii'^r}3 , f'^sJfb for T'}^'^) ,
D^nna for n^nnna .
a. in not infrequently remains after 3, di'lns Gen. 39: 11, more rarely
after the other prepositions, crnb 2 Chron. 10:7. The initial n of the
Hiphil and Niphal infinitives is occasionally rejected in like manner,
n-'a^rb Am. 8 : 4 for n^adnb, 11=033 Prov. 24 : 17 for ibcsna.
§232. The preposition XQfrom, though used in its sep-
arate form, may also be abbreviated to a prefix by the assim-
ilation and contraction of its final Nun with the initial letter
of the following word, which accordingly receives Daghesh-
forte, tj'i^'a for 11"}'^. ya . Before n Hhirik is commonly re-
262 ETYMOLor.Y. ^ 233^ 234
tained in an intermediate syllable, but before other gutturals
it is lengthened to Tsere, y^nri for y^n ip , ynst? , :)"rn^ , o j^ •
a. "(P is sometimes poetically leiigtlieiied to "^l^ , and once has the
Ibrm of a construct piiirnl, '^I'O Isa. 30: 11.
§ 233. These prepositions are combined with the pro-
nominal suffixes in the following manner :
Singular.
2/ r^ 1\3^ — !]i2r!
3 in. i3. i!) ^r:i-!:3 ^n:"b , ^rrj'z , tJe'z
3/. nil nb' nrhs r;:i2"^
T T
Plural.
T T T- ..• •
2 m. Din nib Dis , ori -3 oi -
V T V T V T ' V : V •
3 7». Di , Dna tbb , Dnb DHs , tiff'2'2 nrjvz . Dt^-;
3/ -jns, -jnn "jiib — -^2
a. Tlie S3^11able "i'a inf?erted between 3 and the Piiffixes, and which is
in poetry sometimes added to 3. 3 and b without suffixes to convert them
into independent words, i^3 , il35; '''^b , is commonly thonglit to be re-
lated in its origin to the pronoun nri what, so that '^I'l^S would in strict-
ness denote like what J am, i. e. like me. The preposition '"Q. with the
exception of some poeticnl forms, reduplicates itself befiire the light suf-
fixes. •'2r'>2 = ■'i'pjp . Comp. a similar reduplication of a short word, ''h'^'O
or ■'B construct of D'^'a water.
Vav Conjunctive.
^ 23L The conjunction a//d is expressed by i prefixed
with Sh'va, ^cni , T")^n-i . Before one of the labials n , "a ,
fi, § 57. 2 (1), or before a vowelless letter Vav quicsces in
§235 SEPARATE PARTICLES. 263
Shurek, ^i^ 1\)h^ , d^is^, b^^^nb^ . Before a vowelless
Yodli it receives Ilhirik, in wliicli the Yodli quiesces, OPpS"''! ,
■^n"'l . Before a guttural with compound Sh'va it receives the
corresponding short vowel, "^2X1 , T^T?i , "^^^l. Before mono-
syllables and dissyllables accented on the penult it frequently
receives a pretonic Kamets, i~hi , "^"'^D , ^7D •
a. After Vav with Shurek. compound Sh'va is sometimes substi-
tuted for simple Sh'va in order to indicate more distinctly its vocal
character, nnn Gen. 2:12, "^Cirnr^li Ezek. 26:21, nnsDji 1 Kin. 13:7,
T^?.? Jer- 22 -'20.
b. Vav receives Hhirik before He followed by Yodh in the forms
C!r"'7n\ I'^ii'l, Dn"'inT, sitii 2 plur. preterite and imperative of the verbs
n'^n to be and rr^n to live; belbre the 2 masc. sing, imperative of the
same verbs it has Seghol, n.^ni , n|;ni for n'^n'i, n^nn.
c. i< quiesces after Vav conjunctive as after the inseparable preposi-
tions, §231. 3. a. in "|iTX master when connected with singular suffixes,
^nx^ Lord and C^n'Kx God, •^i^wS] , "^pN] , "'hKxi , irn'bxT the Seghol
being lengthened to Tsere in the simple syllable. Hence also whil
when mn"i has the vowels of "^px . A very few instances occur in which
X with Pattahh and "^ with Hhirik give up their vowel to Vav conjunctive
and become quiescent, "ifcritl Zech. 11:5 for "iiiJ:^"X1, nb'bil Jer. 25 : 36
for nb'j-il.
Separate Particles.
ADVERBS.
i
§ 235, 1. A few adverbs of negation, place and time, are
commonly classed as primitive, although they are probably
related to pronominal roots, as bx and Kb not, Di^ there,
TX then.
a. It is natural to suspect that the pronominal root h , which gave rise
to the near demonstrative bx , n^x these and to the prepositions indicative
of nearness or approach, b to, bx unto, and which has a remote demon-
strative force in nx^ln yonder, beyond, may also be the basis of x'b and bx
the idea of remoteness taken absolutely forming a negation. The same
idea, in a less absolute sense, may be traced in the conditional conjunction
lb if. The pronoun HT, of which probably IT is originally only a modi-
fication (comp. the relative use of 17 , §73. 1), is plainly connected with TX
at that time and nd in thai place.
264 ETYMOLOGY. §230
2. Derivative adverbs are formed
(1.) By attixing the teniiiiiations D^ or D', oirx and
cb'GX truhi from 'I'ciS truth, Dsn (jratuitou^ltj from 'P'. (jracc,
D'bi"' (Ji^y ^/«^ from m^ r/^y, d;^''"! zV/ vain from p"^n emptij, ctirs
suddetiti/ from ^^is moment, udyd the day before yesterday
from T2J'5t? Mree.
(2.) By abbreviation, as tfi? surely, only from "Jis .
(3.) By composition, as "sy\'a why ? from y^n;; nia ^«^?W
edoctus, r\^vi2^'Q from above from l^a , b and nr5"a .
3. Besides those adverbs, which are such originally and
properly, other i)arts of speech are sometimes used as ad-
verbs. Thus
(1.) Nouns, '155'a mightily, exceedingly prop, might, ^''io
around prop, circuit, T^V again prop, repetition, CES no more
prop, cessation; with a preposition, "1X^3 exceedingly, ^3b
«/?«r^ prop. ^0 separation, or a snthx ivH- together prop. ?"// ?7i'
union. Compare the adverbial accusative and adverbial
phrases of Greek and other languages.
(2.) Absolute infinitives, ■which are really verbal nouns,
ai2"^n icell prop, rectefaciendo, rann much, ^"'o quickly.
(3.) Adjectives, particularly in the feminine, whicli is
used as a neuter, 3i"j iccll, nii'X") at first, r,"":!;? the second
time, nan and nan much, rr^iin^ m Jewish i. e. Hebrew, rr^ians?
^V^ Aramceic, riisbBS wonderfully.
(4.) Pronouns, nt //^r<?, ;?ow prop, //^/s place, this time,
n:n /^////c•/• prop, /o ///<;\V(? places, with a preposition ns /////^
pro]), according to it, "I? 60 perhaps for "jni according to these
things, though others explain it as an adverbial use of the
participle I? right, true, Sns here i)robably for ia in this
(place).
§236. A few ndvcrbs are capable of receiving pronom-
inal suffixes, as "jn or n?n behold, "^^V yet, ""S where, to which
mav be added I'^s there is not prop, non-existence and t^
§237 PREPOSITIONS. S65
there is prop, existence. As the idea of action or of exis-
tence is snggested by them, they take the verbal suffixes,
frequently with 3 epenthetic. Thus
1. r\\r\ . First person ''bsri, ^iiT\ and ''piH; ^i:n, ^32-
and ^sjn. Second person masc. ^iT) once nian ; Dirn, fern.
tjin. Third person iin and 'iniri; Dsn.
2. ^^'ys . i^/r6'^f person ^Tfv and '^T'S' ; once with phir.
^rViy Lam. 4:17 K 'ri. Second person masc. ^7"^^' f'^m. 5|'ii:? .
Third person masc. ^s^is^ , DliS' fern, ns-iy .
3. "^s?, Second person TO^N . Third person ^^^^ , o'^i? .
4. ')'?s . First person "'spx . Second person masc. ?ips ,
nirx, fem. ?ir^?. Third person masc. ^2^5?, Dp&? and
i'airs fem. rors .
5. T":: . Second person ^t^^ , DiiO.^ and aiic^ . 7%z>^
person ilii^.^ .
Prepositions.
§237. 1. The simple prepositions in most comm.on use,
besides the inseparable prefixes, §231, are chiefly "^ns?
behind, after, ~bN to, unto, blis? beside, t^i? with, X''^ between,
■^Fibn icithouf, ^1273 throiifjh, n'?^T except, "sV, on account of,
b-'52 or ^I'a o?;er against, l^b ?^? presence of, Vdi in front of,
before, *i? iinto, ^? 7//?o/(', D^ ^d^zM, nnn tmder. IMost of these
appear to have been originally nouns ; and some of them are
still used both as nouns and as prepositions.
2. Other prepositions are compound, and consist of
(1.) Two prepositions, as "^^J^^^y^ from after, r^?^ and D^^
from with,, ^Tfifrom upon, tynh'Q froni under, "^d:^ from, 'l^b^
and nsib before^ bi^-"-x toward.
(2.) A preposition and a noun 'lib and 'lib'a besides
from ^3 separation, ''l&b before and "^isia, '^''2t^'i2 from before
from w^':^face, Vi.^a and n'^n?3/or Mc^ sake of, ^^3 <^y prop.
200 ETYMOLOGY. §238,239
h)j Ihr lid 11(1 of, "I3y-bx heijond, b '^:ivi2from hoijond, r,^:75 in
coiij/u/cliuu iclih, 1?^'? and njpy-bj; on uccoiuil of, ^Ei , "^^'^
and "^S'b? accoriUufj to prop. (7/ the mouth of.
(3.) A preposition and an intinitivc, r.snjpb toward prop.
(4.) A preposition ' and an ad\Trl), "^""^3 and ''■?'*?ia
without from ba //r;/ "i? //y/'/o,. b r.5cbri:2 bcj/oud, "^'b^a withu/it.
§238. 1. The prepositions take sutiixes in the same
manner as singular nouns, e. g. "'b^s beside me, "'rib^T , "na: ,
■'T2?, except "ins? after, "bs /o, '^^ ///-'/o, b:? ?/y^o;^ and rnn
under, which before suffixes assume the form of nouns in the
masculine plural, e. g. ^"jns , -^ins , v-^ns ; X'k between
adopts sometimes a singular, somethnes a masculine ])lural,
and sometimes a feminine plural form, e. g. T? , "^? and
l^p3 , ^rr3 and ^;\ni2''3 .
a. The plural form *^ini< occurs without suffixes more frequently than
"'r?^ j "'V^ ' "^^.'^-i ''?'-^ ^'^" occur ill poHlry.
6. nnn in a very few instances takes a verbal suffix. "'rPinp 2 Sam.
22:37, 40, 'IS 5 witii tlie 3 niasc. plur. suffix it is cr.nn oftener than
2. The preposition nx 2vith is to be distinguished from
nx the sign of the definite object, Avhich is prefixed to a pro-
noun or definite noun, to indicate that it is the object of an
active verb. AMth pronominal suffixes the n of the prepo-
sition is doidiled and its vowel shortened to Hhirik, thus
■"PS , ?|nsi , Dins ; the sign of the accusative becomes ri''X
before suffixes or before grave suffixes commonly PX , thus,
■'nb? , Tjns? , DDPS rarely Dbniijt , ens? rarely Dnn-;s< and
a. Sometimes, particularly in the books of Kings, Jeremiah, and Eze-
kiel. the prcpo.<;i(ion takes the form ''nist, ^i^'X.
Conjunctions.
§239. 1. In addition to the prefixcnl copulative i , §234,
the following arc the simple conjunctions in most common
§240 INTERJECTIONS. 267
use, ii5 or, t\^ also, di? and ^b if^ nics? and ''3 that, because,
•js lest.
2. Compound conjunctions are formed by combining
(1.) Two conjunctions QS5 "'S but, ^"2. ^^ how much more
prop, also that.
(2.) The conjunction °'3 or "linx with a preposition, as
ntesits as, Ti's? ^yiab 2^2 order that, "icx ■}?': and nics ajp? 3^.
cause, "^3 'I? 2((;'?iz7, "^3 mnn because.
(3.) An adverb with a preposition or conjunction, D^Ja
before, 1?^ or "j^'b? therefore, "^^yb unless from lb «/ iib ^ot.
Interjections.
§240. The Hebrew interjections, like those of other lan-
guages, are of two sorts, viz. :
1. Natural sounds expressive of various emotions, as
ns?, r^n, nn« ah! oh! ri^r^aha! ^''^r\ho! icod'^'i^, n^is,
'^iix, IS 2voe! ^'i^a. alas! en hush!
2. Words originally belonging to other parts of speech,
which by frequent use were converted into interjections,
nnn come! prop, ffive, "ib come! prop, ffo, !^?n behold!
prop, a demonstrative adverb, nb-^bn y«r be it! ''^ pray I
from '^^''3 entreat jj, N2 noio ! I iiray thee!
PART THIRD.
SYNTAX.
^241. 1. Syntax treats of sentences or of the manner
in which Avords are eniplo3cd in the utterance of thought.
Its ottice, therefore, is to exliibit the several functions of the
different parts of speech in the mechanism of the sentence,
the relations which they sustain to each other, and how those
relations are outwardly expressed.
2. Every sentence must embrace first a subject or the
thing spoken of, and secondly, a predicate or that which is
said about it. Upon these two simple elements is built the
entire structure of human speech.
The Subject.
§ 242. The subject of every sentence must be either a
noun, as D"n'5X sna God created Gen. 1 : 1, or a pronoun,
as ■'IS iriip /(am) liolij Lev. 11 -.44. This includes infini-
tives, which are verbal nouns, ni'J"55b p'~i:b t""?? 1o ptinhh
the just is not (jood Prov. 17 : 2G, and' adjectives and partici-
ples when used substantively, N'b"9 fi!in;'-sb an unclean (per-
son) shall not enter 2 Chron. 23 : 19, ^^r^^'^n;^ DT73n sb the
dead shall not 2Jraise the Lord Ps. 115 : 17.
o. The pubjoct ofa pontrnro mny be a nniin preceded bj^the preposition
TO in a partitive sense. cr-.—jTa nx^^ there went out (some) of lite penple
Ex. 16:27, or by the particle of comparison 3, nx"^: r:33 (something)
nice a plagxie has appeared Lev. 14 ; 35.
§ 243 THE SUBJECT. 2G9
b. When the subject is an infinitive, it is mostly, as in English, pro-
ct'ded by the preposition h to, Piilin^ sia (it is) good to give thunks Ps.
92:2. unless it is in the construct before a following noun rii"in ria"xb
innb cnxn mail's being alone (is) 7iot good Gen. 2: 18.
c. The subject is very rarely an adverb, cyn"';'3 bsj r:2~n many
(prop, much) of the people have fallen 2 Sam. 1 : 4.
^ 243. The subject may be omitted in the following cases,
VIZ.
1. AYhen it is sufficiently plain from the connection,
llizv Tyn is there yd with thee (a corpse) ? Am. 6 : 10, or is
obvious in itself, '^^\?^ "irii? (his mother) hare him 1 Kin. 1 : 6.
The personal pronouns are for this reason rarely used before
verbal forms, which of themselves indicate the person, "'ri'^^s?
I said, ri"i''ax tlioii saidst, unless with the view of expressing
emphasis or opposition, ^:^p ^-nf^ii ^-5?'? ^^'?5 '"''?n ff'cy are
hrouglit down and fallen, but toe are risen Ps. 20 : 9.
2. When it is indefinite ; thus, if an action is spoken of
and it is not known or is not stated by whom it is performed.
Tlie third person plural may be so employed, b^xirb 'H^Tl and
then ^^^^^ ^'^'■^'■^ 1 Sam. 18 : 20, or third person singular, comp.
the French on and German man, ^33 firiy s^nj? one called its
name Babel i. e. its name tvas called Babel, or the second
person singular, particularly in laws or in proverbs, the lan-
guage of direct address being employed Avhile every one who
hears is intended, ^s Tjb-n'ic^n'iib tJiou shall not make unto
thee a (jraven image Ex. 20 : 4, ~3b "io^/2b nsjiiin apply thine
heart unto instruction Prov. 23 :12.
a. Sometimes the word ^""IS man is used as an indefinite subject.
*15i "iPi^^^ "^"''^0 "^'Q^ "^3 tt man said thus, when he went, etc. 1 Sam. 9:9,
and sometimes the participle of the following verb, SO'iaVi V'C'Q^ and the
hearer shall hear 2 Sam. 17 : 9, c^uj-^'n ^^~;T^ plonghers plo2ighed Ps. 129 : 3.
b. The third person plural indefinite seems to be used sometimes with-
out any thought of tlie real agency concerned in the action spoken of. and
where the English w^ould require a passive construction. ''^"^"^ Vrr m'ii^b
■wearisome nights are appointed, to me lit. they have appointed Job 7 : 3.
* ".51 is an abbreviation for i^iS'] et completio, and so forth, f 9. 1
270 SYNTAX. §241, :245
3. "When tlic construction is impersonal; in this case
the third j)erson siii<i;uhir niascuhne is the form commonly
adopted, TV^.^ ^T''^^ let it not be grievous in thy sitjlit Gen,
21:12, -n^n ts Ikcn it u-as hrfjun i.e. men bet/an, though
the feminine is also employed on account of its special aifinity
with the neuter, -i^^ic-'b nspi a7id Israel was distressed lit. //
was strait to Israel Judg. 10:9.
§244. 1. The subject maybe extended by connecting two
or more nouns or pronouns and thus forming what is called
a compound subject, ckn::-bDT V"}KJii ^'^'k'<^^ ^'^?^^ and the
heavens and the earth and all their host icere finished Gen.
2:1, ribbs nyini ^:sn and I and the lad idll (jo Gen. 22 : 5.
2. Or it may be extended by adding to the noun an
article, adjective, demonstrative pronoun, pronominal suffix,
or another noun Avith which it may be cither in apposition
or in construction. When thus united Avith other qualifying
words the noun alone is called the grammatical subject, the
noun, together with its adjuncts, is called the logical subject.
The Article.
§ 245. The definite article is used in Hebrew as in other
languages to particularize the object spoken of, and distin-
guish it from all others. It is accordingly pretixed in the
following cases, viz. :
1. AA'hen the thing referred to is one which has been
mentioned before, and God said, Let there be ^''p'l a firma-
ment, etc., and God made VvH^ the firmament Gen. 1 : G, 7.
2. AVhen it is defined by accompanying words, as a rela-
tive clause, ^51 T(?n ^55 nirs? t-^T) incs blessed is the man
tcho has not icalked, etc., Ps. 1:1, an adjective, b"t5n Tsrn
the f/rcater lir/ht, pj^n nisisn (he lesser lir/lit Gen. 1 : IG, or
a demonstrative pronoun, in a mountain, nin "inn fhis moun-
tain, s<'~n nnn Hdt mountain, or by being directly ad-
§245 THE ARTICLE. 271
dressed, ^fbiin 0 liny 1 Sam. 17:55, trii'^r\ 0 heavens,
7>sn 0 earth Deut. 32 : 1.
3. When it is obviously suggested by the circumstances,
or may be presumed to be well known : she emptied her
pitcher info J^);?i2?n the trough Gen 24 : 20, viz., the one which
must have been by a w^ell used for watering cattle ; Ahime-
Jech looked through "jijnvi fhe toindow Gen. 26 :8, i. e. of the
house in which it is taken for granted that he was ; let us go
to Hiihn the (well-known) seer 1 Sam. 9 : 9.
a. The article is accordingly used as in Greek and in eorae modern lan-
guages in place of an unemphatic possessive pronoun: she took v)"'i.'Sfi the
veil Gen. 24:65, i. e. the one which she had, or, according to the English
idiom, her veil ; David took "iissri the harp i. e. his harp 1 Sam. 16 : 23, so
tlie LXX. iXd[xj3a.j/€ Aavl8 TT/v KLVvpav.
b. Witli words denoting time it expresses the present as that which
would most readily occur to the mind, Di'n the day i. e. that which is now
passing, to-day Gen. 4! 14, t^^■?r^! the night i. e. to-night Gen. 30: 15, «^3^'^!
the year i. e. this year Jer. 28: 16, crsri the time i. e. this time Gen. 29: 35,
unless another idea is more naturally suggested by the context, CT^n ^th'^
and it came to pass oil the day i. e. at the period before spoken of at that
time 1 Sam. 1 :4, Job 1 : 6.
4. When it is distinguished above all others of like kind
or is tlie only one of its class, ti;isn the house viz. of God, the
temple Mic. 3 : 12, 'ji'ni^n the Lord Isa. 1 : 24, Q-^n'bxn the
(true) God, n^^^r^ the heavens, T^^n the earth Gen. 1 : 1,
ran the sun Gen. 15 : 12.
5. When it is an appellative noun used in a generic or
universal sense, Sinn the sword devoureth one as well as
another 2 Sam. 11 : 25 ; theg shall mount up ivith icings
Qi-nrss as the eagles Isa. 40 : 31, and sometimes when it is a
material or abstract noun, in which case the English idiom does
not admit the article, ivhere there is snjn gold Gen. 2:11
LXX. TO xp^f^^ov; tli.gwine mixed C'sa with loater Isa. 1 : 22,
where shall n^=nn ivisdom he found? Job 28 : 12 LXX. ^ le
c-o(f)ia kt\; they smote the men D'^iissa with blindness Gen.
19 : 11.
27-2 SYNTAX. ^246
a. The article is tluis used with adjoctivos to donote the claps, which
tlioy descriho. God sluill judge yiL'^riTXl p"'n2n"rx the rightemis and the
wicked Eccl. 3; 17; the prucerb uf "'l^iisn the. ancients 1 Sam. 24:14;
and witli Gentile iioii:is, wliifii arc propiTJ}- adjectives, §194. 1, ''l-?<f7 (he
Anwrilc, •':":~n the f'anaanite. Gen. 15:21.
b. The Iltdirew infiiiilive does not receive the article; M?^ , which is
the only exception, see Gen. 2:9 and elsi-wliere. may be regarded as a
noun. In a very lew instances the article is prcli.xi'd to finite tenses of the
verb with the Kirce of a relative pronotni. x^iiinn irhn went .Tosh. 10:24.
Tih»n that nhdll be bnrn Judg. 13:8. d-'^p.'nn which he mnctijied 1 Chron.
2l):28, is:i":in irho are present 1 Chron. 29:17. "pi~3 into (tiie place)
u-hich he prepared 2 Chron. 1:4; .-;o also 2 Chron. 29:36, Ezr. 8:25,
10 : 14, 17. Isa. 56 : 3, Jer. 5 : 13, Dan. 8:1. It is once prefixed to a prepo-
sition. n"'5:rn what (was) upon it 1 Sam. 9:24.
c. In the uses of the article, as stated above. Nos. 4 and 5 are really
varieties of No. 3, since the prominent member of a class is the best known
and most readily suggested, and when a word is used generically it
designates a definite and well-known class of objects which is to be distin-
guished from every other class.
d. The Hebrew article is sometimes found where the English requires
the indefiinte article or none at all ; but it must not on that account be sup-
posed that it ever loses its proper lorce or becomes equivalent to an in-
definite article. The difference of idiom is due to a ditlerence in the mode
of conception. Thus, in comparisons the Hebrew commonly conceived of
the whole class of objects of which he spoke, while we mostly think of
one or more individuals belonging to the class, "iij)3 as (ihe) a nest. Isa.
10: 14, 1ES3 as (the) a scroll Isa. 34:4. like rending "^nsn (ihe) a kid
.ludg. 14: 6. as c^'^h'^n (the) bees do Deut. 1 : 44. C'St"? as (the) scarlet.
abtrs as (the) snow. S'sinS as (the) crimson. "i"0S3 as (the) wool Isa. 1 : 18.
Cases also not infrequently occur in whicii the article may either be in-
serted or omitted witli equal propriety and without any material change
of sense, according as the noun is to the mind of the speaker definite or
indefinite. In speakintr of the invasion of his fither's flocks. David says,
^^xn the lion and zi^r\ the bear came 1 Sam. 17 : 34, because he thinks
of these as the enemies to be expected. under the circumstances; had he
thought of them indefinitely as beasts of prey he would have said, without
the article, a lion and a bear. It is said. Gen. 13 : 2. that Abram was very
rich -npl qos? i"iipa3 m (the) cattle, in (the) silrer. and in (the) gold,
since tiiese are viewed as definite and well-known species of property;
hut iu Gi'U. 21:00 he hath giren him. rhr rori "p^i 'ii'.i tJorks and herds
and silver and gold, these are viewed indetinitely in Hebrew as in English.
§ 24G. Nouns are definite Avitliout the article in the fol-
lowing cases, viz. :
1. Proper nouns, which are definite by signification,
Dn^ns Abraham, lyis Canaan, P^t^i^;' Jerusalem.
^24G THE ARTICLE. 273
a. Proper names, originally applied in an appellative sense, sometimes
retain the definite article, brsn the lord, Baal, "|i2"t"n the ach-ersary, Salan,
inin the river, the Euphrates, "i^lM the descending (stream), the Jor-
dan, vi::?^ the white (mountain), Lebanon, hh;^'ZT\ the garden, Carinel,
"iSrn the circuit of the Jordan, iiQ:::an the tralch-lower, Mizpah, cixn
and ens the (first) man, Adam, ^^'rh^'n and C^n"^?! the (true) God. In
nt;;^n Li^ii: ""kn the half tribe of Manusseh Dent. 3: 13 and often else-
where, the article makes more prominent the definiteness of the entire ex-
pression: it also occurs without the article, e. g. Num. 32:33.
2. Nouns with suffixes, which are rendered definite by
the appended pronoun, ^s^is our father, i^i^ his name, but
m Greek 6 Trartjp i)^oiv, to ovo/xa auTov.
a. There are a few instances in which, for special reasons, the article
is prefixed to nouns having sutTixf^. It is emphatic in 'i"'^'!;v5 fhe (other)
halfof Ihem Josh. 8:33, opposed to a preceding 'i'^:in one half of them ; so
in lnri-iq;3 Isa. 24:2. In ^(^"^^f^ riDr'? '^'^ worth cf t hi/ estimation Lev.
27 : 23. it serves to indicate more clearly the definiteness of the entire ex-
pression ; so "'^nijn r|iP3 in the midst of my tent Josh. 7:21, i'l^'^in r^ina
in the midst of its fold Mic. 2 :12. n-'pi-inn-bs the tvhole of the women with
child 2 Kin. 15: 16; in inb'.72b Prov. 16:4 it distinguishes the noun i^??^
from the preposition )^'ch .
b. A suffix which is the direct object of a participle does not supersede ■
the necessity of the article, ^inrsn the (one) smiting him Isa. 9:12,
'^'^.'■i^^ ^iKi (one) bringing thee up Ps. SI : 11, "irnar^n the (one) crowning
thee Ps. 103 : 4.
3. Nouns in the construct state before a definite noun,
whether this has the article D"i2iEn liDis the stars of heaven
Gen. 26 : 4, n-'bnipn '^%'\ the feet of the jrriests Josh. 3 : 1'3,
is a proper name, bi?nw^ ^bnic the tribes of Israel Ex. 24 : 4,
rnrT> ni^ the word of JeJiovah Gen. 15 : 1, has a pronominal
suffix, ^^i:?^ '^'i^33 tlie first fruits of thj labours, ^■'in-^T?? the
zcives of his sons Gen. 7 : 13, or is itself definite by construc-
tion, n^S3i2n n-iip nny^a the cave of the field of Machpelah
Gen. 23 : 19, nin^-n^i3' liiiif the arh of the covenant of Je-
hovah Josh. 3 : 3.
a. Nouns in the construct are occasionally found with the article,
nnb r\\ri^r\ to the tent of Sarah Gen. 24 : 67, bx-n"? bxii the Gnd of
Bethel Gen.' 31 : 13, 5-ixn nn^n the pin of the web Judg. 16: 14. rnrinn ;3
nHr.n all the abominations of the nations 1 Kin. 14 : 24, c^nbxn-":3"'X "'ri^.H
'the grave of the man of God 2 Kin. 23 : 17. y^krj r-isbrari-ts all the king- ■
18
274 SYNTAX. §217 248
donift of the earth Jcr. 25:26. i^Jpfin "^SS^l t^^c bill of the purchase, Jer.
.•^2:12. nrrii "lEr.n Jer. 48:32; see Josh. 3: IK 8:11. 1 Chron. 15:27,
2 Chron. 8 ": 16. 15 : 8. Ezr. S : 29, Isa.^ 36 : 8. Ezek. 45 : 16, 47 : 15. Zeph.
3:H). Zech. 4:7. Ps. 123:4; al.so 1 Sam. 26:22 K'lhihh, 2 Kin. 7:13
K'lhihli. wliere tlic K'ri oniit.s ihc article.
h. Gt'iiiih' iionns, (](>riv('il I'rom a cornpniind proper name, frequentiv re-
ceive the article hefore the second member ol" the comj)ounil, ''?^^';n""?
the IJe7)janiile Judg. 3:15, •^rrt'n-n-'a the Bflhshemite 1 Sam. 6:14,
"?:r!^n n-s thr Ufthbhemite 1 Sam. 16:18, "'"Trin •'i^x the Abiezrite
Jiidtj. 6:11. tiioutrli this last word also appears in the abbreviated Ibrm
^y.T^^ ^'""- 26:30.
§ 247. The article is frequently omitted in the brief and
enipliatic language of poetry, where it would be required in
prose, V"?!^'^?'?'? ^"^^ of (the) earth Ps. 2:2, cric ''isb in
the presence of (the) sim Ps. 72 : 17, 1)^1 icrs nibtj niax (the)
watchman sa^s, (the) morning comes Isa. 21:12; to give
NQsn Tl3"p"i both sanctuary and host to he trampledVi^ia. 8:13.
a. Occasional instances occur of its beinfj dropped from familiar or fre-
quently repeated expressions in prose, Hjd n^'inx is to year''s end Deut.
11: 12. nria iinxa in (the) tabernacle of (the) congregation Ex. 27:21
(comp. Enorjish m church). xs^""ib (the) captain of (the) host 1 Kin.
16:16, T(^T3 bx'^b king Lemuel Prov. 31:1; also in geograpiiical and
architectural detail.«, such technical terms as h^'ZV\ and (the) border Josh.
13 : 23. 2n'n^ and (the) breadth 2 Chron. 3 :.3.
b. When two definite nouns are connected by and the article is com-
monly rej)eated ; it may, however, particularly in poetry, stand only before
tlie first and be understood with the second, tpoe unto D^pirnn the (persons)
decreeing unrighteoii.'i decrees C^SFiD^il and writing, etc. Isa. 10:1. '5^:n
"■.1J3T O psaltery and harp Ps. 57 : 9. Still more rarely a pronominal .-ulFix
may be attached to the first only of two words to which it belongS; "'•"S
rniDti my strength and soig E.\. 15:2.
§ 248. There is no indefinite article in Hebrew ; indefinite
nouns are sufiiciently characterized as such by the absence
of tlie article. Thus, "in? a river Gen. 2:10, c^iD^E-na 32^-03
hoth chr/r/'ots and horsemen Gen. 50 : 9, r3"i 2bn milk and
honey Ex. 3 : 8, D"'"b^ -'5' an infant of days Isa. 65 : 20.
a. The nimicral inx one is occasionally employed in the sen-'^e of an
ind.'finite article, "inx Vo a basket Ex. 29:3. *ins r-'N a man Judg. 13:2.
or in the construct belbre a plural noun, nib^iri rns one of the foolish
women i. e. a foolish woman Job 2 : 10.
§249 ADJECTIVES AND DEMONSTRATIVES. 275
Adjectives and Demonstratives.
§249. 1. Adjectives and participles, qualifying a noun,
are commonly placed after it and agree with it not only in
gender and number but in definiteness, that is to say, if the
noun is indefinite they remain without the article, but if the
noun is made definite, whether by the article or in any of the
ways specified in § 24G, they receive the article. Din )i a
loise son Prov. 10:11, ^^i'-^ inn a bridegroom going out Ps.
19:6, niiDH '•^'-\kr\ the good land 'Yy^xxi. 1:35, D-'ann -^^ann
thg manifold mercies Neh. 9:19. If more than one adjec-
tive accompany a definite noun, the article is repeated before
each of them, i^^isnn ^SDjH nirn the glorious ayid feai'ful
name Deut. 28 : 58.
a. The adjective '^''^1 many is in a few instances, for the sake of
greater emphasis, prefixed to the noun which it qualifies. c^Da c^a"! many
sons 1 Chron. 28 : 5, c^r}3 nia-i many times Neh. 9 : 28. so Ps. 32 : 10, 89: 51.
Jer. 16: 16. Other instances are rare, inib^?^ ~iT his strange work. •~'^'?rj
inn'ns his strange task Isa. 28:21, "^"^n^ P"^'^^ iny righteous servant Isa.
53:11, Pininx ■'r^'iSjn her treacherous sister Jer. 3:7, 10.
b. Some exceptional cases occur, in which an adjective qualifying a
definite noun does not receive the article, <^^7" ■^^5"'^ ^^^^ '^^^ ^Q'"^
2 Sam. 6:3, ^'^33 itiiii the strange vine Jer. 2:21, Ezek. 39:27, Dan.
8:13, 11: 31, or when the noun is made definite by a suffix, ^nx cijink
2/onr other brother Gen. 43 : 14, ^nx 'O-b'n the one lamb Num. 28 : 4. Ezek.
34 : 12, Hag. 1 : 4. In iiV"^ °r^3"^ an evil Report respecting them Gen. 37 : 2,
the suffix denotes tlie object and the noun is really indefinite. Comp.
§ 246. 2. b.
c. On the other hand, the article is sometimes dropped from the noun,
but retained'before tiie adjective. nBiian ikn the great court 1 Kin. 7: 12,
^lilirn ir-'X the rich man 2 Sam. 12: i, h'nirt nii the great well 1 Sam.
19: 22, Neh. 9: 35, Ps. 104 : 18, Jer. 27: 3, 32^: 14. 40 :3 K'thibh, Ezek. 9:2.
Zech. 4:7; so with the ordinal numbers. '''d^Ti ci"' the sixth day Gen.
1:31, 2:3, Ex. 20:10, Deut. 5 : 14, Judg. 6:25, Jer. 38:14.
2. Demonstrative pronouns follow the same rule of posi-
tion and agreement, only the nouns which they qualify are
invariably definite, §245. 2, nin ni-^n this dag Gen. 7 : 13,
T\)>kr\ D-^nn^n these things Gen. 15:1, nrinn D^ir:s?n those
men Num. 9:7. If both an adjective and a demonstrative
276 SYNTAX. P50
qualify the same noun, the demonstrative is placed last, T^'^^
rs-in ni-iran Dent. 9 : G, nx^n ribn niibn n^iisn these good
years that (are) comiug Gen. 41 : 35.
a. Tlio dcmoiistrativo nT orcasioiially .stands emphatically hefore its
noun. n'i;"3 TA this Moses Ex. 32: 1, vvliure it is probably contemptuous
like the Latin iste, ^ii^r.b nt this our bread Josh. 9: 12. Judg. 5 :5. 1 Sam.
17:55. 5(1 crn ht this people Isa. 23: 13. Hab. 1 : 11. Tlie demonstrative
both follows the noun and is repeated after the adjoclive in '^-.i^,'^ ^I'^i'*?
nbxn D"'~X'i":ri these nations these that remain Josh. 23 : 7. 12,
b. The article is sometimes omitted from the demonstrative, it '•i'nn
f/»j> generatinn Ps. 12:8. Nin nb-^S i« that night Gen. 19:33, 30:16.
32:2.3. ] Sam. 19:10, particularly if the noun is made definite by means
of a suffix, rxT ■'nr::Tr this my oath Gen. 24:8. nbx ■'rrx these my sigiist
Ex. 10:1, 11:8, Deut. 11:18, Josh. 2:14. 20, Judg. 6:14, 1 Kin. 22:23,
2 Chron. 18:22, 24:18, Jer. 31:21.
c. The article is still more rarely dropped from the noun, ntrt "i'r"7 '^V'Q
this small (ptantity of honey 1 Sam. 14: 29, nTH "^nnsx C^^k that Ephrathitt
17: 12, nt ^bn this sickness 2 Kin. 1 : 2, 8 : 8.
Numerals.
Cardinal Numbers.
§250. 1. The numeral *ins? one is treated like other ad-
jectives, and follows the rules of position and agreement
already given, "inx oipu one place Gen. 1 : 9, rinsn nyi-i^n
f/ie one curtaui Ex. 2G : 2.
a. In a very few instances the noun is in the constnict before the nu-
meral one, iriwS 'S^-^-q one law Lev. 24:22. "inx "iinit, a chest 2 Kin. 12: 10,
inx rnc one governor Isa. 36 : 9, comp. §254. 6. b.
2. The other cardinal nuuibcrs are joined to nouns as
follows, viz. :
(1.) They commonly stand before the noun to which
they belong and in tlie absolute state, ci'^'O f^^^^*? /^'^'*
lings Gen. 14 : 9, n^y D-'i'in sivti/ cities Deut. 3 : 4, nsia
D"^p»T32 a h tin d red cakes of raisins 2 Sam. 10 : 1, D'^s'^K rici?
DT7B six iJionsand horsemen 1 Sam. 13 : 5.
(2.) Such as have a distinct form for the construct (viz.
§ 251 NUMERALS. 277
2-10, t^^"^ hundred, *^sbx tJwusands) m^j vi[&o stand before
the noun in the construct state, D"'i2 ^bic two sons prop, two
of sons Gen. 10 : 25, a^ia^' nyans /o^^r ^^j/^ Judg. 11 : 40,
n^:-s« rif.'Q a hundred socl'ets'Ex. 38:27, D'^^^ii ""t^ni rt;-!^
/^r^6? thousand camels Job 1 : 3.
a. The i, umbers fet-o, three, fmir, and sereJi, occur witli the suffixes of
pronouns which are in apposition with them. ^3n':x iJ'i/cJ toe, both of 2is
1 Sam. 20: 42. irfPU ihci/ two or both of (hem 1 Sam. 25: 43. cind'^o ye
three, DFirbr: //i^y (hj-ee ]\um. 12: 4, cm'a'^S they four Dan. 1: 17. cri"3a
they seven 2 Sam. 21:9 K'ri. The following numerals occur with pro-
nominal suffixes having a possessive sense. r^^uBian thy Jfty, I'^Tsn his
fifty 2 Kin. 1: 10, aVTr-^r. their fifties ver. 14, "'bVx tiiy thousand Judg.
6: 15. n-5"iBb!< your thousands I Sam. 10: 19, *i''nha"i his ten thousands
1 Sam. 18:7.
(3.) Less frequently the numerals stand after the noun
in the absolute state, 5?2i^ niS?^ seven steps Ezek. 40 : 22,
cnicy riihN twenfi/ she-asses Gen. 32:1G, ^^J^-nxia a^^23 a
hundred thousand talents 1 Chron. 22 : 14.
§251. 1. The units (including i'^;;), whether they stand
singly or are compounded with other numbers, agree with
their nouns in gender, ninb^ €iw three leaves Jer. 36 : 23,
^in -^'io niiJbTiJ three baskets of bread Gen. 40:16, wnnss
D"''iZ;23 "ih'i^ fourteen lambs Num. 29 : 15 ; the other numerals
observe no distinction of gender.
a. When the units qualify PiX'O hundreds or CE^X thousand:?, their
gender is determined by that of these words respectively. In t^j3~iC5 rnySffl
the three wives of his sons Gen. 7 : 13, the masculine adjective is probably
to be explained by the fact that the noun, thougii in reality feminine, has
a masculine termination.
2. Nouns accompanied by the miits (2-10) are almost
invariably plural, while those which are preceded by the tens
(20-90) or numbers compounded with them (21, etc.), are
commonly put in the singular, nb^b niyanxi oi^ u^b^'^iifortj/
dai/s and fortjt nights Gen. 7:4, niiD n^Irbis^ i'Six/o^^;- and
thirty years Gen. 11 : 16, n''?© 'S'l-q) T\\t n'^np:? twenty years
and seven years Gen. 23 : 1.
278 SYNTAX. "§251
(I. This plionomenoii is probably to be accouiitcd for upon a principle
analogous to tluit by which the anoiimlous teriiiiiialions for gender in the
numerals has been exphiined, §223. 2. When the numeral has itself a
phiral Ijrm, as it has in the tens, the pluraUty of the entire expression is
Bullii-iently indicated without giving a plural ending to the noun likewise.
But with the units whicli have a singular termination, the noun must take
a plural form. It may ho observed, however, that this peculiarity chiefly
art'ccts a certain class of nouns, viz. those which are nio.st frequently
numbered, and in which, consequently, the tendency to abbreviate the
expres.sion by retrenching the j)lural ending is most strongly manifested.
These are such as li'^x man, and various nieas^ures of lime, space, weight,
etc., e. g. n:r year, di"' day. nsx cubit, bj:b shekel. These nouns are
also found, though less constantly, in the singular with hundreds and
thoHsanda, rii'r r.'XTa 3"rri iiine hundred years Gen. 5:5, niax r,^k a
tlioi/>fa))(l ciihils Num. 35:4, and with the numbers from 11 to 19, S^trn^
bp« nil"'' Jiffefti shekels Lev. 27: 7. Comp. in German hunderl Fuss lung,
fiiiifzig Pj'und schwer, and in English twenty head of caille, a ten foot
pole.
h. The numbers from 2 to 10 are very rarely found with singular nouns.
r.l-j nrt'J eight years 2 Kin. 22:1, n:ajt t^bd three cubits 2r): 11 K'thibh
Avhere the K'ri has ni^sx . The tens are occasionally followed by the
plural n"'?i'a cbb'i thirty companions Judg. 14:11. b'^n— »:3 ciirb
eighty sons of valour 2 Chron. 26: 17, C-^-ib-: "'ici u^i^-i^ forty-tico chil-
dren 2 Kin. 2:24. When the noun precedes the numeral it is always put
in the plural.
r. In enumerations of (Timiliar objects the noun is sometimes omitted,
when the meaning is sutRi-iently plain from the connection, znj >^n'>ry tn»
(shekels) of gold Gen. 24:22, r,D3 rrJxx) db-j three hundred (shekels) of
silver Gen. 45:22, cnli-"'ri':J two (loaves) of bread 1 Sam. 10:4, C^"Hrt"u;o
six (ephahs) of barley Ruth 3: 15. In measurements, the word hex cubit
is occasionally preceded by the prepo.sition 3. thus n2X3 V'sp^ four by
the cubit i. e. tour cubits.
3. Compound numbers may either proceed from the
higher to the lower denomination, rii'a-'^si D^iirrn n;^nNiD vjbfe
a thousand fico hundred jiff tj and four Neh. 7 : 34, or the re-
verse, n;T^ ri{/3T D"^cb'i"i yiir seven and thirf// and a hundred
t/ears Ex. 6 : 16. The noun sometimes stands at the begin-
ning or end of the entire series as in preceding examples,
and sometimes it is repeated after each numeral, n:o nsTa
n^'ii^ y^iri nziC D"^"!!!'?! a hundred years and tweniy years and
seven years Gen. 23 : 1.
4. Numeral adjectives may receive the article when they
represent an absolute number, or the noun is not expressed ;
§ 252 ORDINAL NUMBERS, ETC. 279
but when they are joined to a definite noun the latter alone
receives the article, n"'3Trn {the) two are letter than Ttisn
{the) one Eccles. 4 : 9, D^s^ansn the forty Gen. 18 : 29, n^#72ri
Dpniin the fifty righteous ver. 28, l"'r^3^ ''rnr his two daugh-
ters 19 : 30, Di^n D^yans the forty days Deut. 9 : 25.
a. Wlien compound numbers 11, 12, etc., receive the article, it may "be
given to the first member of tlie compound, "iw? CS^'n thetwtlce 1 Chron.
25:19.27:15, 1 Kin. 6:38, or to the second, d^X "librn C'id the twelve
wert Josh. 4: 4, 1 Kin. 19: 19. In tlie example just cited the article is given
to the numeral instead of to the nonn, but in "lilSS'CD^r "il^aii the twelve
oxen 1 Kin. 7 : 44, the general rule is observed. In cn3f3~iN insxn Qinb^n
these four children Dan. 1 : 17, the numeral following a definite noun re-
ceives a pronominal suffix referring to it.
Ordinal Numbers, etc.
§252. 1. The ordinal numbers follow the general law
of adjectives in position and agreement with the substantive,
to which they belong, "^iiz? "J? « second son Gen. 30 :7, •^t''??
n-'ffi^bffijn in the third year 1 Kin. 18:1.
2. The lack of ordinals above ten is supplied by using
the cardinals instead, which are then commonly preceded by
the noun in the construct state, S'niri D"^nto? niis the twenty-
seventh year 1 Kin. 16:10, although this order is not always
observed, r\\t nnirrirbtj thirteenth year Gen. 14 : 4.
a. A fuller form of expression is sometimes employed, e. g. raiaa
nia in^ia'::!! n"'obiy iri the thirty-eighth year prop, in the year of thirty-eight
years 1 Kin. 16:29, 2 Kin. 15: 1.
b. In dates the cardinals are used for the day of the month and some-
times for the year, even though the number is below ten; tiie words day
and month are also frequently omitted. 'S'ys rrj the seventh year 2 Kin.
12: 1. "':?'^"nn Tririb !^r3"^N Ihefovrlh (day) of the ninth month Zech. 7: 1,
lyn^TaS in the seventh (month) ver. 5.
3. When the ordinals are used to express fractional parts,
§ 227. 3, they stand before the noun, vnn n-'irbij: the third
of a hin Num. 15:0.
4. Distributive numbers are formed by repeating the car-
dinals, u-:\t D^iic two by tim Gen. 7:9, nynttj nyni^ by
■2S0 SYNTAX. § 253
sevens vcr. 2. The numeral adverbs o?ice, twice, etc., are ex-
pressed by the feiiiinine of the cardinals, nns ofice, D'np
twice 2 Khi. G -. 10, Ps. 02 :12, or by means of the noun
C?B stro/i-e or dcat, D^'crs //^v'c^ Gen. 27 : 3G, c^rj? no
feu times Job 19:3 or D'^'prn */^^5, O"'??'"? ^^^ t/iree times
Ex. 23:14.
a. This use of these nouns has arisen from the method of counting by
beats or tajis willi tlie hand or loot.
Apposition.
§253. When one noun serves to define or to describe
another it may be ])ut in apposition with it. This construc-
tion, of which a more extended use is made in Hebrew than
in occidental languages, may be employed in the following
cases, viz. :
1. When both nouns denote the same person or thing,
-in rjbTzn 2 Sam. G : 16, or less commonly, ^'^^n ^l"? 13 :39
ki/if/ David, "?''2'piC n^'X a woman (who was) a widow
1 Kin. 7 : 14.
2. AVhen the second specifies the first by stating the
mtiterial of which it consists, its quantity, character or the
like, rnrn:n "ij^an the oxen the hra><s i. e. the brazen oxen
2 Kin. 1G:17, nisjb c^ico ic'^o three measures (consisting of)
meal Gen. 18 :G, zyn D^:'ii'"yn^ seven years ioH) famine
2 Sam. 24 : 13, D^'a;' C'^i^ac nrS-^n three tceeks (of) dai/s Dan.
10:3, "isc^ Q^'c; days (which are) a nitmJjer, i. e. such as can
be readily numbered, a few Num. 9 : 20, rii:s n''nrs« words
(which are) truth Pro v. 22 : 21.
a. In this latter rase the closer connection of the construct sta'e
might, with equal propriety, be employed, §251. 4, etc. The Ibllowing
examples will show with what latitude the rule of apposition is occasion-
ally applied. "J'nS C7b wnli-r (which is) ajfliclinn i. c. identified with it or
characterized by it 1 Kin. 22:27. nb'rin •,"': ww' (which \i=,) iuto.riaition
J. e. produces it Ps. 60:5. "rn "ira pastiire-cnllle i. e. those whose charac-
teristic it is that they have been in the pastures 1 Kin. 5:3; btaiing
§254 THE CONSTRUCT STATE AND SUFFIXES. 281
rf^afi "|'i"-.--j.'i the ark viz. the covenant, which was the thing of chief con-
sequence about the ark Josh. 3: 14, a hundred thousand "i^^ cip'X 2 Kin.
3 :4. which is by some understood to laean wool-bearing rains i. e. charac-
terized by the production of wool ; according to others, the first word de-
notes the quantity and the second the material, rams (of) wool i. e. as
niucli as rams \\<xwe^jieeces.
b. Proper nouns, which have no construct state, may be followed by
qualifying nouns in a loose sort of apposition, nn'ini' onb n"^3 Bethlehem
(in) Jiidah 1 Sam. 17:12, compare in English, Princeton. New Jersey;
c-^^ns D"ix^ "lirs Pethor (in) Mesopotamia Deut. 23:5, c-'ruJbB-ra Gath
(of) the Philistines Am. 6:2; the destined possessor of my house is p^J^'n
■'!?"'^?? Damascus (in the person of its citizen) Eliezer Gen. 15:2, ^''h'bx
n1X3^ God (of) Hosts Ps. 80:5, 8, 15, 20; when ciribwS is regarded as an
appellative noun instead of a proper name, this divine title becomes
mxn:!: ir.'bs Ps. 89:9.
The Construct State and Suffixes.
§254. When one noun is limited or restricted in its
meaning by another, the first is put in the construct state ;
if the hmiting word be a personal pronoun it is suffixed to
the noun. The relation thus expressed corresponds, for the
most part, to the occidental genitive or to that denoted in
English by the preposition of. The primary notion of the
grammatical form is simply the juxtaposition of two nouns,
or the union of a noun and a pronoun, to represent the sub-
ordination of one to the other in the expression of a single
idea, §212. The particular relation, which it suggests, is
consequently dependent on the meanings of the words them-
selves, and is in each case that which is most naturally sug-
gested by their combination. Thus, the second noun or the
pronominal suffix may denote
1 . The possessor of that which is represented by the pre-
ceding noun, nih"' bD-tn the temple of Jehovah 1 Sam. 1 : 9,
Dir^iDn their substance Gen. 12 : 5, This eml^races the various
degrees of relationship, nri'n^s-]| son of Abraham Gen.
25 : 12, ^ncx thy wfe Gen. 12 : 5.
2. The it^hole^ of which the preceding word denotes a part,
282 SYNTAX. ^254
r\^y ■»:;■' nsj f/ie poor of thy people Ex. 23 : 11, f-ix-^'iSD: the.
honourable of the earth Isa. 23 : 9.
a. Tlie construct rehition, when tlius employed, imlicates that tlie part
singled out iVoni the wiiole possesses tiie quality referred to in an eminent
degree. The first word is sometimes an abstract noun, T'T'^X T'V\'p the
height of Ills cedars i. e. his highest cedars 2 Km. 19:23. Here too be-
long the superlative expressions. D^'UJ'ij;? lli"ip holy of holies. D"'"i"'Tl"n 1^^
the song (if songs, D^'l^? nas servant of servants, one that is a servant by
way of eminence when compared with all others.
3. An individual of the class denoted by the preceding
noun, thus serving the piu'pose of a more exact de-si f/nation,
rr^'i'Ci fnx the land of Egupt Gen. 41 : 19, nns-nns the river
(of) Euphrates Gen. 15:18, a-'t"i« ""i? cedar trees, 2 Chron.
2:7, :ip?;: r??in worm (of) Jacob Isa. 41 : 14, a-innn iiDSi?
men (who are) merchants 1 Kin. 10 : 15.
4. The material of which the preceding noun is com-
posed, inj DT? a ring of gold Gen. 24:22, fi?""'''^ vessel of
tvood Lev. 11 : 32, D^iyn n-iy the flock of goats Cant. 4:1.
5. The measure of its extent, vahie, duration, etc., ^^n'a
D^'a;' mr5TD a journey of three days Jon. 3 : 3, "i^s bj^ria M<?
weight of a talent 1 Chron. 20 : 2, "isc'a TP w*^;/ of number
i. e. readily numbered, few, Gen. 34 : 30, DJ'S' n-ins* « jf?05-
session of perpetuity Gen. 17:8.
6. An attribute, by wdiich it is characterized, Vn nisa
mighty man of valour Judg. 11:1, "^^S f'i? tree of fruit Gen.
1:11, 'ii'^^jn j^-^ii valley of vision i. e. distinguished as tlie one
where visions are received Isa. 22 : 1, ^^^Oov! "i^^j!^ the flock of
slaughter i.e. which is to be slaughtered Zech. 11 : 4.
a. It will he observed tliat the Hebrew uses nouns to e.xpress many of
the ideas lor which adjectives are employed in other Ian<ruage.s ; thus, in
the examples under Nos. 4, 5. and G, vessel of irood for tconden vessel, posses-
sion of perpehiitij for perpetual possession, viigh/ij man of valour for valiant
inighlij man. fock of slaughter tor gre.r mactauda. This both arises from
and explains the comparative paucity of adjectives in Hebrew: though
even where corresponding adjectives exist the other construction is fre-
quently preferred, ^'"ip ••■^^^ garments of holiness Ex. 28 : 2. p^ifTini
sacrifices of righteousness, lliinp holy and P^'^^ righteous being used with
^254 THE COMSTRUCT STATE AND SUFFIXES. 283
less latitude and with a stricter regard to the ethical idea which they in-
volve. Attributives are frequently formed by prefixing such words as
u:"'5< man^ bra lord^ "ja son, na daughter, to abstract nouns or other sub-
stantives, thus. "1NP1 ^■'X a man of form i. e. comely 1 Sam. 16 : 18, d"X
C'S'^ man of words i. e. eloquent Ex. 4: 10. niTa'bnri bra the possessor of
dreams i. e. dreamer Gen. 37 : 19, Dija^ n3b":J""|2 so7i (f eight days i. e. eight
days old Gen. 17:12, r.'^^""|3 son of death i.e. deserving to die 1 Sam.
20 r.'il, br^ba'^ipa sons of worlhlessness i. e. wicked. Deut. 13 : 14, aiy'i'FiTia
n:r daughter of ninety years i. e. ninety years old Gen. 17 : 17.
6. Occasionally in poetry an adjective instead of agreeing with its sub-
stantive is treated as though it were an abstract noun, "iKisn "ips vessels
of small (capacity) Isa. 22 : 24, N_^a 153 waters of fulness Ps. 73 : in, rr'a-ba
bnjn perhaps every house of great (size), though others render every great
(man's) house Jer. 52:13. So sometimes an adverb. ::"?2 'h^q ftw men
Deut. 26:5, Ti^n t6v continual burnt- offering Num. 28:6, CSn ^7:^ blood
(shed) causelessly 1 Kin. 2:31. crii i-i^ enemies in the day //«/e Ezek.
30: 16, cri^n -(ax dumb stone Hab. 2: 19, or adverbial phrase, anp^a in'bx
a God nigh at hand, pHTTS "irt'sx a God afar off" Jer. 23 : 23.
7. The source from which the preceding noun is derived,
r^r\^ n-iin t/w Imo of Jehovah Ex. 13 : 9, nir^ nsp the hook
of Moses 2 Chron. 25 : 4, ninx nSin sick from love Cant. 2:5.
8. The subject by which an action is performed, or in
which an attribute inheres, •^vH"' ^^0^ the love of God i. e.
exercised by him 1 Kin. 10:9, nia'b© tii2Dn the- wisdom of
Solomon 1 Kin. 5 :10. f
9. The object^ upon which an action is directed, rx"i'^
n^nbws: the fear of God Gen. 20 : 11, Di'^n rbmti the ride of
the day Gen. 1:16.
a. After nouns, which express or imply action, the follotving noun or
suffix denotes tlie subject or the object as the sense or the connection may
demand. '^\rr\ nXjp the zeal of Jehovah, which he feels Isa. 37:32, Di'TNDp
zeal of the people, which is felt for them Isa. 26: 11; D~ip rjr5;t the cry
against Sodom Gen. 18:20, bn-ppr.l^ the cry of the poor Prov. 21:13;
"io^n his wrong i. e. done by him Ps. 7: 17, "'O^n my wrong i. e. done to
me Gen. 16:5; d^'tj-i'^ the way of the sea i.e. leading to it 1 Kin. 18:43,
cra"!^ T|"!'!l the way of Jeroboam i.e. in which he walked 1 Km. 16:26.
6. Active participles are frequently put in the construct state before
their object, ^rs^^ i^a"^^^ restoring the soul Ps. 19:8, Tj^'lJ "^ans loving thy
?2ame Ps. 5 : 12, i?ia ^ita entering the gate Gen. 23:10. So even before
an infinitive which they govern, C^ip *p^2tU^ being early to rise Ps. 127: 2.
Passive participles may be in the construct before the subject of the ac-
tion, C^nbx nap smitten of God Isa. 53:4, iit'X 'ifl?'; born of a woman
2S4 SYNTAX. §255
Job 1 h 1. or hofore the eecondary objoct, if the verb is capable in the
aciivc ot liiiviiitr a tiouble obji'ct. pwTTijn girded with sackcloth Joel 1 : 8,
C^sn wizb clothed with linen Ezek. 9:11. When a noun Ibllovvs the in-
finitive it may be in construction witii it as its subject, ~T\^,'0 X"~3 on the
king''s reading 2 Kin. 5 : 7, iu;"'~'in his driving out Num. 32 : 21. or be gov-
erneii by it as its object. bxsiBU:"N"|ip (o call Samuel 1 Sam. 3:8, nci-."n
to drive them out Deut. 7 : 17.
10. The respect in wliicli a preceding attribute holds, so
that it ans^^'ers the purpose of specif catio7i, C^rETT'sri: V7i-
clcan as to Ujjs Isa. G : 5, ^Ip-'Cp hard hearted Ezek. 3 : 7,
wny2 'b'T^ rent as to garments, 2 Sam. 13 : 31.
a. This answers to what is itnown as the Greek accu.sative. —oSas w/^v's;
the Engli.si\ lias in certain cases adopted tlie Hebrew idiom, so that we
can say swift of foot, blind of an eye, etc.
§255. 1. When the relation between two nouns is ex-
pressed by an intervening preposition, the first commonly
remains in the absolute state : it may, however, particularly
in poetry, be put in the construct, yiabsn '^'Sn mountains in
Gilboa 2 Sam. 1 : 21, U^TQ ""i^^^^ prophets out of their own
heart Ezek. 13:2, ^:3 i~3 according to the abilitg in ns
Neh. 5 : 8.
2. A noun is sometimes ])ut in the construct before a
succeeding clause with which it is closely connected : thus,
before a relative clause, "li^^s Dip's the ptace where, etc.. Gen.
39: 20, "^irx -D-T-by/or the reason that Deut. 22:24, par-
ticularly when the relative is itself omitted, nbirpr-^3 bg the
hand of (him whom) thou wilt send Ex. 4:13, nih^-nn'i njnn
the beginning of (what) Jehovah spake Hos. 1 : 2, or before
the con junction ") and, ^^j) '^^'^'^ icisdom and knowledge Isa.
33 : 0, V^;^ ^^? ^'i^^ drunl-en and not with icine Isa. 51:21.
3. Three, four, or even five nouns are sometimes joined
together in the relation of the construct state, cnhx-n"'n "lirsn
the heads of the houses of their fathers Ex. 6 : 14, "^Dntj lEC'a
b>:n'(D'^""':n the number of the tribes of the children of Israel
Josh. 4 : 5, "^^^x-^r^ '^, -"-■■'IB the fruit of the greatness
of heart of the king of Assgria Isa. 10 : 12.
§ 256 THE CONSTRUCT STATE AND SUFFIXES. 285
a. In a very few instances, only occurring in poetry, two words of like
meaning are united in the construct before the same noun, ui2^ ''.c'n.3 "^"^P,,?.
rivers, brooks of honey Job 20 : 17, wrir-irjin "'I^iaip Ps. 78 : 9, if rendered
as it is by some armed with, shooting the bow, though '^I^'iJlJ may be in con-
struction not with niap but with ""Tsi-i armed ones of those who shoot the
bow, armed bowmen. See Alexander in loc.
§256. When two words are in the construct relation
they must stand in immediate conjunction, and no other
word can be suffered to come between them as it would ob-
scure the sense. Hence an adjective, participle or demon-
strative, qualifying a noun in the construct state, cannot
stand immediately after it, but must be placed after the gov-
erned noun, ^i'l^n nih^ nibs?^ the great work of Jehovah
Judg. 2 : 7, ^^^'^^ ^0? ^T^? ^ great crown of gold Esth.
8:15. So an article or suffix, belonging to a noun in the
construct, must be attached not to it but to the governed
noun, ^"pnr; ■'niaa the mighty men of valour Josh. 1 : 14, ''l?'^^^?
iinr Ms idols of gold Isa. 2:20, ''izJ^l? °°'?? '^^^H ^^^^^ o/ holv
ness i. e. my holy name Lev. 20 : 3.
a. When the governing and the governed noun are of the same gender
and number it may be doubtful to which of them the following adjective
is to be referred, thus bi"i:.n rs^. "'fix Gen. 10:21 may either mean the
elder brother of Japheth or the brother of Japheth the elder.
b. In a very few instances, only occurring in poetry, a noun with a suf-
fix stands in the construct belbre a following word, nrlili^ rj"'rih3"ia thy
chariots of salvation Hah. 3:8. iv^'OTi'O my refuge of strength Ps. 71 : 7,
nsT T)3"iT! thy way of lewdness Ezek. 16 : 27, though these are rather to be
regarded as instances of apposition in the wide sense. §253. 2. Nouns in
the construct occasionally receive the article, §246. 3. a.
c. In the following passages a brief word intervenes between b's,
which, though properly a noun signifying totality, is in usage equivalent
to a pronominal adjective all. every, and the noun which it governs,
i^'J Nibn-bs take away all iniqvity Hos. 14 : 3, so 2 Sam. 1 : 9, Job 27 : 3,
and perhaps Isa. 38 : 16; but see Alexander in loc. Like the Greek ttSs,
when followed by a definite noun bs means the whole or all, cyfi-bs all
the people, yixn-bs the whole earth, when followed by an indefinite noun
every, n'^2~b3 every house; though here as elsewhere the poets may omit
the article, which would be necessary in prose, li"N""b3 the whole head
Isa. 1:5. Connected with a negative adverb it forms a universal nega-
tion wo, or if the words be rendered separately our idiom requires us to
translate bb by any, ilbS'^,"J<b nbxbis'iis no wor-k shall be done Ex. 12 : 16,
2SG SYNTAX. §257,258
Cnp|-;3 *px there is no new thing Eccl. 1 : 0. ni^x-lj^ Vzr^ sib np.ither can
any god 2 Cliron. 32 : 15. Comp. ou SiKaitxiSi'ia-eTai Trucra adp$ Rom. 3 : 20.
(/. Ho piirijiroiric may be altaclied to a noun in the construct state,
Cioo nnnT^ tuuxird the rising of the sun Dent. 4 : 41, Gen. 24 : G7.
§257. The preposition b fo, helovging to, with or with-
out a preceding relative pronoun, may be substituted for the
construct relation in its possessive sense, Tpk'^^, '^%^, 1^^^^
her father s sheep prop, the sheep which belonged to her father
Gen. 29 : 9, comp. Drpni< i^i Gen. 37 : 12, yo-'bsb n^nn the
house of FJisha 2 Kin. 5 : 9, comp. Latin pater mihi. This
is particularly the case
1. When the first noun is omitted "li'ib (a psalm) of
David Ps. 11:1, Dyi'^n^l? T-^^ Amnon (son) of Ahinoam
2 Sam. 3 : 2.
2. AVhen the first noun is indefinite and the second
definite, "^i?":^ 1? a son of Jesse 1 Sam. 16:18 C^ir^"]^ 2 Sam.
20 : 1 is the son of Jesse, § 246. 3), D'^n^rin ntb 'in? a servant
of the captain of the guard Gen. 41 : 12.
a. Hence the frequent use of \ {Lamedh auctoris) in the titles of the
Psalms and other compositions, li^b "'I'^TTa a psalm of David i. e. belong-
ing to him as its author, p^p^rb n^stn a 'prayer of Habakkuk.
3. When the first noun is accompanied by a numeral
adjective, especially in dates, ©"inb oi^ nibr-mrTsn the fifteenth
dag of the month 1 Kin. 12 : 32, n"?^? tr^ip'^^nv! nbira in the
ffih gear of the king 1 Kin. 14 : 25, xcsb cbo rira in the
third year of Asa 1 Kin. 15 : 33.
4. When several genitives are connected together, "ieo
ni^rr' ''bb-ab ^^^'^t\ ■^'nn'i the book of the Chronicles of the kings
ofJudah 1 Kin. 15:23.
The Predicate.
§258. 1. The predicate of a sentence, if a substantive,
adjective, or pronoun, may be connected with its subject
without an intervening copula, their mutual relation being
§259 THE PREDICATE. 287
suiRciently suggested by simply placing them together,
m^TS n^nin-^nps all her paths (are) peace Prov. 3:17, n"D
fyn the tree (was) (jood Gen. 3 : G, Xh^ ~t ^'^"'^ (is) ^/^^ ^'^ay
Isa. 30:21.
2. Or the pronoun 55in of the third person may be used
as a copula, tr^s X'n ^S'"^3nn "insn the fourth river is Eu-
phrates prop, it (is) Euphrates Gen. 2 : 14, r.^&? n^rrn'a
?^//«if «/•<? these ? Zech. 4:5, "'Sb'a Nirrnnx thou art my H?i^
Ps. 44 : 5, nn a^'a^T2? !i^2J?r! n^iypxn ^/^^^^ ^ze;x are peaceable
Gen. 34:21.
3. Or the verb n^n /o be may be employed for a like
purpose, particularly if the idea of past or future time is in-
volved, ^nn nri'n f"i5jn the earth was desolate Gen. 1 : 2,
miLnh ^i^n "ij^an //^^ Ocve^i loere ploughing Job 1 : 14.
a. Verbs which denote some modification of being are sometimes em-
ployed in the same way; tlius, his eyas niriD l^nn began (to be) dim
1 Sam. 3:2; riinxn ^■^k ni' bn'> a?zf/ A^ooTi 6e5-a?i (to be) a husbcmdman
Gen. 9: 20; '^'''■^ T^'Sinns 1/5/46?* //io!< ceasest spoiling Isa. 33 : 1, the hair
'rb T)2n /i</s turned white Lev. 13:3; so to be called, to be esteemed, etc.
6. Simple existence or non-existence is predicated by means of the
particles 'O^ and T^X , the latter of which retains its absolute form when
following the noun, but takes the construct form ■pX wbpn it precedes the
noun either immediately or separated from it by intervening Avords, bx5 'c''^
there is a kinsman Ruth 3 : 12, ■ix cnx there was not a man Gen. 2 : 5,
Tj^'? "N there was no king in Israel Judg. 21 : 25. These particles may
also be used as copulas with the personal pronouns, when the predicate is
a participle, n^t'TS t]3-'J< thou art not letting go Ex. 8 : 17, Siaia WS'i thou
art saving Judg. 6 : 36.
§ 259. 1. A noun in the predicate may receive the same
adjuncts as in the subject, § 244.
2. Adjectives and demonstrative pronouns in the predi-
cate agree vith the nouns to which they relate in gender and
number, but differ from qualifying adjectives and demonstra-
tives, § 249, in standing before the noun and in not receiv-
ing the article, though the noun be definite, 'li'^n nrj the
word is good Dent. 1 : 14, 1"''S2n"i Q^in his mercies are great
1 Chron. 21 : 13, D^isi^n ni^bin nbt? these are the genera-
tions of the heavens Gen. 2 : 4.
2SS SYNTAX. ^ 2C0
a. A prodicatc adjective may also, though less rrcquently, stand afier
the noun, nr^ '^1'~,ir? the damsel teas fair 1 Kin. 1:4, S<"r7n "('"Xn rnn
Sia a7*(i the gold of that land is good Gen. 2 : 12.
b. If the .'■■ense require the predicate to he made definite, it will receive
the article, '^S'lrn "^d mij mouth is the (one) speaking Gen. 45 : 12.
Comparison of Adjectives.
§260. 1. Adjectives have no distinct form for the com-
parative or superlative. Comparison is expressed by means
of the preposition \i2from pLiced after the adjective, nii"j
ci^iE'a ~:czn wisdom is better than rubies prop, is good from
rubies, differs from them and by imphcation is superior to
them in point of goodness, Prov. 8:11; "'lizy nriN pi^s
thou art more righteous than I, 1 Sam. 24 : 17.
2. The superlative degree may be expressed
(1.) By adding ^i) all to the comparative particle "j^,
C'^]^""'.:n-bsT2 b-na great from all the sons of the east i. e. the
greatest of all, etc.. Job 1 : 3.
(2.) By an enn)hat!c use of the positive, so as to imply
the possession of the attribute in an eminent degree, T':!! "jibip
the least of his sons prop, the little (one) 2 Chron. 21 : 17,
D'^rsn r.t;^! 0 fairest among ivomen Cant. 1:8, 'j'biJn the
least, bi-ian the greatest 1 Chron. 12:14, ch":!; the best of
them I\Iic. 7:4.
a. When the predicate is a verb instead of an adjective, comparison
may be expressed in the same manner. TiS"3 i^SN / will be greater than
thou \irop. great from thee Gen. 4 1 : 40, cnxn-";3i3 chri'^'and he iras the
wisest of all men 1 Kin. 5:11. In a Caw passajres, chioHy or.rurring in the
booii of Efflesiastes. comparison is made by means of the adverb "iri^
more, ir"" TX "'2S "'ri'isri / vus then more wise Eccl. 2:15.
b. The construclioB with "I'C may also be used to denote excess, bl'ta
Ni'i':^ •'ii?. mij iniquity is too great to be forgiven prop, greater than (it is
possil)le) to forgive Gen. 4: 13, h^'B'O ar^a ton little for thee Job 15: 11.
c. A comparative sense is commonly ascribed to *i^ in the following
passages, in which an adjective, suggested by the context, must be supplied,
nbiors'a — i;|' the 71 pright (is aliarpcr) than a thorn-hrdge 'M'lc. 7 :i, ^^^^
k'ss than nothing Isa. AOmt, 41:24, Ps. 62:10. Isa. H^: 10, Jol) 11 : 17; in
some of these cases, however, '{^ may have liie sense of from or of and
denote that from which any thing is derived or of whi h it forms a part.
^261,262 the primary tenses. 289
Verbs.
•
^261. 1. The doctrine of the Hebrew tenses rests upon
a conception of time radically different from that which pre-
vails in our own and in other Indo-European languages.
Time is conceived of, not as distributed into three portions,
viz. : past, present, and future, but as consisting of the past
and future only. The present is, in this view, an inappreciable
moment, without extension or cognizable existence, the mere
point of contact between two boundless periods of duration,
or the instant of transition from one to the other, and, as
such, not entitled to be represented by a distinct verbal form.
Every action or state of being is accordingly viewed as be-
longing to the past or to the future ; and such as do not
belong exclusively to one, may be referred indifferently to
either.
2. Within these two grand divisions of time no account
is made of those minuter distinctions, in the expression of
which we are accustomed to employ such a variety of tenses,
nor of those modal differences which are with us indicated
by the indicative, subjunctive, and potential, except to that
limited, extent to which these may be regarded as covered by
the paragogic and apocopated futures, §204. Whatever is,
or is conceived of as past, must be put in the preterite ; the
future is used for all that is, or is conceived of as future,
wdiile all subordinate modifications or shades of meaning
are either suggested by accompanying particles, or, without
being precisely indicated, are left to be inferred from the
connection.
The Primary Tenses.
§ 262. The preterite is accordingly used of
1 . The past, whether our idiom would require the abso-
19
290 SYNTAX. §262
lute past tense, i. c. the historical imperfect, in the heginning
God Nna created, etc., Gen. 1:1, God "E? tempted Abraham
Gen. 22 : 1 ; or one of the relative tenses, viz. the past viewed
in relation to the present, i. e. the perfect, what is this that
Tj^kl! thou hast done Gen. 3:13, thee ""'Ti?"^ have I seen right-
eous Gen. 7:1; the ])ast in relation to another past, i. e. the
pluperfect, God ended his work which S^ibr he had made Gen.
2:2; and the// did so as the Lord n^i: had commanded Ex.
7:10; or the past in relation to a future, i. e. the futiu-e
perfect, tohen the Lord fTy) shall have loashed away, etc., Isa.
4 : 4, until the time that she which travaileth n^^^ •S'^^ft^'^ have
brought forth Mic. 5:2; or a conditional mood, except the
Lord of hosts had left unto us a very small remnant 'i:''?n we
should have been as Sodom Isa. 1:9,/ would there were a
sioord in mine hand, for now ^"'H^'in L ivoidd have killed thee
Num. 22 : 29 ; or an optative, denoting something which was
to have been desired but which nevertheless did not occur,
^'.rftr-b 0 that loe had died Num. 14:2, ^'ODn -b 0 that they
had been wise that they (fut.) woidd consider this Deut.
32 : 29, or a subjunctive (the Jordan was dried up), that
un^y^ ye might fear the Lord, at that time and thencefor-
ward/br^rer Josh. 4 : 24.
a. In all these cases the verbal form merely expresses in the general
tliat the action belongs to the past, but whether this is to be taken abso-
lutely, relatively, or conditionally, must be learned from the circumstances
of the case or from accotni)aiiyiiig words. The proper English imperfect
is expressed in Hebrew not by the preterite but by the participle. S^""' Nin")
and he (was) silting Gen. IS: 1, §26(3. 3.
6. In promises, contracts, etc., the preterite is sometimes employed,
where we nii«rht have expected the future, because the inward act or pur-
pose is intended rather than its outward execution, 7intn thy seed "'Hrj /
have giren this land Gen. 1.5 : 18. the grant was made though they were
not yet put in possession; accordingly, when the latter idea is prominent,
the future is used of the same trtxnsaction. itnfn thy sepd "iPS / vrill give
this land Gen. 12: 7, 26 : 3. Comp. Gen. 4 : 11, 23: 11, 13.
2. The present, regarded as the continuntifin or natural
■sequence of a pre-existing action or condition. Anytliing
§262 THE PRIMARY TENSES. 291
begun in the past and continued in the present may be con-
sidered to belong to the past and accordingly spoken of in
the preterite, give -me a little ivater for "^n^^ / ayn thirstij
Judg. 4:19 prop. I have been thirsty and (it is implied) I
am so still ; the earth •^JJf'Q is fall of violence prop, has been
and still \s,fidl Gen. 6:13; 7iow "^ri^i^ / know that Jehovah
is the greatest of all the gods Ex. 18:11, prop. I have known,
the knowledge being in fact contemporaneous with the in-
formation upon which it was based. Comp. in Latin novi,
memini, odi,
a. It is comparatively a matter of indifference whether the preterite
or the future be used to designate the present. That which now exists
may either be regarded as continued from the past or as perpetuated in the
future ; and as it is contemplated under one or the other of these aspects,
will the tense be determined accordingly. Thus, the question whence come
ye is in Gen. 42:7 crxa ')";x^ whence have ye come, but in Josh. 9:8
5ixhpi I'l'X^ whence are ye coming or will ye come ; because, in the former
instance, the past action of coming is uppermost in the mind of the speaker,
and in the latter tliis action is regarded as having not yet ceased.
3. Permanent facts or general truths ; these, though true
for all time, are gathered from experience and observation,
and hence may be appropriately referred to the past, an ox
'Sy^ knoweth his owner Isa. 1 : 3, oxen always have done so
and it is implied that they always will; the Lord 'dr\^. pitieth
them that fear him Ps. 103 : 13.
a. The future is used m this case with the same frequency and pro-
priety as the preterite, An ox will know his owner expresses the same
general truth as an ox has knovm his oumer ; only in the former case at-
tention is chiefly drawn to its future, and in the latter to Us past realiza-
tions, §263. 3.
4. The future, when viewed as past; the prophets, in
their inspired descriptions of events which had not yet come
to pass, often transport themselves to the time when they
shall have been accomplished : and," surveying the future from
this ideal point of view, they give to their predictions the
form of a recital of what has already taken place, Babylon
292 SYNTAX. § 263
n'^r: has fallen Isa. 21:9, he KC2 haih home our griefs Isa.
53 : 4,/6'r / "^PBibn have made Esau hare Jer. 49 : 10.
a. The counterpart of this prophetic preterite is the use of the
future in vivid descriptions of tlie past, in which tlie writer appears, in
imagination, to live over again what has already taken phice, §2(33. 5.
§ 263. The future is used in speaking of
1 . The future, whether absolutely, ^t>"sj. / idll make of
thee a great nation Gen. 12 : 2, or relatively to something in
the past, he took his eldest son ivho ?f'5^'' v'as to reign 2 Kin.
3: 27, Elisha was fallen sick of his sickness ichcreof r^'o;' he
was to die 2 Kin. 13:14; or conditionally, (would that I
had died) for I would have lain down (pret.) and tJ'ipTrjt
icould he at rest Job 3:13; hut (if it were my case) / tC'^."^c
would seek unto God Job 5:8; or optatively in the various
grades of desire, determination, permission, or command^ so
inisji mag all thine enemies perish Judg. 5:31; 0 that mg
grief 'p'l^'!' might he weighed Job 6 :2; all that thou corn-
man dest us •^i^?!^ we will do Josh. 1 : 16; deeds that '^t'S\
ought not to be done Gen. 20 : 9 ; of the fruit of the trees of
the garden ^3X3 tee mag eat Gen. 3 : 2, ^^Dsn x^ ge shall not
eat ver. 3, mine ordinances ^'i'DTSn ge shall keep Lev. 18:4;
or snbjimctively, especially after conjunctions signifying that,
in order that, lest, etc., (bring the venison) '^9')3n "j^rb in
order that mg soul mag hless thee Gen, 27 : 25, against thee
have I sinned that p'^^r* thou mightest he justified Ps. 51 :6.
a. Wlu-n employed in rcquosts. the future is frequently accompanied
by the particle X3 . thus. X3 — 3"';' lei thy smrant .^jitak. 1 pray thee Gen.
44: IS. xi'i'C^'i let the wickedness of the wicked cease, I P'oy Ps. 7: 10.
b. The future is idiomatically used with D")l: and Cjwl: not yet, before,
whcflier th<! period referred to is past or future, the time denoted hy the
particle being antecc^knlt to the action of the verb. Thus, referring to the
past, / ate of all X":3n C"ii:3 before thou earnest Gen. 27: 33. the lamp of
God. .1237 c-i: had vol ijet gone out 1 Sam. 3:4; to the future, that viy
soul way bless thee riirx 003 bifore I die Gen. 27 : 4. ''N'7~"' C"^i: bifore
they call. I will answer Isa. 6-5:24. There are three e.xaniph'.s ol" the use
of tlu^ preterite uith tlie.se particles, the reference being to past time,
1 Sam. 3 : 7, Ps. 90 : 2, Prov. 8 : 25.
^ 263 THE PRIMARY TENSES. 293
2. The present, wlien it is conceived of as extending
into tlie futui'e, comfort my people "lisii"' saith your God Isa.
40 : 1, the divine utterance though begun is not yet finished ;
^•^n i^Sn do ye not know? ver. 21, are you ignorant, and
is this ignorance to continue? why ''S^n loeepest thou?
1 Sam. 1:8.
3. General truths or permanent facts, when the attention
is directed to their vahdity for all time to come, riyhfeousRess
"nhrMPi ed'altet/i a ?iafioji Prov. 14:34, it does so now and
always will ; a soil ^33^ hououreth lus father IVIal. 1 : G.
4. Constant or habitual acts or states viewed as con-
tinuing for an indefinite period from the time spoken of,
even though they may have ceased at the time of speaking,
and so belong entirely to the past, a mist '^'^.^^ used to yo up
from the earth Gen. 2 : G, i. e. not only at the moment of time
previously referred to but from that onward ; thus Job ^^i^v"^^
did continualty Job 1:5; the dauyhters of Israel rispSpi icere
in the habit of yoiny from time to time Judg. 11 : 40 ; so Gen.
29 : 2, Ex. 13 : 22, Num. 11 : 5, 1 Sam. 2 : 19.
5. The past, when the speaker or writer assumes an ideal
point of vision prior to its occurrence, and so regards it as
future. Thus, a historian in animated description, as we
might use the present, "ic'Q'iiTlJ;' TS then sinys Moses Ex.
15:1, Balak ^i^yi briny s me from Aram Num. 23 : 7 ; or a
poet, who lives in the midst of that of which he sings, 'lis"'
*ii ^bjys ai"^ let the day pjerish on which I am to be born Job
3 : 3, where the speaker, by a bold figure, places himself be-
fore his birth, and prays that the day which was to give him
existence might be annihilated, so that he might be saved
from the misery of living ; n^iDi? nnn'a i?5 nisb lohy 'juay I
not die from the iDomb ? ver. 11, where his position is shifted
to the time immediately after his birth ; "^^^ '^'^TVf ^"''^'^"' ^^
makes known his icays unto Moses Ps. 103 : 7.
a. The intermingling of different tenses in relation to the eame sub-
ject, whicli is so frequent in poetry, foreign as it may be to our modes of
294 SYNTAX. ^2G4, 2Gj
thought, does not.justify the conclusion that they are used promiscuouply
or without regard to their distinctive signification. Tiius the preterite
and the future are frequently combined in order to give greater enipliasis
and comi)ass to the statement n»ade, by asserting it at once of both tiie
grand iJivisions of time, the wicked wfw ^:fl'nd have wasted me. my deudlij
enemies lE'^I^T will surround, me Ps. ll:9.Jjre >^^r^ devoured before them,
and after them ajiame -r.bn shall consume Joel 2:3. Or the w^riter may
place himself in the njidsL of an event, aiid regard part as having already
taken place and part as yet to be performed; thus, in E.\. 15:14. 15. the
nalicms ^iJ'^a-j hace heard 'flTJ"!"? they wilt be afraid; pangs ins have
seized upon the inhabitants of Philistia ; then the dukes of Edont '^^.23
were troubled, the mighty men of Moab trembling i^Tn^XI' shall seize them^
all the inhabitants of Canaan ^iJ-J have melted. Or a verb may be put in
the future to show tfiat the action which it denotes, though in re:ility past,
is subst;qncnf to. or a consequence of a preceding preterite, they were both
naked sircar^ s'?! and were not ashamed Gen. 2:25. Deut. 2: 12.
^ 2G4. The apocopated and paragogic forms of the future
are mostly used in their respective persons, § 97, to express
its optative, conditional, or subjunctive senses, §2G3. 1. The
negative imperative is made by prefixing -i? not to the apoco-
pated future, ^:?^P"':5S harm not Ps. 105 : 15 ; ^>']n iib would
mean i/ou shall not harm.
a. These modified forms of llie future, although they give a more di.s-
tinct expression to the modal senses just indicated, are not essential to that
end, since ilie same sliades of meaning may be and often are suggested
by the eimple future. Instances are more rare, and only found in poetry,
in which the apocopated or paragogic forms are used, when simple futurity
is intended. Job 1 3 : 27. 24 1 25. •
The Secondary Tenses.
^ 2G5. The secondary tenses agree in signification with
their respective primaries. The future with Vav conversive,
forming a secondary ])retcrite, § 99. 1, has the same variety of
senses with the primary or i)roper preterite, and is in fact a
simple substitute for it. In like manner, the secondary
future or the preterite with Vav conversive, §100. 1, is a
substitute for the primary future. A narrative or a para-
grnpli, which begins with one of the primary tenses, is
mostly continued by means of the corresponding secondary
§2G5 • THE SECONDARY TENSES. 295
tense, provided the verb stands at the beginnmg of its clause,
so that it can be attached to the conjunction, which is an
essential part of the secondary formation. If, for any reason,
tiiis order of the words is interrupted or prevented, the
primary tense must again be used. Thus, Gen. 22 : 1, God
"ED tcmjjted Abraham "i^^^'^l and said . . . 't^n^'I and Ue said. . .
ver. 3, D5t^;;i a/id he rose uj) early . . . ■i2?in^_n a?id saddled . . .
M^^T a/id took . . . S^^ni"] and clave . . . Dj^jii and rose uj) ^'?!]
aiid tvent unto the place iS"i72N""nL'N of which God had told
him. Gen. 17:5, thy name i«nj?"^"i?b shall not he called Ahram
ni'n'i aiLd it shall he . . . ver. 6, ''ri'risnn and I will make thee
fruitful . . . ^"'innai a7id I will make nations of thee D"'i^^^
isi';' ^ITais and kings shall come out of thee.
a. The future with Vav conversive describes an act subsequent to or
contemporary with the time denoted by the words with which it is con-
nected. It can, therelbre, only relate to the past wlieil it is preceded by
a preterite with a past signification, or by some other word or phrase which
refers to past time, in the year of king Uzziah^s death !^5<~i<^ (^and) I saw
Isa. 6: 1. But if it be preceded by a future tense, it has a future significa-
tion, pnb';! he shall deride every stronghold "^3S^|; and shall heap up earth
nnsb'^ and take it Hab. 1:10. who rCh'S.1 shall do evil . . . li?,;!!! T^^},^ and
shall go and serve other gods Deut. 17:2, 3; unless a pause intervenes in
which a preterite is to be supplied, as in Hab. 2: 1, 2. / will walch to see
what he will say to me . . . n*h"' '^iit';!!] and (after I had thus watched) the
Lord answered me. The future witl; Vav conversive occurs in a preterite-
sense at the beginning of certain books, because they were regarded by
their authors as supplements or continuations of preceding histories. "'•"I'^l
And it came to pass Josh. 1 : 1, Judg. 1 : 1, 1 Sam. 1 : I, etc., etc.
b. The preterite_with Vav has a future signification only after a future
tense or an expression suggestive of futurity, e. g. in thy disfiess T]>in^T3!1
when there shall come vpon thee all these things Deut 4:30; or as the
initial word of a prophecy, which is regarded as linked with other dis-
closures of the future previously made, iT^ni and it shall come to pass
Isa. 2:2. After an imperative it commonly has an imperative sense, this
being one of the significations of the future, §263. 1, go unto Pharaoh
l^TTiNi and say to him prop. and. thoii shall say Ex. 7:26. When a
preterite precedes, the Vav is not conversive. thy servant was keeping his
father^s sheep xil and. there came . . . N'i:^ and. took . . . "^rx^*;! avd. I wetit
OT«f . . . T^rsni and smote him. etc., 1 Sam, 17:34, 35, unless it involves a
reference to what is to take place hereafter, / have blessed him (the
blessing is of course prospective), '^ri"'']Dnn and J will make him fruitful^
•'n'^a-ini and I will multiply him Gen, 17 : 20.
29G SYNTAX. § 266
Participles.
^2GG. The participles being properly verbal nouns, do
not in strictness involve any definite notion of time, and the
connection must decide whether they are to be referred to
the past, present, or future, thus ^?: means faUui(/ Num.
24 : ^.fallen Judg. 4:22, or ahoat to fall Jer. 37:14. Their
principal uses are the following, viz. :
1 . They express what is permanent or habitual, ^ 1 86. 2. <at,
(the Lord) ins? loveth ri^Jiteousness and justice Ps. 33 : 5, a;
generation ^!?n goeth, and a generation K3 cometh, and the
earth ^'~pp ahideth for ever Eccles. 1 : 4. Passive participles
so used suggest not only a constant experience of what is
denoted by the verb, but in addition a permanent quality as
the ground of it, Nni3 not only feared but icorttiy to he
feared, '^j'TO worthy to he praised, ^^n: desirahle.
2. When a particular time is intended the active partici-
ples most commonly relate to the present or to the proximate
future, and passive participles to the past, rii<;h nns-n'a ichat
seest thou.'' Jer. 1:11, N'^nip i::n behold, I am about to bring
the food Gen. 6:17, 1^3 giving "jVip given, S'^C^ restoring
sici'a restored.
a. Tlu; active participles of neuter verbs, which have no passive (brms,
are used in bolii a past and a present sense, VO dying and dtiicl, ^Z'i fall-
ing and falle)i ; this is less Irequentiy the case wilii active verbs, who then
is he T':J"^2^ thai halh hunted venison Gen. 27:33; these are the gods
z^3'3ri tluit smote Egi/pt 1 Sam. 4:8. Participles of passive form hut
active sense arc orchnarily useil of the present or i)roxinuite future. cnbD
fghting.
3. In narrations and predictions the time of the partici-
ples is reckoned not from the moment of speaking but from
the period spoken of, the t/ro angels came . . . 2X2'^ &^'\ and
Lot (was) sitting in the gate of Sodom Gen. 19:1; he spake
to his sons-i?i-laio '^''^-2 "^np'b who (were) to marrg his da/igh-
ters ver. 14 ; he came to Shiloh . . . C"'y"^p V'h'Q^^ with his clothes
§ 2G7 INFINITIVE. 297
rent \ Sam. 4:12; thou shalt meet a comjjciny of j)ropliets
D""!"!""^ coming down 1 Sam. 10:5; they shall declare his
righteousness unto a people ^pis (who shall then be) horn Ps.
22:32, 102:19, Judg. 13:8.
a. The period to which a participle is to be referred is sometimes de-
termined by connectingr with it the past or future tense of the substantive
verb, Muses fi'J^ n^n was keeping the Jiock of Jethro Ex. 3:1, his throne
*,iD3 Ti'^t]'^^ shall be established for ever 1 Chron. 17:4.
Infinitive.
§ 267. The infinitive is an abstract verbal noun, and, like
the participles, partakes of the character both of a noun and
a verb. As a noun it may be the subject of a proposition,
§ 242, or it may be governed by a verb, noun, or preposition ;
it may also be put in the construct state before a noun de-
noting either its subject or its object.
a. The Infinitive as a subject: Ci'xsi rwi ninn "i^hy) nlix (there is)
cursing and lying and killing and stealing and committing adultery Hos.
4:2, u2SiiJ'2 niu3?. to do justice (is) a joy to the righteous Prov. 21 : 15.
6. TJie construct infinitive is used after verbs, nouns, and prepositions,
and when governed by a verb or noun it is usually though not invariably
preceded as in EngHsh by the preposition h to, is cnfenb hz^^ 1 shall be
able to Jight with him Num. 22:11, rnib rii-T rii^b ry a time to be born
and a time to die Eccl. 3:2; h is seldom omitted in prose but often in
poetry, / knoio not (how) !S3l rxi to go out and to come in 1 Kin. 3:7,
D^Sn p;j<a thou hast refused to be ashamed Jer. 3 : 3, n^p-) nri niED rs; a
time to mourn and, a time to dance Eccles. 3 : 4, "i") J' D"''7''rS' ready to rouse
leviathan Job 3:8. Various prepositions may precede the infinitive, as b
/o, a in. 3 like, at, 'V from, 1? until, hy upon, "?'?^ in order to, 'y^ be-
cause of, "^ssb before, etc.
c. The absolute infinitive is rarely governed by a verb. -li^n ^n^b
learn to do well. "f^Ton ^nil^S redress wrong Isa. 1 : 17, until he k7wu's
DiXTO to refuse the evil. ^inr;!i and to choose the good. 7 : 15. I'^i";"]^ 1^^"!!^'":
T('^5n and (hey would not walk in his ways, 42 : 24, thou wilt make us off-
scouring CiXTSil and refuse Lam. 3:45.
d. The infinitive in the construct before its subject. DX'^artS in their
being created, i. e. when they were created; in the day ^"^hhit. nih^ rics
of the Lord God's making earth and hearen Gen. 2:4; there was no wafer
nrrj r'ri'rb ybr the drinking of the people Ex. 17: 1 ; "'P^w'T and my dwelling
2dS SYNTAX. § 268, 2G9
(shall be) i. c. I shall dvfll Ps. 23:0. Bcrore its object, -irn-^rc rxb the
accepting of the person of the wicked Prov. 18:5. PinSTH to yield its
strength Gen. 4:12.
§ 2GS. The absolute infinitive, expressing as it docs the
abstract idea of tlic verb irrespective of tense, number, or
person, may be used instead of any of the finite forms of the
verb, when the sense is duly qualified by the Qontext. Thus,
it may take the place of
1. The preterite or the future, when one of those tenses
immediately precedes, ^ypni'i a)id they blew ihe iruwpets
y'^ii}') and brake the fjitchers prop, (there was) a breaking of
the pitchers Judg. 7:19; all this ^3b-ni5 -j-nn ^n-'sn / have
seen and applied my heart Eccl. 8:9; ^:p? thcj/ shall buy
fields for money ^'iri?^ and tcrite the papers n"nrii and seal
(them) l^ni and take witnesses Jer. 32 : 44.
a. This rarely occur.'^ when no verb precedes in the same sentence.
^'is'^ I'lTl-c;' "in (shiill) the faitll-fiiider contend with the Almighty Job
40 : 2. -v!:."i Nii£-i rt'nn the living creatures ran and returned Ezek. 1 : 14,
■'rx nid I praised Red. A -.2.
2. The imperative, when it stands at the beginning of
a sentence, ^iir remember the sabbath-day prop, (let there
be) a remembering Ex. 20 : 8, ^')^y\ ^"*n yo and say
2 Sam. 24:12.
§ 2G9. The dependence of one verb upon another is
most distinctly expressed by putting the second verb in the
infinitive. The second verb may, however, be in form co-
ordinated Avitli the first by being put in the same or an
cfiuivalent tense with or without a copidativc, the true rela-
tion between the verbs being left to be inferred from their
obvious signification, ^^n b-^xin he tras icilling, walked i. e.
lie teas icilliiiy to walk or walked willinyly IIos. 5:11,
D'bT'S? "r^ Ci"^b"S ^5 / will no more add to pity i. e. will not
again pity llos. 1 : G, ^?n zr'zt'Q being early to go or going
early llos. G : f, hoio "^P^sni biis shall I endure and see i. e.
endure to see Esth. 8:6.
^ 270 OBJECT OF VERBS. 299
a. This co-ordination most frequently occurs when the second verb ex-
presses the principal idea and the first simply quahfies it. so that the latter
miffiit be rendered by an adverb. Tliough even in this case the second
verb is often put in the infinitive, n^ii ^{o;^-} Gen. 8: 10 and he added to
se)id or nlsc"'] 7^6^ 1 Sam. 19: 21 and he added and sent for he ment again.
b. In the following instances the verbs thus co-ordinated have diiferent
subjects. i3"ns3 ^i^lX I shall be able, we shall smile him i. e. I^ shall with
your aid be able to smite him, Num. 22:6, T)^'1^<"?P^ ^S^pin K^ thou shall
not add IhPij shall call thee i. e. thou shalt no more be called by them, Isa.
47: 1, 5; or are in different tenses, nbx ^rfJ^i sib I kiww not (how) /shall
fatter i. e. how to flatter, Job 32:22'; O thai '".nx^Taxi •'P;-h; / knew and
might Jind him i. e. how to find him, Job 23 i 3.
Object op Verbs.
^270. The object of a transitive verb ordinarily stands
after both the verb and its subject, and if it is an indefinite
noun is distinguished simply by its position or by its rela-
tion to the verb as determined by its meaning ; if a definite
noun, or a demonstrative, relative, or interrogative pronoun,
it may, at the pleasure of the writer, be further distinguished'
by prefixing to it ns the sign of the definite object ; if a
personal pronoun, it is suffixed either to nx or to the govern-
ing verb.
a. Considerable liberty is allowed in respect to the position of words,
particularly in poetry ; although, according to the natural order in Hebrew,
the verb stands first, its subject next, and its object last, nk dTi'^N X-^a
fiim God created the heavens Gen. 1 : 1, this is liable to any alteration
that emphasis may require: the subject may precede the verb, and the ob-
ject may stand between them or beibre them both.
b. A noun, which is the direct object of a verb, may receive PS,
whether it is definite by signification, as a proper noun, God tempted
nn-i3i<-rx Abraham Gen. 22:1, or is made so by the article. God saw
-ixn-ns the light Gen. 1 : 4, a pronominal suffix, take, noxo, in3-i3'nx wy
blessi)ig Gen. 33:11, or construction with a definite noun, Jacob called
cipan cib-nx the name (f the place Gen. 35:15. The particle nx is not
essentia! in any of these cases and is often omitted, particularly in poetry.
If several definite nouns are connected together as the object of a verb,
or if a verb has more than one definite object, nx may be repeated before
each of them, / have given nxin ir-jxn-rx this land .. .^'ri^-'-^n-^^. the
Kenite "^-Titsn-rxi and the Kenizzite, etc., etc., Gen. 15: 18-21 ; they stripped
ClDT'-nx Jose/)/j, 'iri?n2-rx of his coat ciBsn n:n3-nx the full-length coat
300 SYNTAX. ^27i
Gen. 37: 23; or it mny stand boforc a part of tlicm n;,ly. D(Mit. 12:6. or it
niiiy be omititd allo^ctlier, Ueiit. 11:14. In a very tew instances the
article is dropped alter rx , which of itself indicates the tlefiniteness of tlie
noun, he reartd up for li i mself rzk-c-ni< the pillar 2 Sam. 18:18; and
carver stt^nglhened Ti'^iiTN gilder Isa. 41:7, where the omission of the
article is poelic. §247.
c. Pronouns with PX : fiT"^^ ^^"-^ V- shall eat Lev. 11:9; put f^3"Pi<
this (fellow) in the jirison I Kin. 22:27; ""I'^IN nx whom they hare cast
into the prison Jer. 38:9; he knew ni'r— I'rx rx xchat his youngest son
had done to him Gen. 9:21; FiOnn "'laTiN whom hast thou reproached?
Isa. 37:23; it does not occur before the neuter na . It is also extended
sometimes to the following words, which partake to a certain degree of the
pronominal character, bis all, eoery, Gen. 1:29, W-iX any one, each Ex.
21:28, ^^x one 1 Sam. 9:3. With personal pronouns, cnrx T^"}^''^. Gen.
32: 1, or d^T'S"'] Gen. 48 : 20 and he blessed them.
§271. j\Iany verbs, M'liicli are not properly transitive, are
nevertheless capable of a transitive construction ; thus
1. Verbs signifying plenty or want : D"'i?pN'n '&^'c, n^'sn the
house ivasfdl (of) men Judg. 16 : 27, Q^^^s? T\yi^ •'P^'ii? I aiti
sated (with) hurnt-offerhigs of rams Isa. 1:11, 'b ^:"i3n we
lacked every iking Jer. 44 : 18. Here belongs that })ccuhar
Hebrew idiom, which expresses abundance by such phrases
as the following : the hiUs ^Sn nrsSn shall run (with) milk
Joel 4: 18, mine eye D^'S rrri^ runneth dotcn (with) water
Lam. 1:16; O^iJi'irisp i^3 r.Sy it had all come up (with) thorns
i. e. was overgrown with them, Prov. 24 : 31.
2. Verbs signifying motion may have for their object the
place which it immediately concerns, whether it be directed
upon it, to it, or from it, ni-iTin-bs ri? tfbh and we icent
(through) all the loilderness Dcut. 1 : 19, and figuratively,
rripn^ ?|bh loalking (in) righteousness Isa. 33:15, '^'br) ^is^n^i
and they came into the city Josh. 8:19, "^■'i'T^s? 'iJ!*^:;; they
went out (of) the city Gen. 44 : 4.
3. Intransitive verbs may, as in other languages, govern
their cognate noun, D"i^n TiiaSn 1 have dreamed a dream
Gen. 37:9; "isc^ ais-^-iED^i and they lamented there a lamen-
tation Gen. 50 : 10 ; 'I'^ann bnn ye will be vain a vanity i. e.
utterly vain Job 27 : 12 ; or even one from a different root if
§272 OBJECT OF VERBS. 301
it be related or analo2:ous in simiiication, "^r^Nrp r,b-".' n^n
I have been zealous a great fury TaQq\\.. 8:2, f^^'-sn I'iaJ'S /
sliall sleep death i. e. the sleep of death, Ps. 13:4.
4. Any verb may take as its object a noun which defines
the extent of its application, T^br^n-ns npn he was diseased in
his feet 1 Kin. 15 : 23 ; only b^isi? i«S2n m the throne ivill I
he greater than thou Gen. 44 : 40 ; Xfl ^^^^^r^ ye perish as to
the way i. e. lose the loay Ps. 2:12.
a. By an impersonal construction of passive verbs their subject is some-
times converted into the object, which in fact it logically is, V;;5<n"rx "in^
dandum est ierram. let the land he given Num. 32:5, ''■n2'^~nis i^j:?^"!^ ''Jip
lii::? and it was told to Rehekah (i. e. some one told her) tlie words of Esau
Gen. 27:42, so Gen. 17:5, Ex. 10:8, Lev. 10: 18, 2 Sam. 21 : 11. etc. TJiis
construction is sometimes extended to neuter verbs in familiar phrases,
which have become associated with an active idea, "in'nfiTiX r^'D'S'S sni^ ?X
let not he evil in thine eyes (i. e. do not regard as evil) the thing 2 Sam.
11 : 25, 1 Sam. 20 : 13, Josh. 22 : 17, Neh. 9 : 32. In 2 Kin. 18 : 30 n^yf7-rs< insn
the city shall he given, the verb agrees with ^""b notwithstanding its re-
ception of the sign of the object: rx is omitted in the parallel passage,
Isa. 36 : 15.
b. A noun, about which a statement is to be made, sometimes stands
absolutely and is preceded by the sign of the object, Hj bTisfiTN as for
the iron, it fell 2 Kin. 6:5; b^n "^cix n^x-bsTiX as for all these (they
were) men of valonr 3 udg. 20 -Ai; "^nipn-nx as for 'my statutes they did
not walk in them Ezek. 20: 16. Some regard fiN as the sign of the object
in such passages as sinn-nxi "^'^xn N3 1 Sam. 17:31, and refer to the fact
that the Arabic conjunction is followed by the accusative when it is used
in the sense of together with ; more probably, however, rx is the preposi-
tion tcith, §238. 2, and the passage is to be rendered the lion came and (that
too) with the bear, so Num. 3:26, 1 Sam. 26: 16, 1 Kin. 11:25, etc.
§272. 1. When a noun or pronoun is regarded as the
indirect object of a verb, the relation is indicated by means
of the appropriate preposition.
2. ]\Iany verbs vary their construction without any ma-
terial difference of meaning according to the form of the con-
ception in the mind of the speaker or writer, being followed
by one preposition or by another or by none at all, as he views
the relation as direct or indirect, and if the latter, under one
aspect or another : thus, they went out from the city may be
expressed by the direct relation, "T^il'n'nN "is::,^ Gen. 44 : 4,
302 SYNTAX. §-273
or by the indirect, n'yn-jia \X2,'; Josh. 8:22; nhb? to fcjht is
followed by oy with Josh. 10:29, by 2 z;z (ri3 m earn)
ver. 31, by ^? against ver. 38, by nx Judg. 12:4.
a. A number of verbs are indifTerently construed with a direct object or
witli b lo. in reference to, thus, snx to love any one and to have love to
any one, NET to cure and to perform a cure for any one, 5'^C'in to save and
to grant salvation to any one, nhd to destroy and to bring destruction to
any one.
6. As the object of an action may, in certain cases, be regarded as the
instrument with which it is performed, some transitive verbs also admit a
construction with 3 with, thus ■^sio ^irpn blow the trumpet Hos. 5 : 8,
"ib^'i"2 ypr'!! oml he blew with the trumpet Judg. 3:27; D^n^n ir^Q to
spread forth the hands Ps. 143:6, but followed by a to spread forth with
the hands Lam. 1 : 17.
3. By a condensed style of expression {constructio pir/rg-
nans) prepositions are sometimes connected with verbs, to
whose meaning they arc not strictly conformed ; thus, motion
may be suggested by the preposition though the verb of it-
self implies no such idea, 'Xyh ^V^H t^ion hast profaned to
tlie ground i. e. profaned by casting to the ground, Ps. 89 : 40,
^"?")"'^ iri'^k 'I'ins they trembled one unto another i. e. one
turned tremblingly to another, Jer. 3G : IG, ^?ri-':? D^"an ''i-i;?!?
thou hast answered (by saving) me from the horns of the uni-
corns Ps. 22 : 22.
^273. Some verbs have more than one object, viz. :
1. The causatives of transitive verbs: ?y''ii'a"ns inbDJsin'i
nntD^Tis and I will make thy oppressors eat their own fesh
Isa. 49 : 26 ; rts^-bs-nx iDSjnn s^S he would not have caused us
to see all these things Judg. 13 : 23 ; 'JS^'^'^-rs n|Sn::> he shall
cause Israel to inherit it Deut. 1 : 38.
2. Verbs whose action may be regarded under different
aspects as terminating upon different objects, or which, under
the rules already given, may take a direct object of more
than one kind, all ini5 n^s -lirs? tchich God commanded him
Gen. G : 22 ; D^jzinn-bs nx bxnilJ': "'Dn-ns rninb to teach the chil-
dren of Israel all the statutes Lev. 10:11 ; "^n^s^-'-TX r^in
"^nb fhou hast smitten all my enemies on the cheek Ps. 3:8;
§273 OBJECT OF VERBS. 303
t^p QD'^^'Isto lift up your hands to the sanctuary Ps. 134 : 2 ;
T^^rvi niani and he shall dlscomjit them a discomjiture
Deut. 7 : 23.
3. The instrument of an action, the material used in its
performance, its design, or its result, is often regarded as its
secondary or remote object, l^s? ifib< ^^5'i'^T and they over-
lohehncd him with stones Lev. 24 : 23 ; tSDna? oni? ri'nsn'i and
thou shall gird them with a belt Ex. 29 ; 9 ; thy seed ynTn-nirs
nri'iNrrnx with whidh thou shall soio the yround Isa. 30 : 23 ;
nsy Disjrmx n^i'^n and he formed the vnan of dust Gen. 2:7;
rrinbi^ nfcx for which I have sent it Isa. 55:11; nii^n
nara □'^sni^n-nij and he built the stones into an altar 1 Kin.
18:32.
a. The person affected by an action, of which he is not the immediate
object, is occasionally regarded as its remote object, though not so fre-
quently as in English, ■'SPT!? ^^nH Y'^^- ^^'^^'' ^^^^ given me the land of the
south Judg. 1 :t5, comp. in the same verse, "'b nnnj'l,- ?jlbra nyn they did
thee evil Gen. 50: 17, comp. n^n crib ^^m Isa. s": 9 ; n3S^^'r,ba-rx ^'^.zp^^
T2:"^S< qbx and they hired, of the king of Maacah a thousand men 1 Sam. 10:6.
The same thing occurs in a few instances after intransitive verbs, "^ibna
he grew up to me as to a father Job 31: 18; "^^n^iS did ye fast unto me
Zech. 7:5.
4. Some verbs may govern the subject and predicate of
a subordinate clause, ^03 vin n:?ib to know wickedness (to
ho) folly Eccl. 7 : 25, the latter, if it be an adjective or par-
ticiple, will remain without the article, § 259. 2, D^nsN ^t^m^D
Tji'sfTQ I have heard Ephraim hemoaning himself ^tx. 31 : 18,
p^"H^ '^f?''^?'^ ^r'^ thee have I seen right ecus Gen. 7:1.
5. If an active verb is capable of governing a double
object, its passive may govern the more remote of them,
ciri^"!?' "ii*a rx onb'c:^ and ye shall be circumcised in the fesh
of your foreskin Gen. 17 : 11, Dnb5 ynifn xS^ni and the land
was filed with them Ex. 1 : 7, iri: J?3 ?^'^)? rent- as to his coat
i. e. ivith his coat rent 2 Sam. 15 : 32, nirjp r;^5T» seiit (or
charged) with a painful message 1 Kin. 14 : 6.
304 SYNTAX. ^274
Adverbial Expressions.
^274. The predicate of a proposition may be further
quahlied
1 . By adverbs, which commonly stand after the words to
which they refer, ^t^'n ni"j-n:n"\ and behold (it was) vert/ r/ood
Gen. 1:31; !".3"in tV'2'^^ and he teas grcaily provol'ed Neh.
3 : 33 ; / am ^^"O "r^:^)^) Tjnr© thy exceeding great reicard
prop, thj reward very much Gen. 15:1.
a. Adjectives belonging to the subject may of course be qualified in
the same manner as though they were found in the predicate.
2. By nouns used absolutely to express the relations of
time, place, measure, number, or manner.
a. Thus time when : C'^iiSi ""-J -~i' eremvg and morning and noon
will I prcnj Ps. 55:18; tarry here nb";'":! to-night Num. 22:8; Gideon
came rritwNn "iTtin at the beginning of the watch. Time liow long: and
he shall shut itp the houf;e Q"i^ ^?3^ seve7i daijshev. 14:38; the land
rested niir ciioo eighty years Judg. 3: 30.
6. The place where: the absolute use of nouns in this sense is confined
almost entirely to the familiar words, rrs at the door of Gen. IS: 1. Judg.
9:35, n"'3 at the house of Gen. 38:11, Num. 30:11, and a few proper
names, cnb r-'2 at Bethlehem 2 Sam. 2:32, ^i<"n-5 at Ui.'lhel Hos. 12:4.
c. Measures of space: Pjis nrx u;''b':;3 three cubits high Ezek. 41 :22;
he went oi^ T\':r\ a day'' s journey 1 Kin. 19:4.
d. Number: CT^SQ V'zh ih return seven times 1 Kin. 18:43; he of-
fered sacrifices c'^li "BpTa according to the number of them all Job 1 :5.
e. Manner, answering to the Greek adverbial accusative: ye shall
dwell n::3 in security Deut. 12 : 10 ; ye shall not go nrii l(f/ily Mic. 2:3;
the tribes went vp bx"ib^ r^iny according to a law of Israel Ps. 122: 4 ;
thou shalt not go there i"V^ ^k"}"! f'>f' foar of briers Isa. 7:25; to serve
him inx cid zcith one consent prop, shoulder Zeph. 3:9.
3. By nouns preceded by a preposition forming a quahfy-
ing phrase.
a. For the meanings and usage of the several prepositions see the
lexicon.
^275 Neglect of agreement. 305
Neglect of Ageeement.
§275. The general rule that verbs, adjectives, and pro-
nouns agree in gender and number with the noun to which
they respectively relate, is subject to some remarkable excep-
tions ; the principal of which are the following, viz. :
1. When the predicate adjective or verb precedes the
noun it often prefers a primary to a secondary form, that is
to say, the masculine may be used instead of the feminine
and the singular instead of the plural. The reason of this is.
that the attention is not so particularly drawn to the acci-
dents of gender and number in the subject until it is uttered,,
and consequently the predicate is not required to conform so.
precisely to it.
a. Thus, the masculine for the feminine: "j^ixn crs NCp'sib the land'
could not bear thevi Gen. 13: 6, nr^lia"^ ^"'?^"'?. P'"^'^ salvation is far from
the wicked Ps. 119: 155, niSDX^ ^"Tin tremble ye careless women Isa. 32: 11.
The singular for the plural: ~|"'^^'7 i<2'J let thy words come lo pass Judg.
13: 12, rp-JSd^ na;; upright are thy judgments Ps. 119: 137, nirnis?? nbsi5X
her wounds are incurable, or the singular may be understood distributively,
each of her wounds is incurable Mic. 1 : 9. The masculine singular for the
feminine plural: nixibs 337 xb reproaches cease not Mic. 2:6, ^^"""n^
ninn tintil calamities be overpast 'Ps. bl -.2, nitij 'i^"T''',l aiid there were to
him wives 1 Kin. 11:3.
b. When the predicate consists of several verbs or adjectives, one of
which precedes and the rest follow the noun, the latter must agree with it,
while the first may be put in its primary form, n"iX73 '^'n'; let there be-
lights ... nnxb f\'^rt^ and let them be for signs Gen. 1 : 14, lijN Ciilb:x ih'^l
cx^u ii"*?! and there were men who were defied Num. 9:6. In 1 Kin.
10 : 12 two verbs are put in the masc. sing, with a plural subject.
c. The predicate, even when it follows the subject, occasionally departs
from it in gender or number, retaining its primary form ; ihis takes place
with passive or neuter verbs of tiimiliar occurrence, and which are proba-
bly used impersonally as the same verbs are elsewhere, §271.4.(7., the sons
of Jacob "ib""!^";' ibx ivhom, (his wives) had born to him prop. tJiere had
been born to him Gen. 35 : 26, comp. Gen. 4: IS, 46: 22. 27, '6 n'';ri nii:-^.D2
there was to me (i. e. I had) house-born servants Ecclcs. 2:7. comp. Gen.
47:24, Ex. 12:49, 28:7, Num. 9: 14, 15:29, Deut. 18:2, 1 Chron. 24:28,
2 Citron. 17: 13, n^Pi nbby it ims dark prop, darkness Gen. 15: 17. The
disposition to recur to their primary form discovers itself in a very ^gw
instances in qualifying adjectives when separated from the noun to which
20
30G SYNTAX. ^ 275
they beIon<r. pjn^ ^}'^'^'i ^^'^ a great ami strong wind 1 Kin. 19:11; in
Ps. 6o:2, ry;'^ n^:£-|'-;j<3 quoted by iXonlheimer as an additional exam-
pie tiie second adjective may agree not with y^N but with the pre-
ceding noun, ''■liya for thee longs my Jlesh, in a dry land, and weary.
Alex, in luc.
2. Collective nouns may have verbs, adjectives, and pro-
nouns agreeing with thein in the plural, ^ii?,1T D^n iinisiiT
and the people haded and passed over Josh. 4:10, rriizij; "jsiar
lost sheep Jer, 50:0, D^i?"Jp D53 ni3?n-b3 all the con (/re (Ration,
all of them are holy Num. 16:3.
a. When a predicate consists of more Ihrin one verb or adjective, the
'first sometimes agrees witli it forniuiiy in the singular and the rest
■■logically in the plural, cyip-nx lin'^l n'lyn-bs s%n] and all the congre-
gation lifted up and uttered their voice Num. 14: 1; ^l^^C'l crn "(^X']
■and the people believed and they heard Ex. 4 :31.
b. The noun |'"!i< land, earth, wliich is properly a feminine singular,
may, when it is put lor its inhabitants, be construed with the masculine
plural, 2 Sam. '15:23, Ps. GG:4. Names of nations borrowed from those
of their progenitors, as Israel, Edom, Amalek. may be strictly construed in
the masculine singular, Ex. 17 : 11. Am. 1 : 1 1, or as a collective in the mas-
culine plural, Hos. 8:2, Ob. ver. 6, 2 Sam. 10: 17, or again in the feminine
singular, whether this arises from a prominent reference to tlie land or
from the frequent personification of a people as a maiden, 2 Sam. 10: 11,
Jer. 13:19, 49:17; so D» people in the following example.^, r,:e3 '^'"'^rj
thy people has done wrong Ex. 5: 16, riliM'' crn the people direllirig Judg.
18:7. Dilfercnt constructions may be united in the same passage, Jer<
48:15, Hos. 14:1.
3. Nouns, Avhich are plural in form but singular in sig-
nification, commonly have verbs, adjectives, and pronouns
agreeing with them in the singular, □■'n'5« N^3 God created
Gen. 1:1, n'a^"' T^bVa its owner shall he put to death Ex.
21 : 29, ni'p n^ijix a hard master Isa. 19 : 4, ^T^'^'S} r-^nnn
thy youth is reneiced Ps. 103 : 5.
a. When the word t'^n^X refers to filsc deities, the sense is plural
and it is construed accordingly, ~|^n-^ ■^^^i? these are thy gods Ex. 32 : 4, 8,
D'^n'^JJ •1il3y'2~nb so way the gods do 1 Kin. 19:2; but where it refers to
the true God, it is with few exceptions construed in the singular. Yet
see Gen. 20:13, 35:7, Ex. 22:8, Josh. 24:19. 1 Sam. 17:20. 2 Sam.
7:23. The exceptional construction in these and similar passages may
have arisen from the attention being directed to the Supreme Reing in
general, and to the fulness or variety of his manifestations without spe-
^276 NEGLECT OF AGREEMENT. 307
cific reference to the divine unity, and may. besides, involve an allusion to
ti^ie personal distinction in the Godiiead. See Alexander on Ps. 11:7 and
58 : 12.
4. Plural names of inanimate or irrational objects of
either gender are occasionally joined with the feminine singu-
lar, ?i^bN ^^in^n nito niiana the beasts of the field pant for
thee Joel 1 : 20, n^n^so rjitun its foods ivash away Job
14:19, nPTTO xr^'j:^_ jjanfjs have taken her Jer. 49:24,
Jisnn D"*?:? wild beasts, their lair Isa. 35:7.
a. In objects devoid of personality the individual is of small account,
and may be easily sunk in the mass. A pluralis inhumanus may conse-
quently be regarded as equivalent to a collective, the proper form of which
is the feminine singular, § 198, and words belonging to it may be dealt
with accordingly. The same principle prevails in the construction of neu-
ter plurals in Greek, ra ^wa Tpe^ei.
5. Masculine verbs, adjectives, and pronouns are some-
times used when females are spoken of from a neglect to note
the gender, if no stress is laid upon it, 0^''^^'??- ^^d they (queens
and concubines) praised her Cant. 6:9; the Lord deal kindly
tt)lp_ with yoti (Ruth and Orpah) as oh'^ir'? ye have dealt
Ruth 1:8; T^ my dead (Sarah) Gen. 23:4; "l^hi? *ir.X thou
art destroyed Jer. 4:30; this last passage may, however, be
rendered thou, it is destroyed, ichat wilt thou do ?
6. Singular predicates and pronouns are sometimes em-
ployed in a distributive sense of plural subjects, ^^13 'H'^P'^^'o
they that bless thee shall each be blessed Num. 24 : 9 ; ti^P^n'n
T\fi^ niT2 tlicy luho profane it shall every one be put to death
Ex. 31 : 14 ; ^3^3^ rvh^ ta^p^sr np^s they take aioay the riyht-
eousness of the riyhteous from each of thern Isa. 5 : 23.
§276. 1. When the subject consists of two or more
words connected by the conjunction and, the predicate, if it
precedes its subject, may be put in the masculine singular as
its primary form, ^ipl niin nn)3 i^^^ and from them shall
proceed thanksyiviny and a voice Jer. 30 : 19, or it may be
put in the plural, referring to them all, pnxi mic'a ihv'^^^
308 SYNTAX. §277-279
and Muses and Aaron did so Ex. 7 : 20, or it may agree with
the nearest word, pn^?";^ ^11^ '^%''}P\^. and Miriani and Aaron
spake Num. 12 : 1 ; ^"'nhxi nnx n^i;' sb' fhou and thi/ fathers
have not hioion Deut. 13:7.
2. If the predicate follows a compound subject it is
commonly put in the plural, though it may agree with the
principal w^ord to which the others are subordinate, T^'?.-.'! *'\^,
DiSJj I loith my maidens will fast prop, and my maidens Est.
4:16, N3 nsri nil ^12? the servants of David and Joab
came 2 Sam. 3 : 22.
3. If a predicate refers equally to two words of different
genders, it will be put in the masculine in preference to the
feminine, D^ipT rnilJl Dnnnx Abraham and Sarah were old
Gen. 18 :11 ; if they are of different persons, the predicate
will be put in the second in preference to the third, and in
the first in preference to either of the others, "'bs l^^r?'!' "'r*?
n"!nD land Jonathan my son loill be 1 Sam. 14:40, nnx
Dr)"i3'7'i T|insi T^n^^T thou and Aaron thy brother and ye shall
speak Num. 20 : 8.
§277. If two or more nouns are united in the construct
state the predicate ordinarily agrees with the first as the lead-
ing word in such combinations : it may, however, agree with
the second, if that is the more important, or the predicate
might with propriety be referred directly to it, r^^^n r'ayt
bb'ias the fields of Heshbon lanyuish Isa. 16:8, niirs: d^ 'ki723
D''i)T3X is found the blood of the souls of the poor Jer. 2 : 34.
a. The predicate anrrees generally though nnf invariiihly with the
eecorid noun wlieri the first is bis. or an abstract expressintr a qiiah'ty of
that \vh_i(-h li)llo\vs, niJ-'-Q'ji-bs i^7\^;\ and all the days of Setli were Gen.
5:8. C">i::n-b3 /ixini and all the women went out Ex. 15:20, ^^'th'6 "ina^J
lyaiJ the choice of his captains were droxvned vcr. 4.
§ 278. Nouns in the dual have verbs, adjectives, and
pronouns, agreeing with them in the plural, nisn nsb ■'p3?
the eyes of Leah were tender Gen. 29: 17.
§ 279.- The abrupt changes of the person from the third
§280 REPETITION OF WORDS. 309
to the first or second, and vice versa, wliicli are esj)ecially
frequent with the prophets and psahnists, Isa. 1 : :29, Ps.
81 : 17, are due to the boldness and vividness of their con-
ceptions, in virtue of which they often pass in the course of
the same sentence from speaking of God to speaking in his
name, and from describing men to directly addressing them.
a. The occasional combination of the pronoun of the first person with
a verb in tlie third is to be explained by an ellipsis, ^S';' ■'33n behold /(am
he who) has laid Isa. 28: 16, qoi"' "'ijn behold I (am he who) will add
29:14,38:5.
Repetition of Words.
§280. The repetition of nouns may denote
1. Distribution, nbuj niiD ^ear hy year Deut. 14 : 22,
'ij?23 nj533 in the mormng, in the morning i. e. every morning
2 Sam. 13 : 4, lil'^'b nn«-ilj^s insjS-ttJ^N one man for each tribe
Josh. 3:12; so with numeral adjectives, § 252. 4, ni'nTr n^'iTJ?
hy sevens Gen. 7 : 2, and adverbs, 'c^Tq 'drq little hy little
Ex. 23 : 30.
2. Plurality, "i^l""i^ generation and generation i. e. many
generations Deut. 32 : 7, 'ij?'^ lp lj?^ ij? ^^'^ li lib \± pre-
cept upon precept, precept upon precept, line upon line, line
upon line Isa. 28:10, 13, ri'"ii«3 nixa pits on pits Gen.
14:10; or with the implication of diversity, I^Ni IDK a
weight and a weight i. e. weights of two sorts Deut. 25 : 13,
:i!?T nS a double heart Ps. 12 : 3.
3. Emphasis or intensity, 'p"]'! pniz justice, justice i. e.
nothing hut justice Deut. 16 : 20, p^l? pby exceeding deep
Eccl. 7 : 24 ; so with adverbs, ^i5'a Ii5)2 mightily, mightily
Gen. 7:19, and even a conjunction, 1?^!^^ "p^i because even
because.
a. Sometimes the second word is put in a different gender from the
first, n;s;TrTai l^ui^ all kinds of support Isa. 3:1, comp. Jer. 48 : 19, or a
different number, C^irr^rin "li'sn a heap, two heaps Judg. 15:16. Hn^y
ni-nt-l Eccl. 2:8. Or a cognate word may be employed, nad^il na^iU J
waste and desolate Ezek. 6: 14, 'jina'^ r2\lJ Lev. 23:3.
310 SYNTAX. §281,282
6. Instances occur of triple repetition, t'ilf? ^'"i"!!^ '"^'"'"'iv ''"///• holy, holy,
Isa. 6:3. ynx ynx y-ix O ear//i, eaW/i, ear//i' Jer. 22 : 29. Jer. 7 : 4, Ezcl.-.
21:32, Ex. 25:35.'
§:281. A separate })i'()iu)uii may be added to a ])ro-
nomiiial suffix for the sake of emphasis, "'ix 't\^'a my dijiiin,
mine 2 Sam. 19:1, ^^'ii'' nnx ihee, thee shall ilwi/ praise
Gen. 49 : 8, or to a noun to wliich it refers, s^rraa ricb to
Seth, to him also Gen. 4 : 26.
§ 282. In verbs the absolute infinitive is joined with the
finite forms to add emphasis or intensity to the idea, ""STsn
?r"bTan shall thou, actually reign over us? Gen. 37 : 8, n^ian niib
thou shall surely die Gen. 2:17. Tliis combination some-
times expresses continuance or repetition, particularly when
two infinitives are connected together and both fcjllow the
finite verb, sitDi S'ir; xs;;t and it went out yoiny out and re-
turning i. e. it kept going to and fro Gen. 8 : 7, 'ii'?"! ^'^n ^i'fn
they went on lowing as they went 1 Sam. 6:12, D2"'^i|! lii'is;!
'T^'J'!' D?^n and I spake to you rising up early and sjieaking
Jer. 7 : 13.
a. The infinitive is mostly of the same species with the finite verh to
which it is added, although this is not always the case. Thus, the Kal,
on account of its greater simplicity of form, may be joined with a deriva-
tive species, e.g. Niphal bfrS^ blpO Ex. 19:13. Piel Til^a ru^"?] Josh.
24:10, Pnal ri^b ti'nu Gen. '37 : 33^, Hiphil c^y^ ens 1 Sam. 23:22,
Hophal n^:i-« rin Ex. 19: 12. Hithpael niairrn aii Isa. 24:19; or one
derivative species with another of like signification, '^"'^23 X3 n-jrn Lev.
19:20. nbnn n^ -rinn Ezek. 16:4. Occasionally the infinitive is bor-
rowed from a cognate verb. CjOX ClDX Zepli. 1:2 ("OX and Cj^o), cnx
Mir!!n7 Is:i. 28 : 28 (irnx and l!Jln).'
6. The construct infinitive is very rarely used in such combinations in-
stead of the absolute, ^2^in Va^ Neh. 1 : 7, n-Jns-n^n Ps. 50 : 21 ; once
it is added in a varied form to a preceding construct infinitive. T'^jna
ni^53 2 Sam. 6:20. The finite verb is repeated, "^ri'^i 2-'ir^ 2 Sam. 15:8
K-thibh. A verbal noun takes the place of the infinitive, lirn n^"^
Hab. 3:9.
c. When two verbs are connected together to express continuous ac-
tion, a paiiici]ile is sometimes substituted for the absolute infinitive in the
case of one or both, n-j--!) njib . . . nb'jj in^ 2 Sam. 15: 30. nihn "lin r^Sh
.T'T. 41:0; an iidjeciive may even take the place of the second, ^i^n T^^i
^^31 Gen. 20 : 13, Tvi:'p^ -jiisn . . . T\^i\^ Judg. 4 : 24 ; the finite verb is
§ 283, 284 INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES. 311
omitted in bTiJI "^'"1 "^?'^1'9 Est. 9 : 4. the substantive verb takes its place,
niorn --'n si-n Gen. 8:5,' bn:i T\?n Mi:J'in;' ■^n'^i 2 Chron. 17: 12. The
second verb may also be put in one of the finite tenses, lippi T\^''ii^ ^"'^V'7
Josh. 6: 13. ^^^"^1 Ti'i^«7 ... T\)'p 2 Sam. 16 > 1.3, and in fact other construc-
tions, begun w^ith a participle or inOnitive, are not infrequently continued
in the preterite or future, Job 12 :21.
Interrogative Sentences.
§283. 1. A direct question is indicated by the interroga-
tive particle n , ''P'pr]r| 2uiit thou go ? Gen. 24 : 58, rinnn
■ipx D"'nbs! am I in the place of God? Gen. 50 :19 ; an in-
direct question by n or DS if, to know D"^2nb5 DDt'^n tvhether
you love Deut. \'^ -A, inquire !">^nx"DS: lohether I shall re-
cover prop, if I shall 2 Kin. 1 : 2.
a. The particle n is in Job 4 : 2 separated from the proper interroga-
tive clause.
2. In a disjunctive question the first member is commonly
introduced by ti and the second by DS or □i?'i , ^y^ f^.^risn
i^S-DX sin is this thy sorHs coat or not? Gen. 37:32; f £nn
is it any pleasure to the Almiyhty that thou art righteous
ys|"Di?ti or is it gain to him, etc., Job 22 :3.
a. The second member is more rarely introduced by i^t or, who know-
eth hyo ix n'ln'; cinn whether he shall be a wise man or a fool Eccl. 2 : 19,
or by n repeated ns^n Nin Pjn>|] whether they be strong- or weak Num.
13 : 18, it^n ^lib DHNip ^iJ'JVbn /tave ye called us to impoverish us or not?
Judff. 14 : 15. The construction of the second clause is interrupted and re-
sumed again in Gen. 17 : 17.
b. If a question stand in a disjunctive relation to something previously
expressed or implied, it may begin with CS, "i^^n ~irn3~Dit cissn your
perversion ! or is the potter to be reckoned as the clay? Isa. 29 : 16, rxT3 DK
13IN or is this thing from my lord ? 1 Kin. 1 : 27.
§284. A question may also be asked by means of the
interrogative pronouns or interrogative adverbs. Or it may,
without any particle of interrogation, be indicated simply by
the tone of voice in which it is uttered, ^Nis u'^w thy coming
is peaceful? 1 Sam. 16:4.
312 SYNTAX. §285
Relative Pronoun.
§285. 1. From sinn)le we pass to compound sentences.
Tliese are made up of distinct clauses united for the most
part by the relative pronoun or by conjunctions. As the rela-
tive invariably occupies the tirst place in its own clause, and
as the Hebrew admits of no inflections to represent case,
some special device was necessary to indicate its relation to
the following words. Accordingly,- when the relative ics: is
governed by a verb, noun, or preposition, this is shown by
appending an appropriate pronominal suflix to the governing
word, inbir "nrs icUom he has sent 2 Kin. 19:4; the ground
nn-iwN^ nicx ichich he has cursed Gen. 5 : 29 ; iyn? nfcy: whose
seed Gen. 1 : 11 ; houses of clay Diio^ "lES'a ncx lohose foun-
dation is in the dust Job 4:19; the place l"'^'y . . . ii?i< upon
which Ex. 3:5; thou Tjinnnn ■^^r^^ whom I have chosen Isa.
41:8.
a. When the relative is the object of a verb llie sufTix is frequently
omitted, the sense beiiisr sufficiently plain without it, Tixna'iirx whom
I have created Gen. 6 : 7.
2. When the relative "irsj! is i)receded by nx the sign
of the definite object, or by a preposition, these pertain not
to the relative but to its antecedent, wiiich is in this case
embraced with it as in the English compound relative
what = that tchich, in''3"by TiTX'nx *i2«n and he commanded
him who was over his house Gen. 44 : 1 ; to make thee under-
stand nnjp-^-niix ns what shall befall Dan. 10:14.
a. The only exception is "iirx CS mlh ichnm Gen. 31:32. Gesenius
finds another in ibxa Isa. 47 : 12, but see Alexander in luc.
3. The relative is frequently omitted, not only as in
Englisli, when it is the object of its clause, w:^ Mnfc2 into
the pit (which) thr// have made Ps. d AC), but also when it is
the subject, and he forsook God ^T^isv (who) made him Dcut.
32:15, and even when it would stand for the compomid
§286,287 CONJUNCTIONS. 313
relative and include its antecedent, nbisn-i^a ly the hand of
(him whom) thou wilt send Ex. 4:13, (so doth) ^st^n b'iktp
the grave (those who) have sinned Job 24 : 19.
§ 286. The demonstrative nr or ^T is frequently used in
poetry with the force of a relative, and it then, like the
English tliat, suffers no change for gender or number, D'ip^
^1?,^ "^i the place that thou hast founded Ps. 104 : 8, ni^TTQ
i3T|;n ^T devices, which they have contrived Ps. 10 : 2.
Conjunctions.
§ 287. The Hebrew sedulously avoids all involution of
sentences. Consequently, instead of linking its clauses to-
gether into a complex whole by conjunctions of various
power expressing their precise relation of dependence and
subordination, it prefers, where this is possible, to connect
them by means of the simple conjunction 1 and, leaving the
exact nature of the connection intended to be inferred from
the meanings of the clauses themselves.
1. The conjunction ) may accordingly be employed not
only where we would use and, but before an adversative
clause, of every tree thou may est eat f?'?^ l^ut of the tree of
the knowledge, etc., Gen. 2 : 16, 17, or one expressing a rea-
son, give us help from trouble XiT^t' for vain is the help of
man Ps. 60 : 13, an inference, I have no pleasure in the death
of him that dieth i^iipni wherefore turn Ezek, 18 : 32, design,
i'r[^ ^1b? nsT do this and live i. e. in order that you may live.
Gen. 42 : 18, a comparison, man is born imto trouble "^S ■'i;^^
and (i. e. as) the sparks fy upumrd Job 5 : 7, or a co-existing
act or condition, Noali ivas si,v hundred years old b^sririi and
(i. e. when) the food urns upon the earth Gen. 7 : 6.
2. It serves to introduce the apodosis or second member
314 SYNTAX. ^287
of a conditional sentence, if God will be icifh me and keep me
nnrr* n^ni Ihen shall Jehovah be my God Gen. 28 : 20, 21.
3. It may also connect a statement of time or a noun
placed absolutely, with the clause to which it relates, m'2
n^:^?-ns nn^as s&'^n "^P^'^'r} on the third day Abraham lifted
up his eyes Gen. 22 : 4 ; ^"'^^t ^^"^ ^f?!;?^ thy hope, (is it not)
the integrity of thy icays? Job 4 : G. Both these uses,
which are wholly foreign from our idiom, are combined in
2 Sam. 15: 34, thy father s servant "^:ni I have been so hith-
erto, but now "^is*) I will be thy servant.
a. For the meanings and usage of other conjunctions see the lexicon.
GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS.
GENESIS, CHAPTER I.
VERSE 1.
niffiS'na composed of the inseparable preposition 3,
§231, 1, with Daghesh-lene, §21. 1, and the feminine de-
rivative noun ™5<'^, §198. a. (4), without the article,
§248, comp. kv dpxfj John 1:1, Ger. anfaufjs, Eng. at first ;
position of the accent, § 32. 1.
xna, 55b verb, § 162. 2, the preterite denoting past time
absolutely, §262. 1, lack of formal agreement with its sub-
ject, §275. 3, order of words, § 270. <2, position of accent,
§32.2.
Q'^n'by: a monosyllabic noun of class I., §183, phu'al,
§199, of majesty, §201. 2, without the article, §246. 1.
rs sign of the definite object, § 270.
D^m^n the article, §229.1, §245.4, and noun of the
second form of class I., § 185. 2. d, only used in the plm^al,
§201.1, §203. 5. c.
nsil the conjunction 1, §234, and ni? .
• f^^n the article, § 229. 3, and Segholate noun of class I.,
§ 183 ; Seghol changed to Kamets by, § 229. 4. <5, or §05(1).
This verse is divided by the accents into two clauses,
§ 36. 1 ; Athnahh is preceded by Munahh and Tiphhha,
§38. 2 ; Silluk by Merka and Tiphhha", and Tiphhha again
by Merka, §38.1.
316 GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS.
VERSE 2.
nr;^n, nb verb nV., §109.1, with :Methegli, ^4:b.2,
Kamets clistinguislied from Kamets-llhatuph, ^^19. 2.
^~n , hiih Segliolate nouns of class I. from nb roots,
^184.(5, abstracts used instead of adjectives, §254. 6. «,
assonance or paronomasia. Double accent, §30. 1.
^E-b? Makkepli, § 43, n?s noun of class I., form 2,
§185. 2.^, only used in the plural, §201. 1, §209. 1 ; here
in the construct state, §214. 2, §21G. 1, with its possessive
sense, § 254. 1.
ninn noun of class III from 13? root § 190. h, article omitted
as if from a proper noun, § 246. 1, or by a kind of poetic
brevity, §247, the face vf ocean.
rsn-^ia Piel participle of the Ay in Guttural verb "^p^ ,
§116.4, §121. 1, feminine, §205, as the predicate without
the article, § 259. 2, although its subject is definite, § 246. 3;
the participle expresses continuous action, §266. 1, belong-
ing to the period before spoken of, § 266. 3.
: D'^'an noun used only in the plural, § 201. 1, § 203. 5. c;
vowel changed by the pause accent, §65. 1.
This verse consists of two clauses, §36. 1 ; the clause of
Athnahh is subdivided by Zakepli Katon and Il'bhia, §36.2;
Zakeph Katon is preceded by Pashta, and Pashta by Merka,
§38.4, Athnahh by Munahh and Tiphhha, §38.2. The
clause of Silluk is subdivided by Zakeph Katon ; this is
preceded by Munahh, § 38. 4, and Silluk by Merka and
Tiphhha, §38. 1.
VERSE 3.
"i-cs^i Kal future of Pe Aleph verb "i^x , §110. 3, with
Yav C(mvcrsivc, §99. 1, §265, which removes the accent to
the penult and changes the vowel of the ultimate, §99. 3. «,
§111. 2. «.
GENESIS, CHAPTER I. 317
^n^ apocopated future of rb verb n'^n , § 171. 1, § 177. 1,
with a jussive sense, § 264.
"Ti^n future with Vav Conversive ; Daghesh-forte omitted,
§99. 3^ Methegh, H5. 2.
VERSE 4.
X'n^^T Kal future of '^h verb nkn v^^ith Vav Conversive,
§171.1, §172.4.
niu the predicate adjective without the article, §259. 2.
^^^^^ Hiphil future of ^l'^ with Vav Conversive, § 99. 3.
I"^!^ Vav Conjunctive, § 234, with the preposition V? >
§237.1.
VERSE 5.
J^ni^tl from the ^b verb N-^p, §162.2.
.D^n-bs P'sik, §38. l.«.
"liii^ preposition b with the vowel of the article, § 231. 5.
Di'' noun, whose plural is 'cr^^ , §207. 1./.
X'^iP^ the preterite, used rather than the future with Vav
Conversive, because the verb does not begin the clause,
§265, the accent removed to the penult, § 35. 1.
nb^tb paragogic n^ , §61. 6, §219. 2, with the noun b^b,
a Segholate of class I, from an "^V root, §184. b, having a
pause accent, § 65. 1.
:'ins5 numeral, §223.1, agreement and position, §250.1.
VERSE 6.
?'')5"i noun of class I. form 2, §185. 1.
?lir3 preposition n, §231. 1, with the construct of ^^rj,
§216. \.d, in a partitive sense, §254. 2.
318 GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS.
b-i-^ni? Iliphil participle of ^^s, ^84.5, denoting con-
tinuous action, §2(jG. 1, and referred by the tense of the ac-
companying substantive verb to the futui'e, ^26G. 3. a.
VERSE 7.
toy^';; E guttural and nb verb ntPi? with Vav Conversive,
§109.3, §171. 1, §172.4.
rnriTO composed of the prepositions I'D and rinn,
§237.2(1).
by'Q composed of the prepositions "Jia and b? .
TERSE 8.
O^rti i^yith pause accent, §65 (1).
njph, i-\v class I. Segholates, §183.
J'^pT? ordinal number, §227. 1, agreement with noun and
position, §252. 1.
VERSE 9.
^i]?"' Niphal future of rb verb nn]?, §169.1, with an
imperative sense, §263. 1.
Dipia noun of class III. from an "\'S root, §190. h.
^'€B Niphal future of nsn , § 109. 4, § 168.
VERSE 10.
niip-abi conjunction i, §234, preposition b, §231. 1, and
noun of class III. from nb i-oot, §190. /^, in the construct
state, §215. 2, followed by the material of which it consists,
§254.4.
CTS^ plural,Ǥ207. 2, of Q^ , a noun of class I. from an
y'b root, §180. 2.C.
GENESIS, CHAPTER 1. 319
VERSE 11.
i^TO apocopated Hipliil future of i^ir^ , §97.2, §264,
governing its cognate noun ^'B^'^ , §271.3. Methegh by
§45. 2.
i?"^";?]"^ the participle expresses what is constant and habit-
ual, §266.1.
f^ collective noun, §201.1, probably abridged from a
•1^ root, class I. form 2, § 185. 2. ^, in the construct, § 215. 1,
with the following word, which denotes its quality, §254. 6.
■'IS noun from nb root class I. form 1, § 184. d.
nm Kal participle of nb verb, §168; the accent is not
Y'thibh but Mahpakh, as is shown by its standing before
Pashta in the subdivision of Zakeph Katon, §30. 2, §38. 4,
shifted to the penult by, §35. 1, followed by Daghesh-forte
conjunctive in the first letter of the next word, § 24. a.
ir^b preposition b, §231. 1, noun I""!; from an ^'v root
class I, §186. 2.6, and pronominal suffix, §220. 1.
i3"iynT n©^ oblique case of the relative pronoun, § 74,
§285. 1 ; the preposition 3 with a pronominal suffix, §233.
VERSE 12.
SSini Hiphil future of ^ti and isb verb, §144. 1, §162,
with Vav Conversive, the accent remaining on the ultimate,
§147. 5, §166. 4.
inDiiab suffix of third person, §220. 1. 6, singular in dis-
tributive sense referring to the preceding coUective, §275. 6.
Verse is.
fT^'^b© ordinal number, §227. 1, §252. 1.
320 GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS
VERSE 14.
■'Si^ lack of agreement with subject, §275. 1.
rnSTa masculine noun in the plural, §200. c, class III.
from an rj root, §190. d.
^■^ Vr^n'? the construct form of the infinitive used with pre-
positions, §2G7. <^.
^'^^'\ preterite with Vav Conversive, §100.1, §2G5, in
the phu'al because following the noun, §275. 1. d.
TERSE 15.
■I'^xnb Hipliil infinitive construct of "i^ verb, §153. 1.
VERSE 16.
"'^Stj cardinal number, §223. 1, joined with noun,
§250. 2 (2), without the article, §251. 4.
C^bisn qualifying adjective with the article after the
noun, §249. 1.
■jbjjn . . . S^sn class I. form 2, §1S5. 1, emphatic use of
the positive degree, §2G0. 2 (2).
rbir'c'a noun of class III., §190, in the construct state,
§214. 1. d, the following noun denoting the object, §254. 9.
:D''nDi2n noun of class II. from an y'b root, §187. 1.^.
VERSE 17.
"in^i from :d verb Kp , §129.1.
orii sign of the definite object with a pronominal suffix,
§238.2.
VERSE IS.
b'''hnr.b-i . . . bb'sbi construct infinitive with the preposi-
tion, §207.^; Methegh with ^, §45. 2. a.
GENESIS CHAPTER I. 321
VERSE 20.
JlBi:?;' Piel future of iV verb, §154. 2.
VERSE 21.
05''2nn plural of "J^sn , § 199 ; the Hliirik of the ultimate
is long, §19. 1.
nto'Qhn Kal feminine participle, §205, with the article,
§249.1.
nilJs the object of the verb ^22';n3 though without the ap-
propriate pronominal suffix, § 285. 1. «.
Dn?'ipb plural noun with plural suffix, § 220. 2. h.
VERSE 22.
n-)5:!! Piel future of ^ Guttural verb, §116.4, §121. 1„
with Vav conversive, § 99. 3. a, no Daghesh-lene in n since
the preceding Sh'va is vocal, §25.
"ibxb the preposition with Tsere, §231. 3. a, so as to say
i. e. in saying.
^n-i, ^"13 Kal imperatives of ran, nns, §169.1.
ly^, Kal apocopated future, §171.1, Hhirik short though
accented, §19. 1.
VERSE 24.
-in^^ni construct of n^n, §214.1, with i paragogic,
§218. Methegh, §45. 2, Daghesh-forte omitted, §25.
VERSE 26.
riwi Kal future of niry, §109.1, §168, in the plural
number, §275. 3. a.
^:')9b2:3 preposition, ^§231. 1, Segholate noun, class I.,.
§183, and pronominal suffix, §221. 5.
21
322 GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS.
'nn^i from nin, ^1G9. 1.
na"tn preposition, §231.2, construct of the collective
noun n^i, §198, §214. 1, §216. 1 ; no Dagbesh-lene in a,
§22.«(5).
VERSE 27.
nn)?p 1D7 predicates, §273.4, and consequently in-
definite.
J ani? pronoun, referring to both genders put in the mas-
culine, §276.3.
VERSE 28.
nospi conjunction i, §234, imperative Kal of ©is,
§84.4, and pronominal suffix, §101. Kibbuts is long,
§19.1.
VERSE 29.
''nnD from inp , §130.1, preterite in the sense of the
present, §262. 1. 1^.
n^n'i singular, referring formally to the nearest collective
subject, §276. 1, or taken distributively, §275.6.
VERSE 30.
pn^^DS-nx, nx before ^3 without the article, §270.c.
VERSE 31.
"I'Sf^ position of adverb, §274. 1.
• itjjTsn oil article omitted before the noun, §249. I.e.
Il^DEX I.
SUBJECTS TREATED FULLY OR INCIDENTALLY.
The numbers in this and the following Indexes refer to the Sections of the Grammar.
Abbreviations 9. 1.
Absolute infinitive. See Infinitive abso-
lute.
Abstract nouns, feminine 198, plural 201.
1. a, c.
Accents 28, use in cantilktion 28. 6, forms
and classes 29, meaning of names 29. b,
like forms distinguished 30, position of
32-35, aid in distinguishing words 34,
change of position 35, effect of Vav
conversive' 33. 4, 99. 8, 100. 2, in place
of Methegh 39. 3. 6, 45. 5, give sta-
bility to vowels 60. 1. a, vowel changes
produced by 64.
Accents, consecution of in prose 36-39, i
poetic 31, consecution of 40-42.
Accents pause 37. 2. a, position of 35. 2. ,
Accentuation double 39. 4. a, 42. a.
Addition of letters 50. 3.
Adjectives in place of participles of neuter
verbs 90, 185. 1. a, formation of 185. 2,
expressing permanent or variable quali-
ties 185. 2. a, intensity 187. 1, 189,
defects 187. 1. b, diminutives of color
188, declension of 217, qualifying nouns
249. 1, qualifying nouns in the con-
struct 256, predicate 259. 2, compari-
son of 260, emphatic use with verbs
282 c
Adjectives numeral 223-227, 250-252.
Adverbial idea expressed by a verb 269. a.
Adverbial expressions 274.
Adverbs 235, with suffixes 236, as the sub-
ject 242. c, numeral 252. 4, position of
274.
Affixes 33.
Agreement neglected 275-279.
Aieph, sound of 8. 4, used as a vowel-letter
11. 1, in a few verbal forms 120. 2, 122.
2, 156. 3, once in 3 f s. suffix 220. 2.
b, otiant 16. 1, with Mappik 26, with
Daghesh forte (?) 121. 1, substituted for
He in Chaldee 51. 3, in Niphal infini-
tive 91. b, in Hiphil 94. a, 6, in Hith-
pael 96. a, in feminine ending of verbs
86. b, and nouns 196. d, for Vav in fem.
plur. of nouns 199, prosthesis of 53. 1.
a, 183. c, omitted 53. 2, 3, 57. 2 (2) a,
111. 2. b, c, 151. 2, 164. 2, quiescent
57. 2, after prefixed prepositions 231. 3.
a, 6, after Vav Conjunctive 234. c, pre-
fers diphthongal vowels 60. 1. a, 110. 3,
111. 2, previous vowel rarely short if
Daghesh forte omitted 60. 4. a, 121. 1,
229. 8, added to 3 pi. preterite 86 b,
prefixed in the formation of nouns 189.
Alphabet 2, order of 6, Lepsius' theory
6. a.
Animals, names of 197. c.
Apocopated future 97. 2, 264, not in pas-
sive species 97. 2. b, in Ayin Guttural
verbs 119. 1, Lamedh Guttural 126. 1,
Ayin Vav and Ayin Yodh 153. 5, 157.
3 158. 2, 160. 3, Lamedh He 171. 1,
172. 4, 173. 3, 174. 4, 175. 3, 176. 3.
Apocopated imperative 98. 2, 171. 1.
Apposition of nouns 258.
Arabic letters 3. 1. a, currently read with-
out vowels 10. a, syllables 18. 2. c,
Teshdid 23. 3. 6, accent 33. 4. a, Elif
prosthetic 53. 1. a, conjugations 83. e
(1), comparative or superlative 189. a,
nouns of unity 198. 6, plural ending
199. c, dual 202, article 229. 1. a, con-
junction with the accusative 271. 4. b.
Article definite 229, use of 245, with
verbs, etc. 245. 5. *, with proper nouns
246. 1. a, before nouns with suffixes
246. 2. a, before nouns in the construct
246. 3. a, when omitted 247, 249. 1. b,
c, 249. 2. 6, 0.
Article indefinite 229. 1. b, 248. a.
Aspirates 3. 1, 7. 2, receive Daghesh lene
21, their original sound 21. i, affssted
324
INDEX I.
by concurrence of consonants or doub-
ling M. 1.
Atliiialih divides verso SO. 1, train of 38. 2.
Augment, (ireeiv and Sanskrit W. 1. a.
Avin, sound of 3. 4, Chaldce substitutes
'lor Tsadhe 51. 3, elided 53. 3. a, 128,
previous vowel sometimes short when
Dagliesii omitted 00. 4. a.
Ayin doubled verbs, origin of term 70. 3,
their peculiarities 133-137, paradigm
138, remarks 139-142.
Ayin Guttural verbs 116, paradigm 117,
remarks 118-122.
Ayin Vav and Ayin Yodh verbs, origin of
term 70. 3, their pceuliarities 152-154,
paradigm 155, remarks 160-161.
Biliteral roots 68. b.
Bohemian accent 33. 4. a.
Cardinal numbers 223-200, with dual end-
ing 223. 1. rt, position iind agreement
250, 251, with sutlixes 250. 2 (2) a,
251. 4. a, with the article 251. 4.
Chaldce syllables 18. 2. o, words modified
from Ilcbiew 51. 3, dual 2U2.
Changes of peison 279.
Cities names oC, feminine 197. d.
Collectives with I'eniinine ending 198, con-
strued with the plural 275. 2.
Commutation of letters 50. 1, Aleph for
He 80. b, 91. b, 94. a, 96. a, 196. d, He
for Aleph 189. 6, Aleph for Yodh 50.
4, or Vav 56. 4. a, 199, Vav for Aleph
57. 2 (2) a, 111. 2. 6, rf, Yodh for Vav
56. 2, Teth for Tav 54. 4, 82. 5.
Comparison, how expressed 200.
Conii)uund ntnnbers 224, 225. 2, with
nouns 251. 3, with the article 251. 4. a.
Compound predicate 275. 1. 6, 275. 2. a.
Compound sentences 285. 1.
Compound species 83. c (2).
Compound subject 244. 1, 276.
Conjugations 70. 1.
Conjunctions 239, 287.
Consecution of accents in prose 36-39, in
poetry, 40-42.
Consonant changes, 53-50.
Consonants changed to vowels 57, vowel
changes occasioned by contiguous con-
sonants 60, by concurrent cousouauta,
61.
Construct infinitive. See Infinitive con-
struct.
Construct state of nouns 212-216, rela-
tions denoted by 254, resolved by pre-
position Lamedh 267.
Construitio praegnans 272. 3.
Contraction of two siiuilar letters 61. 3,
134. 1.
Contracted verbs 107.
Copula 2r,8. 2, 3.
Countries names of, feminine 197. d.
Daghcsh moaning of word 21. 2. a.
Daghesh-forte 23, distinguished from Da-
ghesh-leiie 23. 2, from Shurek 23. 3,
dilVerent kinds of 24, conjunctive, in-
stances of 24. a, 75. 1, separative 24. 6,
190. 4^ 210. 2. a, 221. 5. a, 230. 2. a,
enipliAi|'j 24. c, 80. a, 149. 1, omission
of 25, resolved bv the inseition of a
liquid 54. 3, 221. 6. 6, or Yodh 141. 1,
or by i)roloiiging the previous vowel,
59. a, never in gutturals 60. 4, 108,
rarely in Kesh 23. 1, 60. 4. a, omitted
fi om Ilithpael 96. a, in suffixes of verbs
104. «, 105. b.
Diighesh lene 21, 22, omitted from Kal
imperative 89 (f. s. and m. pi.), from
guttural forms 109. 3. o, from construct
I)luial of nouns 216. 2. a, after prefixes
101. 2. b.
Daleth assimilated to the feminine ending
Tav 54. 2, 148. 2, 205. b.
Day of the month 252. 2. 6.
Declension of nouns, adjectives and parti-
ciples 217.
Demonstrative pronouns 73, qualifying
nouns 249. 2, qualilying nouns in the
construct 256, predicate 259. 2, used for
relative 280.
Dental letters 7. 1.
Dialects, effect upon words 51. 3.
Diphthongal vowels 15.
Distributive numbeis 252. 4.
Distributive sense expressed by repetition
252. 4, 280. 1.
Division erroneous, of words 43. 6.
Divisions of Grammar 1.
Dual, ending of 202, signification of 203,
superadded to the plural 203. 5. b,
nouns with suffixes 221. 4, joined with
the plural 278.
Emphasis expressed by repetition 280-282.
English accent 33. 4. 'a.
Excess, how denoted 200. 3 (2) b.
Feminine endings 190, how related 55. 2.
c, 190. 6, compared with Indo-European
endings 196. e, used to form abstracts,
collectives, official designations 198, and
nouns of unity 198. b, appended to in-
finitive. See Infinitive construct.
Feminine nouns without I'em. ending in
the singular 197. «, with masc. ending
in plural 200. b, with two plural forms
200. c, with sutlixes 221. 2.
Feminine sign of, duplicated 88 (3 f.), 167.
3, 109. 1. a (?), neglected 88 (2 f. s,
3 f. pi), 197. a.
Final forms of letters 4, in middle of
words 4. a.
Flexibility various, of different languages
69. b.
Formative svilables differ from prefixes
ami sultixJs 33, 09. c, 101. 2. b, 123. 4.
Fractional uumbers 227. 3, 252. 3.
INDEX I.
325
Future, formation of 84. 3, its personal
endings and prefixes 85. 1. a (2) with
suffixes 105, uses of 263, shortened
form. See Apocopated future.
Galilean pronunciation 51. 4. a.
Grammar, function and divisions of 1.
Grammatical subject 244. 2.
Grave suffixes 72, 221. 1.
Greek alphabet 5. «, 6. b, 1. 2. a, accent
33. 4. a, augment 99. 1. a, feminine
and neuter 196. e, numerals 223. 2. a,
construction of neuter plurals 275. 4. a.
Guttural letters 7. 1, their peculiarities 60,
1U8, attract or preserve vowels 60. 3. c.
Guttural verbs 107.
He and Ilheth 3. 3.
He as a vowel letter 11. 1, 57. 2 (2) 6,
with Mappik 26, prosthesis of 53. 1. a,
rejection of 53. 2, 3, 85. 2. a (1), 95. b,
211. a, 229. 5, 231. 5, preceding vowel
often short when Daghesh omitted 60.
4. ff, 121. 1, 229. 3, added to 2 m. s.
and 2 f. pi. preterite 86. b, to 2 ra. s.
suffix 104. b, 220. 1. 6, to 2 f. s. suffix
220. 2. c, to 2 and 3 f. pi. suffix 104. g,
220. 1. b, 220. 2. c, for 3. m. s. suffix
104. d, 220. 1. b, omitted from f pi.
future 88 and imperative 89, omitted
after prefixes 85. 2. a (1), 91. 6, 94. 6,
95. 6, 113. 2, 229. 5, retained in excep-
tional cases 95. e, 142. 3, 150. 2, 231.
5. a, for Aleph 165. 1, prefixed in the
formation of nouns 189. b.
He directive 219. 1.
He interrogative 230.
He paragogic, effect on accent 33. 1, with
Methcgh 33. 1. a, examples of 61. 6. a,
219. 2, distinguished from feminine
ending 196. c, added to preterite 93. c,
to future. See Paragogic future.
Hhateph Seghol in 1 Sing, future Piel 92. e.
Hheth, preceding vowel mostly short, when
Daghesh omitted 60. 4. a, 121. 1,
229. 3.
Hhirik, quantity of 14, 19. 1, between
concurring consonants 61. 1, 85. 2. a,
216. 2, 231. 2, 234, in Segholates 61. 2,
184. 6, never in the ultimate of Eal ac-
tive participles 90, in 1 sing. Niphal fu-
ture 91. c, 149. 2, in Piel before suffixes
104. A, in penult of Piel infinitive 92. d,
in Hiphil infinitive 94. b, rejected from
Hiphil future 94. c, and participle 94. <?,
in the inflected preterite of Kal, Hiphil
119. 2, and Hithpael 96. 6, retained in
Hiphil before suffixes 104. h, in the ul-
timate of nouns 207. 1. c, 209. 2.
Hholem, stability of 60. 1. a (4), in in-
flected verbs Ayin doubled 61. 3, 136.
2, 141. 2, and Avin Vav and Ayin
Yodh 153. 4, 159. 1, 160. 2, shortened
to Kamets Hhatuph in Kal infinitive
construct 87, future 88, and imperative
89, once retained in Kal future before
Makkeph 88, in intensive species 92. b,
rejected from Kal future before suffixes
105. d, in the ultimate of nouns 207. 1.
€, d, 207. 2. c, 215. 1. c, 209. 2, in the
penult 210. rf, 216. I. c.
Hiphil, signification of 79, relation to Piel
80. 2. a (1), formation of 82. 4, origin
of prefixed He 82. 5. b (2), nouns de-
rived from 187. 2. a, 189.
Hithpael, signification of 80, relation to Ni-
plml 80. 2. a (2), formation of 82. 5,
origin of prefixed syllable 82. 5. b (1),
verbs having two forms of 122. 2. 141.
Hophal, signification of 79. 3, formation
of 82. 4, origin of prefixed He 82. 5. b
(2), no imperative 84, except in two in-
stances 95. d, in Ayin doubled verbs
140. 6, in Pe Yodh verbs 150. 5, in
Ayin Vav verbs 160. 5, in Lamedh
Aleph verbs 167. 2, in Lamedh He
verljs 175. 5.
Imperative, formation of 84. 4, its per-
sonal endings 85. 1. a (3), Kal with suf-
fixes 101, 3. 106. b, paragogic 98. 1,
111. 3. «, 125. 1, 132. 1, 148. 3, 157. 2,
apocopated 98. 2, 171. 2, twice in Ho-
phal 95. d.
Imperfect verbs classified 107.
Impersonal subject 243. 3, construction of
passive and neuter verbs 271. 4. a, 275.
1. c.
Inanimate objects, names of 198. <•, in plu-
ral 203. 5. a, plural with feminine sin-
gular 275. 4.
Indefinite subject 243. 2, article 229. 1. 6,
248. a
Indo-European roots 69. a, pronouns 71-
b, feminine and neuter 196. e, dual 202.
a, numerals 223. 2. a, conception of
time 261.
Infinitive, a verbal noun 267, as the sub-
ject 242. b, 267. a, does not admit the
article 245. 5. 6, with prepositions 242.
b, 267. 6, governed by verbs or nouns
267. 6, c, construction changed to pret-
erite or future 282. c.
Infinitive absolute, formation of 84. 1,
with feminine ending 160. 4, for pret-
erite or future 268. 1, for imperative
268. 2, emphatic use of 282.
Infinitive construct, formation of 84. 2, in
Kal usually without Vav 87, with femi-
nine ending in perfect verbs 87, in Pe
Guttural 111. 3. a, in Ayin Guttural
119. 3, in Lamedh Guttural 125. 2, in
Pe Nun 131. 4, in Avin doubled 139. 2,
in Pe Yodh 148, in "Piel 92. d, in Ho-
phal 150. 5, in Hiphil 128, in Lamedh
Aleph verbs 166. 2, in Lamedh lie 168,
with suffixes 101. 3, 106. a, i'uUowing
326
INDEX I.
noun or suffix flenote subject or ohject
lO'i. 15, 254. ;». b, enipliiilic use of 262. b.
Insepaiiible [jit-positioiiti 'l'i\.-2'oi.
.lutensitv expressed by repetition 280. 3,
282. "
Interjections 240.
Interrogative and indefinite pronouns 75,
trace of neuter in 19(5. a.
Interrogative sentences 283, 284.
Intransitive verbs construed transitively
271.
Irrational objects, plural, with feminine
singular 275. 4.
Jews modern, use Rabbinical letter 2,
tlieir pronunciation of Ayin 3. 4, use
abbreviations D. 1.
Kal, meaning of term 76. 2, formation in
perfect verbs 82. 1, remarks upon 8()-9().
Kamets and Kamets-Hhatuph distinguished
19. 2.
Kamets in the ultimate of nouns 207. 1. b,
207. 2. 6, 215. 1, in the penult 210,
2It). 1.
Kamets- Ilhatuph in Kal infin. constr. be-
fore Makliepli 87, before suffi.\es lOti,
in future 88, in imperiitive 89, 106, in
pas.*ive species 82. 5.6(3), 93. a, 95. a.
Kaph and Koph 3. 2.
Kapli initial rejected 53. 2. a, assimilation
of 54. 2. a.
Kariie Phara 38. 10.
Kibbuts, quantitv of 19. 1, in passive spe-
cies 82. 5. 6 (3), 93. a, 95. a, in Hith-
pael 96. a.
K'ri and K'thibh 4G-48, number of 46. a.
Kuslioi 21. 2. a.
Labial letters 7. 1.
Laniedii initial rejected 53. 2. a, 132. 2,
medial rejected 53. 3. 6, 88(1 c.), assim-
ilated to following consonant 54. 2, 132.
2, api>euded m formation of nouns 193.
2. c.
Lamcdh Aleph verbs 162, paradigm 163,
remarks 164-167.
Lamedh Guttiual verbs 123, paradigm 124,
remarks 125-128.
Lamedli He verks, origin of term 76. 3,
their peculiarities 1(J8, 169, paradigm
170, shortened future and imperative
171, remarks 172-177.
Latin alphabet 6. b, 7. 2. a, accent 33. 4. a,
feminine and neuter 196. 2, numerads
22.3. 2. a.
Lazian accent 33. 4. a.
Letters, sounds of 3, double forms of 4,
of unusual size or po.^ition 4. a, names
of 5, order of 6, classification of 7, nu-
merical use of 9. 2, commutation of 50.
1, tran.sposition of 50. 2, addition of
50. 3.
TiCtti.-^li accent 33. 4. a.
Light suffixes 72, 221. 2-t.
Linguals 7. 1, substituted for sibilants in
C'haldee 51.3.
Liciuids 7. 2.
Logical subject, 244. 2.
Makkeph 43.
Manner 274. 2. e.
Mappik 26, omitted from 3 f. s. suffix 104.
e, 220. 1. 6.
Masculine for feminine, .suffixes 104 ^,
220. 1. 6, future 88 (3 f. pi), 105. e,
predicate and pronouns 275. 1. a, 275. 5.
Masculine nouns with suffixes 221. 3, with
fem. ending in ])ltiral 200. a, with two
endings in plural 200. c.
Matres lectionis 11. 1.
Measure 274. 2. c.
Medial letters for finals 4. a.
Mediinn strength, letters of 7. 2.
Mem dropped from Pual participle 53. 2. a,
93. c, final rejected 55. 2, 214. 2, ap-
pended to 3 ni. jil. future (V) 88, pre-
fixed in formation of nouns 193. 2. c,
omitted from jdural ending (?) 199. 6.
Methogh 44, 45, aid in distinguishing
doubtful vowels 19, 45. 2. a, with He
paragogic 33. 1. a, in place of an accent
shifted in po.sition 35. 1, or removed by
Makkeph 43, 44. a, 64. 1. a, after He
interrogative 230. 2. a, its place sup-
plied by an accent 39. 3. 6, 45. 5.
Modern Hebrew read without vowel points
10. a.
Monosyllabic nouns 183.
Mountains, names of, masculine 197. d.
Multiliteral nouns 195.
Mutes 7. 2, a p-mute missing (?) 7. 2. a.
Names of letters 5, their antiquity 5. o,
their origin and signification 5. 6.
Nations, names of 197. d, 275. 2, 6.
Neuter gender, trace of 196. a.
Neuter verbs rarely have participles 90,
with suffixes 102. 2.
Niphal, signification of 77, relation to
Hithpael 80. 2. a (2), its formation 82.
2, origin of tlie prefixed Nun 82. 5. b
(1), participle from a noun 91. e, from
an adverb 80. 2. 6, noims derived from
187. 2. a.
Nouns, formation of 181, Cla.«s I 182-186,
Class II 187, 188, Class III 189-192,
Class IV 103, 194, multiliterals 195,
from imperfect roots 184. b, 185. 2. d,
186, 2. c, 187. 1. d, c, 187. 2. b, c, 190.
b, plural from quiescent roots 207. 1. /,
208. 3. c, with .sutfixcs 221. 5. a.
Nouns, gender and number of 196-211,
construct state of 212-216, declension
of 217, with suffixes 220, 221, para-
digm 222.
Noun.s feminine, without fem. ending 197.
a, with masi-. ending in plural 2n0. b,
masculine with fem. ending in plural
INDEX I.
327
200. a, with either ending 200. c, of
doubtful gender 197. 6, 200. c, having
but one number 201. 1, definite without
the article 246, used for adjectives 254.
6. a, in construct before adjectives 250.
1. fl, 254. 6. 6, in construct before pre-
positions 255. 1, in construct belbre a
clause 255. 2, placed absolutely 271. 4.
b, 274. 2, repetition of 280.
Nouns, primitive 181. a, derivative 181. b,
of unity 198 b.
Number, relations of 274. 2. d.
Numeral adjectives 223-227, 250-252, ad-
verbs 252. 4.
Numerical use of letters 9. 2.
Nun, rejected 53. 2. a, 6, 55. 2, from
verbs 129. 2, 131. 3, 4, from nouns 184.
6, 194. 2. 6, assimilated to a following i
consonant 54. 2, in verbs 129. 1, 131. 2,
132 1, in nouns 184. b, 190. a, 205. 6,
to initial Mem (?) 55. 1, 88 (m. pi.),
inserted in lieu of reduplication 54. 3,
221. 6. b, epenthetic 56. 1, 101. 2, 105.
b, added to 3 pi. preterite 86. b, to fu-
ture 88 (2 f s., m. pi), before suffixes
105. c, in Niphal absolute infinitive 91. b,
131. 5, 166. 3, 173, 2, in Niphal impera-
tive (?) 91- d, appended in formation of
nouns 193, inmasc. plur. ending 199. a.
Object, definite, sign of 238. 2, 270, of
transitive verbs 270, of intransitive verbs
271, indirect 272, multiple 273.
Occupations 186. 2. a, 187. 1. a.
Office, names of 198. a (2).
Official designations 198.
Ordinal numbers 227, 252.
Orthographic symbols 1-49, changes 50-
66.
Orthography, various 11. 1. 6, 51. 4. a.
Palatal letters 7. 1.
Paradigm, see Verbs paradigms of, and
Nouns.
Paragogic, future 97. 1, 264, not in passive
species 97. 2. b, in Lamedh He verbs
172. 3, imperative 9&, 1.
Parao-oo-ic letters, eflect on accent 33. 1,
instances of 61. 6. o, 218, 219.
Participles, formation of 84. 5, of neuter
verbs 90, with personal inflections 90,
declined 217, qualifying nouns 249. 1,
quaUfying nouns in the construct 256,
in the construct before nouns and in-
finitives 254. 9. b, signification of 266,
emphatic use of 282. c, construction
changed to preterite or future 282. c.
Particles prefixed 228-234, separate 235-
240.
Parts of speech 70.
Passive species with suffixes 102. 2, of
doubly transitive verbs 273. 5.
Pattahh preferred by gutturals 60. 1, 108,
changed to Seghol 63. 1, assimilated to
Seghol 61. 1. b, 63. 2, to Kamets or
Tsere 63. 2, in Segholates 61. 2, with
pause accents 65, in Kal constr. infin.
87, inf pi. future Niphal 91. c, and Piel
92! e, in preterite and imperative Piel
92. c] in Hithpael 96. b, in the ultimate
of nouns 207. 2. a.
Pattahh furtive 17, 60. 2, 109. 2, 114 (?),
123.
Pausal forms with inferior accents 65. 6.
Pause accents 37. 2. a, position of 35. 2,
occasion vowel changes 65, with the
preterite 86. a, with the future 88, with
the imperative 89 (f s. and m. pi), with
2 m. s. suffix 104. 6, 220. 1. 6, with Pe
Guttural verbs 112. 4, with Ayin Guttu-
ral 119. 1, 121. 3, with Lamedh Guttu-
ral 126. 1.
Pazer, clause divided by 36. 2, tram ot
38. 7.
Pe Aleph verbs 110. 3.
Pe Guttural verbs, origin of term, 76. 3,
their peculiarities 108, 109, paradigm
■^110, remarks 111-115.
Pe Nun verbs, origin of term 76. 3, their
peculiarities 129, paradigm 130, re-
marks 131, 132.
Perfect verbs 81-85, paradigm of 85. 2,
remarks 86-96, with suffixes 101, 102,
paradigm 103, remarks 104-106.
Periods of human life 201. 1. b.
Persian construct state 61. 6. a.
Personal endings and prefixes of verbs 85.
1. a, before suffixes 101. 1, more closely
attached than suffixes or prefixed prepo-
sitions 101. 2. b.
Personal pronouns 71, not expressed m
the subject 243. 1.
Pe Yodh verbs, origin of term 76. 3, pe-
culiarities 143-145, paradigm 146, re-
marks 147-151.
Piel, signification of 78, relation to Hiphil
80. 2. a (1), formation of 82. 3, with the
active vowels 82. 5. b (3), unusual forms
of 92. a, b, verbs with two forms of 122.
2, 141. 4, nouns derived from 187. 2. a.
Pile'l, Pilpel, Poel not distinct species from
Piel 83. c (1).
Place where 274. 2. b.
Plural endings 199.
Plural for singular in verbs (?) 88 (3 f. pi),
of majesty 201. 2, 275. 3.
Pluralis inhumanus 275. 4. a.
Plurality expressed by repetition 280. 2.
Points extraordinary 4. a.
Points Masoretic 10, accuracy of 49.
Polish accent 33. 4. a. ^
Predicate 258, compound 275. 1. b, 2/5.
2. a, agreement with nouns in the con-
struct relation 277.
Prefixed particles 228-234, two constitut-
ins a word 228. 2. a.
328
INDEX I.
Propositions inseparable 231-233, separate
2U7, willi suffixes 238.
Preterite, personal endings of 85. 1. n(l),
with suHixes lOl. 1, 104, Kal before
suflixes 1(»1. ;3, uses of 2()2.
Pretonio vowels G4. 2, in Kal preterite
82. 1, not rejected from Niphal 91. b,
106. a.
Primary preferred to a secondary form
275. 1.
Pronominal roots C8, the basis of adverbs,
prepositions and conjunctions 235. 1. a.
Pronominal sufHxes 72. See .SutBxes.
Pronouns, jier-sonal 71, 243. 1, repetition
of 281, demonstrative 73, 249. 2, 250,
25'.). 2, relative 74, 285, interrogative
and indefinite 75, 196. a, 284.
Proper nouns with the article 246. 1. a, in
loose apposition 253. 2. b.
Pual, signilication of 78. 3, formation of
82. 3, with the passive vowels 82. 5.
b (3), no imperative 84, in [icrfcct verbs
93, Ayin (Juttural verbs 121. 1, Ayin
doubled verbs 142. 1, Ayin Vav verbs
161. 4, Laraedh Aleph verbs 167. 1,
Lamedh He verbs 174. G.
Pure vowels 15.
Quadriliteral roots 68. a, verbs 180, nouns
195. 1, 8egholates plural of 208. 3. a.
Question, direct and indirect 283. 1, dis-
junctive 283. 2.
Quiescent letters 11. 1, their two uses dis-
tinguished 13, softened to vowels 57. 2.
Quiescent verbs 107, 143.
Quinqueliteral roots 68. a, nouns 195. 2.
Radical letters 7. 3.
Kaphe 27.
K'bhi", clause divided by 36. 2, train of
38. 6.
I{edui)lication of second radical in verbs
82. 3, in nouns 187, of tliird radical in
verbs 92. a, 116, 122. 1, 154. 2, 161. 3,
174. 1, 176. 1, in nouns 187. 1. d, 187.
2. r, of two radicals in verbs 92. a, 115,
122. 1, 137, 141. 2, 154. 3, 161. 2, in
nouns 187. 1. c, 187. 2. 6, 188, of a
short word 132. 1, 233. a.
Relative pronoun 74, 285.
Repetition of nouns 280, pronouns 281,
verbs 282.
Resli, sound of 3. 3, iissimilated to a fol-
lowing consonant 54. 2, ins<'rted in lieu
of i'e(lu[)licati()n 54. 3, preference for
Pattahh flo. 1. n, with Pattalili furtive (V)
60. 2. a, 114, with simple or compound
Sh'va 60. 3. a, 120. 3, with Daghesh-
forte 23. 1, 60. 4. a, previous vowel
lengthened on the omission of Daghe.sh,
60. 4. a, as tlie first ladicalof vcibs 114,
as the second ra<lical 118. 1, 120. 3, as
the third radical 125. :i. 126. 2, 127. 2.
Rivers, names of, masculine 197. d.
Roots of words 6Y, 68.
Rukhokh 21. 2. a.
Samaritan Pentateuch, its negligent or-
thography, 51. 4. a, 99. 1. a, and va-
riant forms 156. 2.
Samekh, Shin and Sin 3. 1, 3. 1. a.
Sanskrit laws of euphony 21. 2. 6, 65. 1. a,
accent 33. 4. a, augment 99. 1. «, femi-
nine and neuter 196. e, numerals 223.
2. a.
Seriptio plena, defectiva 14.
Seasons, names of 185. 2. a.
Seghol inserted between concurring con-
sonants 61. 2, 171. 1, in Avin doubled
verbs 61. 3, 136. 2, 141. 2, in Avin
Vav verbs 153. 4, 157. 3, 160. 3, final
rejected 66. 1 (1), 171. 1, with pause
accents 65, in Kal active participle 90,
in Niphal 91. a, b, in Piel 92. r, d, 126.
2, before suflixes 1(»4. ft, in Iliphil 94.
a, b, in Ilithpael 96. b, in the ultimate
of nouns 208, 209. 1, 215. 2, in the
penult of feminine nouns 207. 1. e.
Segholate forms from triliteial monosylla-
bles or final syllables 61. 1. 6, 183, 184.
«, in feminine 205, construct 214. 1. 6.
Segholate nouns 183, signification of 184,
their feminine 208. 2, plural 208. 3,
dual 208. 4, construct 210. 2, with He
paragogic 219. 1, with suffixes 221. 5.
Segliolta, verse divided by 36. 1, train of
38. 3.
Sentence, elements of 241. 2, subject of
242, predicate of 258. 1.
Separate particles 235-240.
Septuagint, equivalents for Ayin 3. 4,
mode of writing Hebrew words 49. 2, 3.
Servile letteis 7. 3, anagrams of 7. 3. a.
Shalsheleth, when used 38. 9.
Shin, Sin, and Samekh 3. 1, 8. 1. a.
Shurek, quantity of 14. 19. 1, in the ulti-
mate of Segholates 61. 2, in the penult
of Segholates 61. 4. a, 205. c, in Kal
future of perfect veibs 88, ))efore suflix-
es 1(15. (/, in Kal active participle 90, in
the ultimate of nouns 2(t7. 2. d, 209. 3.
Sh'va 16, silent and vocal 16. 2, 20. 1,
simple and compound 16. 3.
Sh'va compound, with gutturals 16. 3, 60.
3, 108, with Kc.^^h 00. 3. a, 120. 3, with
strong letters 16. 3. /), before gutturals
121*. 2, 127. 3, in construct plural of
nouns 216. 2. a, after He inteiiogalive
230. 2. a, after Vav Conjunctive 234. o,
which is selected 60. 3. V;, 109. 3, 112,
changed to a short vowel 60. 3. c, with
pause accent to a long vowel 65.
Sh'va simple with gutturals 60. 3. a, in
Pe (iuttural verbs 112. 2, 5, in Lamedh
Guttural verbs 123. 4, 127. 1, changed
to Seghol by pause accent 66.
Sibilants 7. 2,
INDEX I.
329
Silluk, position of 36. 1, train of 38. 1.
Singular predicate or pronoun with plural
sul)ieet 275. 1. a, 275. 6.
Sounds of the letters 3.
Species of verbs 70-80, mutually supple-
mentary 80. 2. a (3), what number in
use in difterent verbs 80. 2. a (4), forma-
tion of 82, with double forms in distinct
senses 83. c (1), 122. 2, 141. 4, com-
pound 83. c (2).
Strong letters 7. 2.
Subject 242, omitted 243, indefinite 243.
2, impersonal 243. 3, compound 244. 1,
276, grammatical and logical 244. 2.
Suffixes, pronominal 72, of verbs 101, 2,
of nouns 220. 3, relation denoted by
254, more loosely attached than affixes
101. 2. 6, with neuter verbs and passive
species 102. 2, with infinitives and parti-
ciples 102. 3, with cardinal numbers 223.
1. «, 250. 2 (2) a, omitted 247. 6, with
nouns in the construct 256.
Superlative degree 260.
Syllables 18, intermediate 20. 2, mutations
in, a source of vowel changes 59.
Syriac currently read without vowels 10.
a, aspirates 21. a, doubling of letters
23. 3. b, words modified from Hebrew
51. 3, dual 20. 2.
Svstema morarum 18. 6.
Tav and Teth 3. 2.
Tav unites with Tav of personal affixes
86. b (2 m.), or feminine ending 54. 1,
205. b, prefixed in anomalous verbal
forms 94. a, 115, 161. 5, in the forma-
tion of nouns 190, 192. 2, in Hithpael
assimilated 54. 2, 54. 4. a, 82. 5, 131. 6,
transposed 54. 4, 82. 5.
Tav of feminine ending rejected 55. 2. c,
196. 6, origin of 196. e, added to verbs
86. 6, 166. 1, 169. 1, 172. 1, in nouns
196. 6, 205.
T';nses, primary 84, 262-264, secondary
99, 265, past and future not promiscu-
ously used 263. 5. a.
Time, conception of 261.
Time, when and how long 274. 2. a.
T'lisha Gh'dhola, clause divided by 36. 2,
train of 38. 8.
Transitive construction of intransitive
verbs 271.
Transposition of letters 50. 2, 54. 4, 82. 5.
Tsere rejected from the ultimate of verbs
66. 1 (1), 171. 2, in Kal preterite 86. a,
164. 1, in fem. plur. future Niphal 91. r,
and Piel 92. e', in Piel inf abs. 92. d, in
Hiphil 94. 6, e, in Hophal inf. abs. 95. c,
with Aleph in place of Sh'va 60. 3. c,
92. e, 112. 1, 184. 6, as union vowel
with the preterite 104. a, in the ulti-
mate of verbs before suffixes 104. /*,
of Lamedh Guttural verbs 126. 1, of
Lamedh Aleph verbs 164. 5, in the ulti-
mate of nouns 207, 215. 1, in the penult
of nouns 210, 216. 1.
Vav rejected after vowelless consonants
53. 3. a, 184. 6, initial changed to Yodh
56. 2, 144. 1, rarely reduplicated 56. 3,
in verbs 154. 1, 161. 1, or nouns 187.
2. c, softened or rejected 57. 2, 152,
184. 6, 186. 2. c, 190. b, 207. 1./, 208.
3. c, 211. a, 216. 1. d, preceding a vow-
elless consonant 61. 1. a, 234, paragogic
61. 6. a, 218, omitted from 3. pi. pre-
terite 86. b, in Kal infinitive 87, in Kal
future 88, in Kal imperative 89, in Kal
passive participle 90, in Pual 93. 6,
added to 3. m. pi. suffix 104. /.
Vav in K'thibh, where K'ri has Kamets-
Hhatuph 13. «, 88, 105. d, 215. 1. c,
Pattahh 125. 1, or Hhateph-Kamets 13.
a, 214. 2. b, 89 (f s.).
Vav Conjunctive 234, 287.
Vav Conversive of the future S3. 4, 99,
with Ayin Guttural verbs 119. 1, Lamedh
Guttural 126. 1, Avin doubled 140. 1. 5,
Pe Yodh 147. 5, 150. 3, 150. 2 (p. 182),
Ayin Vav and Avin Yodh 153. 5, 157.
3, 158. 2, 160. 3,'Lamedh Aleph 166.4,
Lamedh He 171. 1, 172. 4, 173. 3, 174.
4, 175. 3, 176. 3, time denoted by 265. a.
Vav Conversive of the preterite 33. 4, 99,
with Pe Guttural verbs 112. 3, time de-
noted by 265. 6.
Verbs, their species 76-80, occurring in
all the species 80. 2. a (4), denomina-
tives 80. 2. b, perfect 81-100, with suffix-
es 101-106, imperfect 107-177, doubly
imperfect 178, defective 179, quadrilite-
ral 180, syntax of 261-269, coordinated
269, object of 270-272, with more than
one object 273, passive, object of 273. 5,
repetition of 282.
Verbs, paradigms of, perfect 85. 2, with
suffixes 103, Pe Guttural 110, Ayin Gut-
tural 117, Lamcdli (iuttural i24, J'e
Nun 130, Ayin doubled 138, Pe Yodh
146, Ayin Vav and Avin Yodh 155,
Lamedh Aleph 163, Lamedh He 170.
Verbs, personal endings and prefixes of
85. 1. a, 85. 2. a, suffixes of 101-106.
Verbs, middle e and 0 82. 1. a, have Pat-
tahh in Kal future 84. 3. a(l), inflected
86. a, before suffixes 104. h.
Verbs with I'attahh in Kal future 84. 3. a,
111. 1, 116. 1, 123. 1, 140. 1, 144. 2,
with Tsere in Kal future 84. 3. 6, 130,
144. 2, 147, 172. 3.
Vowel changes 58-66, significant 58. 1,
euphonic 58. 2, causes of 59, due to
mutations of syllables 59, to contiguous
gutturals 60, to concurrent consonants
61, to concurring vowels 63, to the ac-
cent 64, to pause accents 65, to the
330
INDEX I.
shortcniiifj or lonfrthcnin;» of words OB,
of short vowels in mixed penult 58. 2,
iiio. f, 210. 2. h.
Vowtl letteis 7. 2, use of 11. 1, distin-
UuislK'd tVoni their consonantal nsc 13.
Vowels It 1-1 7, Masoretic sij^ns for 12,
diH'erent modes of (lividinj:; them 12. a,
nicaninj^s of their names 12. A, nmtual
relations of their notation by letters and
bj' points 18, 14, mutable and immuta-
ble 14, hd:. 2, i)uie and di|jhthon<j;al I.'),
ambiiruity of certain signs 1'.), 20, o and
u more stable than i and c 00. 1. r/, in-
serted between concurrent consonants
61. 1, 2, c and o preferred before con-
current consonants 01. 4, > and u before
doubled letters 61. 5, paragogic 61. 6,
218, 210, concurring 62, proximity of,
a source of changes 0;5, ])retonic 64. 2,
rejected or shortened 66. 1, 2, of union
before sutKxcs lol. 2, twice e with pre-
terite 104. a, sometimes a with future
10.5. (7, final of verbs before suHixes
104. k, /, vowel a retained in ultimate
before suffixes 105. d, 118. 3, 164. 5.
Weak letters 7. 2, effect of upon syllables
18. 2. c.
Words not divided in writing 8, ambiguity
wlu'u uni>ointed l'>. ,;, sources of change
in 51, three .stages in the formation of 67,
changes in formation and inflection 69.
Written symbols of two shorts 2.
Yodh as a vowel letter 11. 1, in Kal active
participle 90, in Niphal future llli. 1
bel'ore suffix 105. a, 220. 1. i, initial re
jected 53. 2. «, t, 144. 3, 148, 150. 1
184. t, 188. ft, medial rejected 53. 3
fl, 6, 150. 3, 168, 169, softened or re
jected 57. 2, 152, 184. b, 186. 2. c
"l90. b, 207. 1./, 208. 3. c, 211. a
216. 1. (/, changed to Aleph 56. 4, para
gogic 61. 0. a, 218, added to 2 f. s. pre
terite 86. ft, to 2 f. s. suffix 104. c, 22f>.
1. ft, 220. 2. 0, omitted from 1 sing,
preterite 80. ft, from Iliphil 94, in
Lamedh He verbs 109, 172. 1, prefixed
in formation of nouns 190, 192. 1, ap-
pended in Ibrmation of nouns 194,
quiescent after prefixed prepositions
231. 3. ft, after Yav Conjunctive 234. c.
Zakcph Gadhol, clause divided by 36. 2,
when used 38. 5.
Zakeph Katon, clause divided by 36. 2,
train of 38. 4.
Il^DEX II.
TEXTS OF SCRIPTURE EXPLAINED OR REFERRED TO
GENESIS.
4 : 17 ... § 35. 1
12 : 12 ... § 243. 3
19 : 33 ... § 249. 2. h
18 . . . 275. 1. c
20 ... 43
33, 35 . . . 106. a
1: 1... §21. 1,36. 1,
23 ... 88 (f. pi.), 89
13 : 2 ... 245. 5. d
35 . . . 38. 1. a
242, 245. 4, 262.
(f. pi.), 98. 2,
4 ... 4. a
20 : 5 ... 71. a (3)
1, 270. a, 275. 3
127. 1
6... 275. \.a
6 . . . 164. 2
2. ..21. 1, 25S. 3
26 . . . 281
9 . . . 119. 1, 180. a
9 ... 22. 6, 75. 1,
4 . . . 270. b
5: 5... 177. 2, 251.
14 : 2 ... 71. a (3)
263.1
6 ... 31. 1
2. a
4 . . . 252. 2
11 . . . 254. 9
6, 7 . . . 245. 1
8... 277. o
6 . . . 221. 6. b
13 . . . 275. 3. a
7... 36. 1,203. 5. c
17 . . . 38. 1. a
8 . . . 203. 5. c
18 . . . 127. 1
9 . . . 250. 1
18 . . . 225. 2
9 . . . 250. 2 (1)
21: 6... 60. 2.0,120.2
11 . . . 45. 2, 254. 6,
29... 39. 4. a, 285. 1
10 . . . 63. 1. fi, 219.
8 ... 65. a
285. 1
6 : 3 ... 74. a, 139. 2,
1. b, 280. 2
14 . . . 214. 1. b
12 . . . 220. 1. h
157. 3, 158. 2
19 . : . 10. a
16 . . . 119. 1, 174. 1
14 . . . 275. 1. h
7 . . . 285. 1. a
15 : 1 . . . 246. 3, 249. 2,
17 ... 39. 3. A
16 . . . 245. 2, 254. 9
9 ... 96. 6
274. 1
28, 29 . . . 220, 1. b
18 . . . 45. 2. a
13 . . . 262. 2
2 ... 47, 253. 2. 6
22: 1...262. 1, 265,
22 . . . 3S. 1. a
17 . . . 266. 2
8 . . . 262. 1. b
270. b
24... 198. « (4), 218
18 . . . 100. 2. a (1)
11 . . . 229. 3
3 ... 265
24, 26 . . . 38. 1. a
19 . . . 45. 2. a, 229.
12 ... 245. 4
4 . . . 287. 3
29 . . . 270. c
3. a
17 . . . 275. 1. c
6 ... 244. 1
31...249.1.c,274. 1
22 . . . 273. 2
18 . . . 254. 3
8. ..44
2 : 1 ... 244. 1
7 : 1 . . . 262. 1, 273. 4
18-21 . . . 270. b
14 . . . 126. 2
2 . . . 262. 1
2 . . . 252. 4, 280. 1
11... 245. 5. a
23 : 1 . . . 251. 2, 3
3 ... 249. 1. c
4 . . . 251. 2
16 : 5 ... 4. a, 254. 9. a
4 . . . 275. 5
4 ... 4. a, 259. 2.
6 . . . 287. 1
11... 90 (2 f. s.)
6. ..165. 3
267. d
9 . . . 252. 4
13, 15 ... 43. a
10 . . . 254. 9. b
5 . . . 258. 3. b
13 . . . 200. e, 246. 3,
30 . . . 60. 3. 6 (2)
11 . . . 125. 1
6 . . . 263. 4
249. 2, 251. 1. a
17 : 4 ... 65. a
11, 13 . . . 262. 1. b
7 . . . 147. 5, 273. 3
19 . . . 280. 3
4, 5 . . . 215. 1. e
16 ... 36. 1
9 ... 245. 5. 6
23 . . . 173. 3
5 ... 271 . 4. a
19 . . . 246. 3
10 . . . 248
8 : 5 . . . 282. c
5, 6 ... 265
24 : 1 . . . 119. 1
11 . . . 245. 5
7 ... 282
8 ... 30. 2, 254. 5
8 . . . 249. 2. b
12 . . . 16. 3. 6, 234.
10 . . . 269. a
11 . . . 273. 5
14 ... 39. 4
a, 259. 2. a
12... 149. 2
12 . . . 254. 6. a
15 . . . 39. 3. a
14 . . . 258. 2
17 . . . 150. 1
17 . . . 24. i, 230. 2.
20 . . . 245. 3
16, 17 . . . 287. 1
18 . . . 147. 5
a, 254. 6. a, 283.
22... 251. 2.C, 254.
17 . . . 106. a, 282
9 : 14 . . . 139. 1
2. a
4
18 ... 242. 6
20 . . . 258. 3. a
19. ..90(f. B.)
23... 158. 3
19 . . . 147. 5
24 . . . 147. 5, 270. c
20 . . . 265. h
30 ... 36. 1
23 . . . 16. 3. b, 24.
10 : o... 220. 2. /.<
18 : 1 . . . 262. 1. a, 274,
33 . . . 111. 2. b
a, 127. 3
19 . . . 56. 4, 126. 2
2. b
35 . . . 245. 5. d
25 . . . 263. 5. a
21 . . . 256. a
6 . . . 2.53. 2
42 . . . 21. 1
3 : 2, 3 . . . 263. 1
25 . . . 250. 2 (2)
11 . . . 276. 3
42, 48, 65 ... 39. 4
5 . . . 106. a
26 . . . 229. 1. a
20 . . . 254. 9. a
48 . . . 131. 1
6 . . . 258. 1
11 : 1 . . . 223. 1. a
21 . . . 24. 6, 39. 3. 6,
58 . . . 283. 1
IS . . . 262. 1
6, 7 . . . 141. 1
230. 2. a
65 . . . 73. 2. a, 176.
15 . . . 30. 2
7 ... 86. a
28, 29 . . . 251. 4
3, 245. 3. a
16 . . . 53. 3. a
9 ... 57. 1
19 : 1, 4 . . . 266. 3
67 . . . 246. 3. a, 25&
22 . . . 21. 1, 177. 2
16 . . . 251. 2
9 . . . 131. 3
d
4 : 3 . . . 231. 3. a
30 ... 56. 2
11 . . . 207. 1. a, 245.
25 : 5 ... 43
4 . . . 220. 2. b
31 ... 22. 6
5
8 . . . 38. 1. a
12 . . . 267. d
12 : 2 . . . 263. 1
12... 38. 1. a
12 . . . 254. 1
13 . . . 260. 2 (2) 6
4... 10. a
14 ... 24. a
27 . . . 229. 4. b
14 . . . 245. 3. 6, 262.
5 . . . 254. 1 bis
19 ... 86. b (2m ),
31 . . . 98. 1. a, 125. \
1. b
7 . . . 262. 1. h
106. n, 105. d
34 ... 65. a
16 . . . 147. 5
8 ... 19. 1, 220. 1. b
30 . . . 251. 4
26 : 3 . . . 262. 1. 6
'6'6-Z
INDEX II.
26: 4....530. 2, 246. 3
34: 80.. ..5 254. 6
49: 19....? 140. 1
15
2....§ 56. 1. 105.
6.... 36. 1
31 2oO. 2
23.... 139. 1
6,131. 1,247. 6
8.... 245. 3
35: 7....276. 3. a
50: 9 248
4.... 277. a
13....2S2. r
la 270. b
10. ...271. 3
6.... 61. 6, 104./
15, IS 104. g
lh....34
17.... 273. 3. o
0....60. 3. a, 61.
22.... 156. 4
22 39. 4. a
19.... 283. 1
6. a
28....3(i. 1
20.... 275. 1. c
23 .... 22. a
9.. ..104./
29 60. 3. a
29 22. b
26.... 147. 5
10....11.1. 6,61. 6,
27: 1....8S(f. pi.)
37: 2....249. 1. 6
139. 1
4.... 263. 1. 0
8.... 282
11, 13.... 22. 6
!• Hit. 1
9.... 271. 3
EXODUS.
14, 16.... 263. 6. a
12.... 141. 6
12.... 267
16.... 22. 6,61. 6. o
16.... 36. 2
14.... 10. a
1: l....§21.1
17.... 24. 6,190. a
19.... 106. b
19.... 73. 2. a, 254.
7.... 273. 5
20.... 277. o
23.... 270. /j
6. a
10 ^8 (31'. pi.)
21.... 22. 6
25....2(J3. 1
20.... 104. i
16.... 177. 2
26.... 112. 3
26.... 131. 3
2-.' 00. 3. A (2)
2: 3.... 24. 6,104. e
16
5. ...38. 1. o
27.... 120. 3
32.... 24. 6,283. 2
4.... 53. 3. 6, 148.
7, 8. ...71. a(l)
29.... 177. 1
33.... 105. n, 282. a
2, 160. 3 (p. 182)
14.... 180. a
S3.... 263. 1. 6,266.
38: y....l31. 4
7.... 230. 3
16.... 39. 3. 6
2. a
11.... 274. 2. b
9.... 150. 2,151.1,
23....38. 1.0,112. 1
36.... 252. 4
26.... 71. n(3)
161. 6
27.... 242. a
38 16. 3. i, 230.
39: 4....119. 1
10. ...104. k
17
1....2ii7. d
2. a
7, 12.... 98. 1
17. ...104. e, 106. a
8, 10.... 119. 1
42.... 271. 4. a
11.... 231. 6. a
20....60. 3.C, 98. 2,
11.... 275. 2.6
44.... 223. 1. a
12.... 22. b
164. 3
18
8 104. I
28: 2,5,6,7....33.1.o
14.... 119. 1
23.... 61. 2
10.... 215. 1. b
9.... 39. 4
14, 17....92. d
3: 1 206.3.0
11.... 262. 2
12.... 55. 1
20. . . .255. 2
2.... 53. 2. a
21, 26.... 225. 1. a
20, 21.... 287. 2
40: 16.... 93. d, 156. 4
4 39. 1. a
26 88
S9: 2 263,4
16.... 251. 1
5.... 131. 3, 285. 1
19
5.... 44. a
3.... 139. 1
20.... 150. 5
8.... 248
9.... 215. 1. o
5.... 22. a, 230. 2. a
41: 8....119. 1
13.... 76. 1
12.... 282. a
6.... 34
11.... 99. 3
4: 2.... 24. a, 75. 1
13.... 149. 2, 282. a
8.... 139. 1
12.... 257. 2
10.... 254. 6. a
21, 24. ...111. 1
9.... 34, 267
19.... 264. 3
11.... 158. 2
20
2-17.... 39. 4. a
10.... 10. a
21.... 220. 1. b
13.... 256. 2, 285.3
4.... 27, 243. 2
17.... 278
33.... 35. 2
23.... 126. 1
5. ...111. 3. a
. 20.... 223. 1. a
36.... 249. 2
29.... 112. 3
8.... 268. 2
23.... 10. a
40 260. 2 (2) a
31.... 276. 2. a
10 249. 1. c
32.... 105. a, 118.3
43.... 94. b
6: 5 80. 6 (2in.)
11.... 43
35.... 245. 3. b
51.... 92. c
7. ...151. 2
13.... 27
80: l....:!4
42: 7....262. 2. a
8.... 39. 1. a
21
7....98. 1. a
5.. ..127. 1
11. ...71. ad)
16.... 166. 1, 275.
9.... 275. 3
6.... 104. a
13.... 38. 1. a
2. 6
11.... 215. 1. c
7.... 262. 1
18.... 287. 1
6: 14.... 255. 3
19.... 92. d
15.... 245. 3. b
21. ...39. 4
16.... 251. 3
22.... 19. 2. a, 39.
16.... 249. 2. b
26, 36.... 216. 2. a
29.... 10. a
3. 6
19.... 21.5. 1. 6
36.... 220. 1. b
7 : 10. . . .262. 1
28.... 270. c
27.... 131. 3
43: 7....45. 1
11.... 53. 2. a
30.... 65. 1
31.. ..43
8.... 126. 1
20.... 276. 1
35.... 19. 2. a, S9.
32.... 44. a
14....66. o, 82. 1, a
22.... 63. 2. a
3. 6
33.... 24. a
(3), 249. 1. b
20.... 265. 6
36.... 92. rf
38.... 45. 2, 88 (f.
26.... 26
8: 1....131. 3
22
2....216. 1. b
pl.)l)iu, 216. 2. a
29.... 141. 3
17.... 258. 3. b
3 166. 3
39.... 60. 3. i(2)
44: 1....286. 2
23.... 100. 2. o(l)
4.... 220. 1. b
31: 4.... 45. 2. a
4.... 114, 271. 2,
9: 3.... 10. n, 177. 1
8.... 43, 275. 3. o
6. ...71. fl(2)
272.2
16.... 119. 1
26.... 220. 1. 6
9.... 220. 1. b
17.... 30. 2
18.... 27, 104. e
23
11. ...254. 2
13.... 19. 2. a, 246.
18.... 263. 1. a
25.... 126. 2
14.... 252. 4
3. a
40.... 271. 4
29.... 88 (pi.)
20.... 207. 1. a
27.... 126. 1
45: 22.... 261. 2. c
10: 1....249. 2. 6
30.... 280. 1
30 86. b (2ni.),
26.... 45. 3
3.... 173. 2
31.... 104./
91. b
28.... 45. 5. o
8....271. 4. a
24
4 246. 3
32.... 104. I, 285.
46: 2....38. 1. a
24.... 150. 5
25
31....11. 1.6,113.1
2. a
3.... 148. 2
11: 8....249. 2. 6
35.... 280. 3. 6
36....75. 1
22, 27.... 275. 1. c
12: 7. ...4.6. 2
26
2.... 250. 1
39.... 61. 0. a
28.... 22. b
16.... 266. r
23....216. 2. a
32: 1....270. c
47: 24.... 275. 1. c
21.... 89 (f. 6. &
24.... 53. 3. a
5.. ..111. 2. 6
48 : 20.... 270. c
111. pi.)
33 100. 2. n a\
16.... 250. 2^(3)
22.... 223. 1. a
39 141. 6
100. 2. a (2),
20.... 61. 1. c, 88
49: 3. ...66. a
49.... 276. 1. c
229. 4. 6
(J)!.), 65. 2. a
5.... 216. 1. b
13: 1....24. a
27
21.... 247. a
22.... 4.6. 3
8.... 281
2.... 92. c
28
1....119. 1
23.... 249. 2. b
10. . . .24. b
9.... 254. 7
2.... 264. 6. a
33: 6....220. 1. /;
11....63. 2. a, 01. 6.
16.... 220. 1. 6
7.... 275. 1. c
6....88(f. pi.)
n, 218, 220. 1. b,
22.... 263. 4
40 207. 1. a
11.... 43, 166. 1,
221. 6. 6
14: 4.... 22. 6,91. c
29
3.... 248. a
270. b
12....215. 1. n,259.
14.... 119. 1
9.... 273. 3
84: 17....100. Za(l)
2. b
17.... 22. 6,91. c
20.... 38. 4. a
21.... 258. 2
17.... 216. 2. a
15: 1.... 22. 6, 263. 6
30.... 105. a
INDEX
II.
333
29: 35. ...§65. a
23: 17. ...§26
22:
33.
..§105. a 1
7: 2...
.§ 119. 1
37 229. 4. 6
18. ...216. 2. a
37.
..141. 1
5...
.126. 1
30: 18 109. 3
22 106. a
23
7.
. .19. 2, 119. 3,
10...
.92. c
23.... 215. 1. c
30.... 112. 3
141. 1, 263. 6
13...
.104. A
34.... 38. 1. a
39.... 22. a
13.
..141.3
15...
.106. a
31: 13....1U4. A
24: 5.... 100. 2. a (1)
18.
..61. 6. a
17...
.254. 9. b
14.... 275. 6
22 250. 1. a
19.
..121.3
23...
.273. 2
32: 1....75. 1, 119. 1,
'23.... 273. 3
24.
-.166. 5
24...
.94. h, 112. 3
249. 2. a
25: 5.... 216. 2. a
25.
..139. 1,2
8: 3...
.86, 6 (3 pi.)
4, 8.... 275. 3. a
21.... 172. 1
27.
..104.7
9...
.207. 2. a
19 220. 2. b
46.... 39. 3. b
24-
3.
..61. 6. a
16...
.55. 2. a. 86.
25.... 104. (7,156. 2
26: 9.... 100. 2. a (1)
4.
..266
6 (3 pi.)
33: 3 63.1.6,174.4
bis.
7.
..19.2.6,131.6
9: 3...
.112. 3
13.... 220. 2. 6
15.... 141. 3
9.
..275. 6
6...
.38. 4. a, 249. 2
20.... 105. a
18.... 92. d
11.
..127. 2
14...
.98. 2
24.... 111. 3. a
25.... 132. 1
15.
. .61. 6. a
25...
.251. 4
36: 3....38. 1. a
33.... 92. e
17.
..101. 2
26...
.119. 1
28 216. 2. a
34. ...172. 1
21.
..158. 3
10: 15...
.119. 3
3S: 27.... 250. 2(2)
34, 35.... 65. a
22.
..35.'1
17...
.30. 2
39: 30.... 105. d
34, 43.... 140. 6
25
13.
...24. a
11: 12...
.247. a
40: 3.... 166. 4
27: 7....251. 2. a
26
30.
...240. 3. 6
14...
.270. b
8.... 112. 3
62.
...96. a
18...
.249. 2. b
23.... 246. 2. a
28
4.
. .249. 1. 6
22...
.87. 88 (pi.)
LEVITICUS.
6.
. . .254. 6. 6
12: 6...
.270, b
8.
...104. d
10...
.274. 2. e
2: 15....S71. a(3)
NUMBERS.
26.
...39. 3. 6
31...
.45. 5
4: 13.... 60. 3. o
29
15.
...251. 1
13: S...
.111. 3. a
23, 28.... 150. 5
1: 10....§13. 6
30
11.
...274. 2. b
4...
.283. 1
5: 21.... 61. 4. a,
47.... 96. a
31
2.
...131.3
5...
.65. b
205. e
2: 33.... 96. a
12.
...45. 5. a
7...
.276. 1
22.... 119. 1
3: 26.... 271. 4. b
32
5.
...271. 4. a
14...
.254. 6. a
24.... 220. 2. a
49.... 55. 1
7.
...113. 1
14: 5...
.57. 2 (3) a
6: 14.... 114
4: 23.... 22. a
21.
...254. 9. 6
7...
.196. c
15.... 95. a
5: 13, 14.... 71. a (3)
33.
...71. a (1), 246.
17...
.229. 4. &
7
38.... 216. 1. a
22.... 131. 2
1. a
22...
.280. 1
8
3. ...119. 1
6 : 23 120. 3
42.
...27
15: 16...
.119. 1
9
7.... 98. 1. a
8: 7. ...121. 3
33
30.
...111.2. d
18...
.126. 1
10
4.... 39. 4. a
24.... 22. a
34
5.
...61. 6. a
16: 1...
.22. b
11.... 273. 2
9: 6....275. 1. 6
6.
7, 9.... 24. a
3...
.30. 2
12.... 39. 3. 6
7. ...249. 2
18.
. . .131. 1
20...
.280. 3
18.... 271. 4. a
14.... 275. 1. c
28.
...57. 2(2)-&
17 : 2, 3
...205. a
19.... 230. 2. b
20.... 253. 2
35
4.
...251. 2. a
18: 2..
.275. 1. c
11: 7....126. 1
10: 23. ...45. 5
19.
...125. 2
19: 6..
.114
9.... 270. c
29.... 21. 1
20.
...105. cJ
15...
.43
IS.... 229. 4. h
35.... 4. a
20: 2..
.19. 2, 119. 3
32.... 38.1. a, 254. 4
11: 4.... 57. 2 (2) a,
7.. .
.119. 1
39 71. a (3)
229. 3, a
DEUTERONOMY.
21: 7..
.13. b, 86. b
42.... 4. a
5.... 263. 4
(3
I'l.)
43.... 164. 2
11.... 164. 2
1
2.
...§38. 1. a
8..
.83. c. (2)
44.... 96. &, 242
15.. ..71, o(2)
14.
...259. 2
11..
.214. 1. b
13: 3....258. 3. a
16.. ..111. 3. a
15.
...225. 1. a.
22: 7..
.126. 1
4.... 27, 57. 2 (2)
20.... 196. d
19.
...271. 2
24..
.255. 2
6, 220. 1. b
25.... 111. 2. c
22.
...99. 3. a
23: 6..
.253. 2. &
10, 21.... 71. a (3)
12: 1....276. 1
28.
...38. 1. a
11..
.24. &
51, 52 139. 3
4.... 250. 2 (2) a
35.
. . .38. 1. a, 249. 1
24: 3..
.104. A
55, 56 96. a
13: 18.... 283. 2. a
38.
...273. 1
4..
.96. a
14: 8....126. 1
32.... 156. 4
44.
...245. 5. d
25: 4..
.158. 3
13.... 175. 2
14: 1....275. 2. a
45.
. . .112. 3
7...
.60. 3. a
35 242. a
2.... 262. 1
2
9.
...60. 4. a
13..
.280. 2
38 274. 2. a
15: 6.... 252. 3
12.
...203. 5. a
26: 2..
.39. 4
42 156. 2
21....39. 3. 6
24.
...131. 3
5..
.254. 6. &
43 92. rf, 94. b
28.... 27, 220. 1. b
35.
...139.1
12..
.94. 6, 113. 2
15: 24 87
29.... 275. 1. c
3
4.
...250. 2(1)
27: 4..
.106. a
29.... 100. 2. a (2)
16: 3.... 275. 2
13.
...246. 1. a
7..
.24. a
32 87
17: 3, 4.... 104. g-
17.
...216. 2. a
28: 24..
.104. 6
16: 4....104, /!
10.... 140. 4
26.
...21. 1, 151. 2
45..
.104. b
8 11. 1. a,188.a
28.... 125. 2
4
10.
. . .119. 1
48...
.94. 6
31 71. a (3;
20: 3.... 125. 2
11.
...99. 3. a
52..
.126. 1
18: 4....263. 1
5. ...104. I
26.
...44. 6, 91. 6
57..
.164, 2
7ff 172. 3
8. ...276. 3
30.
...265. b
58...
.249. 1
28 1.56. 4
14.... 104. i
33.
. . ..35. 1
59..
.165. 2, 220.
19 : 20 175. 5, 282. a
21. ...131. 4 *
41.
. . .219. 1. b,
2.
a
20; 3 256
21: 5....104. /
256. d
66..
.177. 3
7 96. b
30 105. 0,140. 5
5
. 6-
21....39. 4. a
29: 11...
.106. a
21: 1 96. a
33, 35.... 44. a
8.
...27
30: 3..
.92. c
4 UO. 4
22: 6.... 269. 6
9.
...111. 3. a
3,4
...104. h
5 97. 1. a
8.... 274. 2. a
14.
...249. 1. c
11..
.166, 1,205. c
9 71. a (3),
11.... 19. 2, 141. 1,
17.
...27
20..
.39, 4, 87
140. 3
267. b
24.
...71. a (2)
31: 28...
.22, 6
23: 3 280. 3. a
25.... 119. 1
6
: 4.
..A. a
29..
.166. 1
13.... 220. 1. b
29.... 262. 1
25.
. . .45. 1
32: 1..
.245. 2
334
INDEX II.
82: 6..,.^ 228. 2. n
12: 21.... 5 55. 2. a
9: 11.... 5 53. 2. b,
1-
8.... 5 88, 88(2 f.),
7 104. A, 2S0. 2
13: 13.... 196. b
95. b
127, 1
8.... 11. 1. i, 94. 6
23.... 247. a
12.... 89 (f. 8. Sc
9....88(pl.), 165.
10 63. c, 105. b
14: 8.... 62. 2, 175. 1
m. 1)1,)
3
13 13. a
15: 36.... 203. 5. 6
13.... 95. b
14.... 150. 3
15.... 285. 3
38.... 22. o
14.... 89
16.... 139. 2
18.... 172. 4
56.... 22. a
24.... 220. 1. b
3
3 86. fi(2 f.)
21. ...111. 2. 6
17: 1....30. 2
25.... 174. 5
4....16. 1,55. 2. a,
22.... 147. 4
18; 12, 14.... 86. b (3
29.... 164. 5, 172.3
88(2 f.), 106, a
26.... 104. /•, 172. 3
pl.)
35.... 274. 2. b
12.... 258. 3. 6
28....216.1. 6
20.... 88
38.... 91. 6
13.... 119. 3
29.... 262.1
19: 43.... 61. 6. a
48. ...75, 1
16.... 60. 3. 6 (2),
32.... 24. 0, 57. 2
50.... 172. 4
53.... 140. 5
120. 1, 164, %,
(2) a
51.... 39. 1. a
10: 2....60. 3, fi (1)
251. 2. c
34....90(p:iB9.)
21: 10.... 227. 1. o
4.... 207, 1./
20.... 220. 1. b
36 35. 1, 86. b
22: 5.... 87
9.... 24:3. 3
4
1....147. 5
87.... 172. 1
12.... 45. 5
14.... 119, 4
15.... 104. c, i
37,38 220. 2. c
10.... 119. 3
11: 1....2.'i4. 6
41.... 141. 2
17.... 271. 4. a
18.... 99, 3, a
33: 16.... 61. 6. a, 88
25.... 148. 1
25.... 91. 6,119. 1
1 SAMUEL.
(3f.), 167. 3
27.... 44. b
37.... 98. 2
21.... 177. 3
23: 7, 12.... 249. 2. «
40.... 250. 2 (2),
1
1....I265. a
24 : 10. . . .92. </, 282. a
263. 4
3.... 219. 1. a
15....88(pl.)
12: 4.... 272. 2
4.... 245. 3, 6
josnuA.
19.... 275. 3. a
5.... 230. 3, a
6.... 3, 1, a
6.... 24. fi, 104, (
8.... 263. 2
1: l....§265. a
13: 2.... 248. a
9.... 104. rf, 172. 4,
8.... 36. 2
JUDGES.
3.... 16. 1
254. 1
14.... 256
5, 7.... 90 (2f. B.)
14.... 88 (2 f.)
16 263 1
1: 1....5 265. a
6.... 119. 2
17....53. 2. a
2: 8.... 88 (pi.)
15.... 273. 3. a
8.... 93. fi, 245. 5.
20.... 119. 2
14 249. 2. b
2: 7.... 256
fi, 266. 3
24.... 104. I
16.... 157. 1, 164.2
3: 15.... 246. 3. 6
12.... 275. 1. a
28.... 119. 2
17, 18, 20.... 104. k
24.... 140. 5
23.... 273. 1
2
5.... 24. c
18.... 112. 3
25.... 157. 1
14: 1....61. 6. a
10.... 119. 1
20.... 249. 2. b
27.... 272. 2. b
6.... 245. 5. d
13.... 203. 5. a
3: 3. ...246.3
30.... 274. 2. a
11.... 251, 2. 6
22....88(pl.)
9.... 131. 3
4: 19.... 164. 2, 262. 2
15.... 283. 2. a
27.... 91. 6
11.... 246. 3. a
20.... 104. a, 127. 2
18.... 61. 6. a
3
2.... 258, 3, a
12 280. 1
21.... 11. 1.0,156.3
15: 16.... 280. 3. a
4.... 263. 1. b
13.... 246. 3
22.... 266
10: 5....130. 1. 6
7....263. 1. 6 •
14.... 253. 2. a
23.... 126. 1
13.... 112. 3
8.... 254. 9, b
4: 4....251. 4. a
24.... 282. c
14.... 246. 3. a
19.... 263, 4
5.... 255. 3
5: 5.... 86. a, 141. 1,
16.... 27
4
8....266. 2. a
6.... 88 (pi.)
249. 2. a
25.... 51. 2
12.... 266. 3
8.... 104.^
7....24. r,74,74. a
26.... 150. 1
14....75. 1
10.... 275. 2
8....92. f/, 121. 1
27.... 271. 1
19.... 148. 2
13.... 45. 5. a
12.... 45. 2. a
28.... 22. fi, 27, 223.
6
10....104. y?, 165. 3
23.... 127. 2
13.... 148. 3
1. a
12.... 88 (3f. pl,),
24.... 262. 1
15.... 199. c, 207.
17: 2....71, o, 2
147, 4, 282
6. 5.... 125. 2
2. a
18: 7.... 94, a, 275,
14....246, 3, 6 ,
7.... 46
26.... 88 (3 f. pl.),
2. fi
15,... 119. 1
13 282. c
105. b
29.... 93. 6
7
8. ...119. 1
17.... 166. 1
28.... 60. 3. b (2),
30.... 4. a
8
19.... 24. a
7: 7.... 60. 3. 6 (2),
121. 2
19: 5.... 19. 2. n, 89
9
3.... 270. c
94. 6, 112. 2
31.... 263. 1
11.... 150. 1(2)
9.... 243. 2. a,
9.... 172. 3
6: 9....99. 3. 6
22.... 82. 5. a
24a. 3
21.... 246. 2. a
11.... 246. 3. 6
20: 13.... 46
24.... 245. 6. 6
8: 11.... 246. .3. a
14.... 249. 2. 6
15, 17.... 96, a
10
1-8.... 100. 1
19.... 271. 2
15.... 250. 2 (2) a
25.... 224. a
4.... 251. 2. c
22.... 272. 2
17....74, 74. a
31.... 131. 2
5.... 206, 3
24.... 22. b
20.... 73. 2. a
32.... 24. b
6.... 165. 3, 273.
33.... 246. 2. a
25.... 249. 1. c
39.... 131, 5
3. a
9: 4....161. 1
31. ...230. 3. a
43....24. fi
13.... 165. 3
6.... 119. 4
34.... 119. 1
44.... 271, 4, 6
19.... 2.50. 2 (2) a
8.... 262. 2. a
36.... 258. 3. 6
21: 9....96. n
24.... 24. 6
12.... 101. 1, 249.
7: 6.... 22. a
21.... 39. 3, b
12
3.... 38. 1. a
2. a
12.... 74. a
22.... 158. 3
7. ...91. c
13.... 126. 1
19 268. 1
25.... 258. 3. 6
13.... 119. 2
24.... 95. c, 172. 3
8: 1....166. 2
24.... 94. a
10: 11.... 38. 4. a, 39.
2.... 25
13
6.... 250. 2(1)
1. a
10.... 224. a
• RUTH.
8.... 149, 2
20 22.fi
11.... 229. 4. 6
19 86. 6(8pl.)
24.... 86. fi(3 pL),
10. ...111. 3. b
1: 8.... §275. 6
21.... 19. 2. fi, 65. a
245. 5. /..
26.... 74. a
9....89(f. pl.)
14
1....73. 2. a
26.... 56. 4
9: 2 230. 2. a
11.... 45. 4
22.... 94. c
29.... 272. 2
8.... 98. 1. a
13.... 25, 71. n(3).
24.... 111. 2. d
30.... 21. 1
9.....53. 2. fi, 63, 1.
88 (f. pl.), 91. c
29 249. 2, r
31,38.... 272. 2
a, 95. b
19. ...104. ^
32.... 157, 3, 172. 4
11: 8....21. 1
10.... 89 (f. 8, &
20.... 60. 3. c, 196.
33.... 57. 2 (3) o,
14.... 94. b
m. pi.)
d
164. 3
INDEX II.
335
u
16
36.
40.
: 1.
5.
6.
9.
19.
30.
: 4.
12.
15
,.§141. 1
,.276. 3
. .125. 2
. .111. 2. c
..151. 2
91. e
'.'.157.3, 172.4
. .100. 2. a (1)
..284
. .214. 2. b
..221. 2. a
18 246.3. 6,254.
6. a, 257, 2
23 245. 3. a
12.... 249. 2. c, 253.
2. 6
25 24. 6,104, h
26.... 73. 2. a, 275,
3. a
34.... 245. 5. d, 265.
6, 271. 4. 6
35.... 14. a, 112.3,
265. 6
28 . 24.... §111. 2. b
30 : 1 14. a
31: 2 94. c
2 BAMUEL.
42..
47..
55-.
.172. 4
..150. 2
..245. 2,
249.
56..
: 1..
19
.249. 2. a
.105. a
.158. 3
7.... 250. 2(2) a
9.... 156. 1
17.... 119. 1
20.... 243. 2
22 220. 2. 6
28 104. i
29.... 148. 1, 151.2
10.... 249. 2. 6
13, 16.... 201. 2
17. ...104. k
21 269. a
22 249. 1. c
.119. 1
.271. 4. a
.39.4
.119. 1
.254. 6. a
.199. 6
.250. 2 (2) a
'>1 • 2 219. 1. 6
3 92.6,221.3.0
7. ...44
12 44. a
14....66. 1(1),105.
a, 174. 4
15.... 126. 1
22: 2 165.2
23: 11 94. d
22 282. a
. .245. 5. a
. .260. 1
..71. a (2)
. .94. a
..164. 2
..157. 3
..172. 5,
3. a
33.... 165. 3
6..
13..
21..
28..
31..
38.,
42.,
4..
6..
9..
10.,
15..
21.,
26..
:19.,
27.
32.
: 2.
8.
22.
: 6.
: 2.
: 1.
3.
5.
13
23.
7 :10.
8 :18.
10
12: 1,4
4..
14..
13: 4..
31..
32..
39..
14..
17.,
19..
: 7.,
8.,
14.
18..
21
:11..
12..
; 7..
24.
33.
..§271.4. a
..177. 3
..142. 2
..45. 1
. .160. 1
16
14
209.
,.§242. c
. .91. 6, 166. 3
. .256. c
..99. 3. 6,106.a
..131.3
. .255. 1
. .166. 1
. .13. 6
..65. a
. .274. 2. 6
. .257. 1
. .165. 3
. .276. 2
..71. a (3)
. .164. 2
..151.2
...249. 1. &
,..16. 3. 6
...282. c
16.... 253. 1
20 282. 6
.56. 2
.114
.199. 6
.253. 2
11, 17.... 275. 2. 6
1....11. 1. 6
24.... 177. 3
25 245. 5,
4. a
. . .156. 3
.249. 1. c
.92. d
.280. 1
.254. 10
.158. 3
.253. 1
2, 3.... 16. 1
7.... 38. 4. a, 158. S
10.... 104. k
19.... 57. 2(1),
180. a
30.... 149. 1, 150.4
..282. 6
. .125. 2
..275. 2. 6
. .282. c
. .273. 6
..287. 3
37, 40.... 238. 1. 6
40 53. 3. o. 111.
2 c
41.. '..53. 2. 6, 132.
23:
43..
44..
48..
1..
.118. 3, 141. 3
.199. 6
.238. 1. 6
.160. 5
.33. 3, 140. 6,
221. 6
8. ...199. 6
27 24. 6
24: 12.... 268. 2
13.... 253. 2
1 KINGS.
:26.,
29.
: 3.
14.
21.
: 1.
12.
13.
30.
32.
42
271.
15: 8
12.
23.
30.
32.
34.
16
34.
I (3 f.), 167.
43.... 250. 2 (2) a
.16.... 271. 4. 6
22 246. 3. /I
• 12.... 119. 1
■ 7 214.1.6
8 89 (f. s. &m.
pl.)
10 24. 6
14 60, 3. 6 (2)
15.... 63. 1. f, 97.
1. 6, 164. 5
19
20:
21:
18..
1..
14.,
18..
19.,
1.
4.
5.
9.
21..
37 215. 1. e
1....250. 2(1)
16 215. 1. 6
9.... 243. 2. a
10.... 140. 4
12. ...71. a(l)
22 223. 1. a
23 113. 1, 275
3. a
3.... 113. 2
,.270. 6
..281
..111. 2. 6
. .224. a
. .113. 2
..257.2
. .119. 1
..111. 2. d
..111. 2.6
. .95. a
2 166. 2.
6 60. 3. a
2
9....160. 5, 223.1
o, 250. 2 (2) a
127.
: 6.
14.
15.
21.
27.
:24.
31.
: 3.
7.
15.
: 5.
..§243.1
. .259. 2. a
. .54. 1, 205. 6
,,.87
, . .283. 2. 6
, . .105. a
...254. 6. 6
...126. i
. . .267. 6
...147.4
...150. 4, 215.
1. 6
5: 3.,
10.
11.
20.
25.
6 : 16.
19.
21.
38.
7 : 12
11
11..
: 3..
9.
12..
15..
25..
39..
:10..
12..
32..
: 7..
12..
20..
.253. 2. a
.254. 8
.260. 2 (2) a
.119. 1
.53. 2. a
.10. a
.132. 1
.207. 1. c
.251. 4. a
.249. 1. c
14.... 132. 1, 253.1
37 220. 1. 6
44 251. 4. a
1....119. 1
48 86. 6 (1 c.)
.165. 2
.112. 3
, .254. 8
.275. 1. 6
. .254. 3
i 210. d
3.... 275. 1. a
13.... 16. 1
22 24. a
.271. 4. b
.57. 2 (2) a
.221. 5. a
.164. 2
.257. 3
.234. a
.75. 2
.60. 3. b (2)
14: 2.... 71. a (2)
3 60.2.0,127.1
6.... 273. 5
24 246. 3. a
25.... 257. 3
15 16 60. 3. a
23.... 271. 4
29 94. 6
33.... 2.57. 3, 4
16 : 10.... 2.52. 2
16 247. a
17.... 172. 4, 175.3
25.... 172. 4
.§254. 9. a
.252. 2. a
.100. 1
.177. 3
.43
.252. 1
.100. 2. a (1)
.104. s
.131.3
.273. 3
.175.3
43 254. 9. a,
274. 2 d
44 104. 6
2 276. 3. a
4 274. 2. c
7.... 38. 1. a
10.... 92. d
11 275. 1. c
15.... 66. 2(2)6,
219. 1
19.... 251. 4. a
.98. 1. a
.39.4
.229. 1. 6
.96. a. 161. 4
.172. 3
.91. 6
.45. 1
.46
..164.2
..126. 1
. .249. 2. b
25.... 165. 1
27....2§3. 2. a,
270. c
35.... 147. 4
54.... 119. 1
2 KJNGS.
2.... §249. 2. c,
283. 1
6.... 36. 2,39.4
7. ...75. 1
10.... 172. 4
10, 14.... 250. 2
(2) a
16.... 39. 4
..16. 3. 6
..93. c
..16. 3. 6
. .208. 3. c
. .165. 2
20
20: 9...
13...
27...
35...
39..,
21: 1...
8..
29
22 :12
23
1..
10..
11..
16..
21..
22.... 165. 3
24.
: 4.
23.
25.
27.
7..
.251. 2. 6
,.253. 2. a
..119. 1
..65. 6,111. 1
. .263. 1
220. 1. 6
3.,
6:
16, 23 71. a. 2
24.... 131. 1
25 73. 2. o
32 95. a
■ 1 39. 1. a
.112. 3
104. j
7.... 254. 9. 6
9.... 257
18.... 46, 176. 1
5.... 271. 4. b
8 220. 2. a
10.... 252. 4
11.... 74. a
18.... 98. 2,207.
1. a
19....88(pl.)
22.... 230. 3
23.... 172. 4
k
33G
INDEX II.
6:32.,
7 ; 12..
13.
8: 1..
8.
12.
13.
21.
9:17.
2.'!.
10
..§24.6
..165. 1
..246. 3. a
..71. "(2)
..249. 2. c
..120. 1
..75 I
..U. 1. 6,90
..196. 6
. .220. 1. b
..172. 1
..118. 3
..39. 4
..199. 6
..199. a
..252. 2. b
..216. 1. a
. .60. 3. c, 132. 2
..250. 1. a
15
16
14..
1..
10..
16..
19
23
17..
13..
36..
23..
30..
4.
4..
23..
25..
29..
19..
1..
17..
3,
25:17..
29..
.164. 2
.263. 1
.2Ji 2. a
.19. 2
.246. 2. a
.156. 2
.2.>$. 2
.:'.9. 4. a
.39. 4
.119. 1
.126. 1, 271.
a
.285. 1
.254. 2. a
.175. 2
.lljl. 3
.106. a
.251. 2. A
.73. 2. a, 240.
.251. 2. 6
.177.3
1 CnROXIOLES.
13
10...
20...
1...
2...
14...
20...
3...
12...
15:24...
27...
3.
17: 4...
20: 2...
8...
21:13...
22: 14...
23: 6...
24: 3...
28...
26:19...
26 ; 28...
27 : 15...
28 : 1 . . .
5...
29:17...
18...
.§57. 2(1)
.1.3. h
.149. 1
.100. 2. a(l)
.74. a
.14. a
.1.50. 1.180.0
.260. 2 (2)
.14. n
.104. I
.51. 2
.94. e, 180. n
.180. a, 246.
a
.266. 3. a
.2.54. 5
.73. a, 149. 1
.259. 2
.2.50. 2 (3)
..59. a
.59. r/, 113. 1
.275. 1. c
.251. 4. (I
.245. 5. /..
.251. 4. n
.30 1
.249. 1. a
.24.5. 5. b
.123. 1
2 CHRONICLES.
1 : 4....§24.5. 5. b
10.... 164. b
2 7.... 14. «, 264. 3
3: 3.
5: 2
12
6 42
7 : 6
8: 16
18
10:
16: 7.
12
17 : 11.
12
13
IS : 22,
23
19 : 2,
20: 7.
35
21 : 17
22: 5
11
23 : 19
24 : 18
25: 4
26 : 15
17
19
21
28 : 23.
29 : 31
36
31 : 7
14
32 : 15
30
33:19
34: 4,
5
6
35 : 13
...§247. a
...119. 1
...180. a
...98. 1
...94. (?
...240. 3. a
...13. a
. . .231. 5. a
...19. 2
...246. 3. a
8. ...119. 1
...177. 3
. . .62. 2. 6, 209.
2. d
. . .282. c
...275. 1. c
...249. 2. b
. . .38. 4. a
...112. 5. c
...105. a
, . . .96. a
...125. 1, 260.
2(2)
...53. 2. a
. . . .39. 1. a
. . .242
. . . .249. 2. 6
...254. 7
...148. 1, 177.3
. . . .251. 2. b
...119. 3
...198. a. 4
...94. e
...65. b
...24.5. 5. b
...14S. 1
...219. 1. a
256. c
...150. 2 (p.
182)
...199. c
...126. 1
. . .220. 1. b
. . .43. b
...57.1
EZRA.
11...
.§95. c, 150.5
25..
.39.4
18...
.26
23..
.99. 3
25..
.98. 1. n, 207.
1.
b, 245. 5. b
26..
.98. 1. a
29..
.246. 3. a
31..
.99.3
14..
.24.5. 5. h
16..
.122. 2, 141. 1
17..
.245. 5. b
NEHEMIAH.
,.§125. 2
..282. b
.111. 2. e
..m. 2. b
. .39. 4
. .4. f/, 104. 5
.53. 2. />, 62. 1
..94. a
..274. 1
..210. r
..216. 2. a
, .2.55. 1
..6.5. a
16.... 112. 3
6. ...177. 1
8.... 57. 2 (3)
1&4. 3.
n..
34..
2. .
5..
5..
6..
IS..
19..
26..
28..
32..
35..
;5!i..
17..
44..
13..
16..
23..
.§23.". a
, .'^51. 3
.106. 4
, .1U6. «, 125. 2
.161. 4
.71. a (2)
.63. 1. a
.249. 1
.03. 1. a
.249. 1. a
. .271. 4. a
.249. 1. c
.94. 6, 113. 2
.150. 2
.39. 3. b
.111. 2. d
.11. 1. a
..210. d
ESTHER.
8..
..§126. 1
9..
. .207. 2. d
3..
..150. 5
4..
..161. 2
14..
..127. 1
16..
. .276. 2
5..
..82. 1. a(l)
6..
. .269
15..
..256
4..
. .282. c
27..
. .86. 6 (3 pi.)
JOB.
...§250. 2 (2),
260. 2. (1)
...263. 4, 274.
2. d
. . .245. 3. b
. . .45. 1
...71. a (2)
. . .45. 4, 131. 3
. . .220. 1. b, 258.
3
...164. 2
. . .30. 1. a
...45. 4
...46
...248. a
...JO:?. 5
....•J67. b
...263. 5
,...2fi:j. 1
...168. n, 172. 3
...283. 1. a
200. e
...287.3
...285. 1
...93. h, 287. 1
...263. 1
...61. 6. a
...165. 3
...263. 1
...96. A
...60. 3. b (2),
119. 4
...126. 1
...243. 2. h
....119. 1, 139. 3
....104.7, 105. b
10,5. h
...57. 2 (2) a,
227. 1. a
....165. 1
...22. h
....S8(pl.)
...92. A
0:18.... §24. 6, 105. a,
190. (I.
SO.... 121. 1
34....1U5. 6
10: 12.... 19. 2
22 61. 6. a
11 : 3. ...94. a
12.... 139. 3
15.... 150. 5
17.... 97. 1. a, 260.
2(2)c
12: 14.... 111. 1
21.... '282. c
13: 9....24. c
15.....•^3. b
21.... 119. 1
27 204. a
14: ^...•.'.•>4. 9. b
19....11J. .3, 275.4
15: 7.... 227. 1. a
11.... 200. 2(2)6
18....1J1. 2
22.... 172. 5
16 : 5. ...104. A
11.. ..147. 3
12.... 161. 2
13.... 126. 1, 216.
1. b
10.... 60. 3. 6(2)
19 19. 2
17: 2.... 24. 6
3.... 126. 1
10.... 21.5. 1. c
16.... 88 (3 f. pi.)
18: 2.... ,54. 3
4.... 91. h, 230. 2
19: 2....105. c
3.... 94. f, 252. 4
7. ...113. 1
15.... 105. e
16.... 45. 4
17.... 139. 2
23.... 88 (pi.), 14L
1
29.... 74, 74. a
20: 4.... 1.58. 3
8.... 139. 3
17....265. 3. a
24.... 112. 5. c
20 60. :i. c, 93. a,
111. 2. e
28 140. 2
21 : 0....140. 5
13.... 24. c
18.... 104. «■
24.... 88 (pi.)
22 : 0 283. 2
20 220. 1. 6
21....8S(3.f.), 94
(i, 107. 3
23: 3.... 269. 6
9.... 34
11.... 79 3. a
17... .806(2 m.)
24 : 14.... 8.3. 6
19 285. 3
21.... 150. 2
24.... 1.39. 1
25.... 264. a
33 220. 2. e
25: 3.... 220. 1. ft
26: 9 180. a
11. ...161. 4
27: 3.... 2.56. c
4....92. «
12.... 271. 8
.33 220. 2. c
28: 12.... 24.5. 5
29: 3.... 1.39. 2
6 .53. 3. 6
14.... 106. d
INDEX II.
337
29:21....§24. e )
9: 17... .§149. 1
45- 3...
.592. fi f
78:63...
.193. /;
80: ii....2i.b
18.... 219. 1. a
9...
.199. b
65...
.141. 5*
26.... 99. 3. &
19.... 126. 1
10...
.14. a, 24. b
80: 3...
.61. 6. a
31: 5.... 157. 3
10: 2.... 31. a, 286
47 : 5...
Ao. a
5, 8
...263. 2. A
1&....61. 3, 105. 6,
5. ...31. b
10...
.112. 5. c
e...
.112. 3
161. 3.
8, 10.... 209. 1. a
49: 9...
.55. 1
11...
.98. a
18.... 273. 3. a
12. ...131. 3
50: 21...
.112. 3, 282. b
14...
.4. a, 180. a
22.... 27
13, 14.... 31. 6
23...
.105. b
15...
.263. 2. b
24.... 60. 1. a
11: 1....257. 1
51: 6...
.263. 1
16...
.4. a, 139. 2
32: 2.... 269. 6
7.... 220. 2. c, 275.
7...
.121. 2
19...
.157. 3
10.... 125. 1
3. a
53: 6...
.220. 1. b
20...
.253. 2. 6
11.... 53. 2. a, 111.
12: 3.... 280. 2
55:10...
.92. c
81: 3...
.45. 5. a
2. c
4. ...119. 1
16...
.164. 2
11...
.119. 1, 246.
18.... 164. 2
S....73. 1,249.2.?/
18...
.274. 2. a
2.
b
33: 5 111. 3. a
13: 4.... 271. 3
19, 22.... 19. 2. a 1
17...
.279
9.. ..71. a(l)
5.... 104. A
22...
.141. 1
84: 2...
.200. e
13.... 158. 1
16: 5.... 19. 2. a, 90,
87: 2...
.172. 1, 275.
86: 2...
.19. 2, 126. 1
21.... 26, 121. 1
151.3
1.
a
88:17...
.24. b, 92. a
25.... 180. a
17 : 3....U;9. 2
9...
.247. b
89: 2...
.216. 2. a
27.... 158. 2
9 263. 5. a
58: 2..
.88 (ri.)
8...
.111.3. b
30.... 159. 2
18: 6. ...104./
4..
.156. 2
9...
.253. 2. b
34: 5. ...65. a
10.. ..147. 5
7..
.131.3
10...
.131. 4
13.... 61. 6. a
15.... 82. 1. a (3)
8..
.139. 3
40...
.272. 3
18.... 112. 1
21. ...21. 1
9..
.24. b, 214.
44...
.104. j
22.... 01. b
27.... 142. 2
1
6
45...
.24. b, 86. 6
25.... 216. 1. a
41.... 132. 1
12..
.275. 3. a
(2
m.)
35: 11.... 53. 3. a, 111.
19: 6....249. 1
60: 2..
.43. a
51...
.249. 1. a
2. c
8. ...254. 9. b
4..
.165. 1
52...
.24. b, 216.
37: 6.... 177. 1
■\4....n. 1. b
5..
.253. 2. a
2.
a
12.... 61. 6. a
20: 4 63. 1. c, 97.
13..
.287. 1
90: 2...
.263. 1. b
24.... 104. h
1. o, b
61: 1..
.196. b
10...
.22. a
38: 1....4. n
9.... 243. 1
62: 4..
.93. a. bia
91: 6...
.140. 1
12 86. b(2m.)
22: 2....104. j
10..
.260. 2(2)c
12...
.105. c
24.... 60. 4. a, 113.1
9.... 42
12..
.252.4
92: 2..
.242. 6
35.... 230. 2. a
10.... 157. 1
63: 2..
.275. 1. c
16...
.61. 6. a..
39: 2....104. ,§■
17.... 156. 3.199. b
4..
.105. c
93: 1...
.126. 2 .
3.... 161. 2
22.... 272. 3
8..
.61. 6. a
5..
.171.1
4.... 112. 5. c
32.... 266. 3
64: 7..
.54.3
94: 1..
.94. d
24.... 165. 2
23: 6 148. 2,267. d
65: 7..
.112. 5. c
9..
.126. 1
40: 2....268. 1. a
24: 14. ...131. 3
10..
.104. h, 105. b
17..
.61. 6. a
21, 22.... 208. 3. a
25: ....6, 7. 2. a
66: 4..
.275. 2. b
19..
.141. 6
22 221. 6. b
: 27. ...71. o. 2
12..
..114
20..
.93. a, 111.
41: I.... 160. 5
26: 2.... 98. 1. a
68: 3..
.91. A, 131. 2,
2.
e
2.... 105. fi
4. ...112. 3
5
140. 4
101 : 5..
.92. 6, 93. a
17. ...131. 4, 164.2
27: 10.... 112. 3
5..
..111. .3. a
102: 5..
.14. o
25.... 172. 5
13.... 4. a
8..
.119. 3
14..
.139. 2
26.... 43, 43. a
28: 7.... 150. 2
18..
..21. 1
19..
.266. 3
42 : 2. . . .80. b (1 c.)
29: 9.... 111. 1
21..
..231. 3. a
103: 3,4
....220. 2. c
13. ...223. 1. a
30: 4 13. a
69: 10..
.22. a, 104. i,
4..
.104. c, 246.
8.... 221. 6. 6
2
16. 2. a
2
b
10.... 105. 6
i9.r
..98. 1. a
5..
.275. 3
PSALMS.
31 :10....31. a
24..
..119. 1
7..
.263. 5
14.... 31. b
70: 6..
..71. a. 2
13..
.119.1,262.3
1: 1....5245. 2
24.... 119. 4
71: 6..
..157. 1
104: 8..
.286
2: 2.... 247
32: 1....165. 3
7..
..256. h
18..
.249. 1. c
3.... 45. 4,97.1
10....249. 1. a
12..
..158. 2
26..
.119. 1
7. ...71. a(2)
33: 5.... 266. 1
23..
..88. (f. pi.)
28..
.88 (pi.)
12.... 35. 1,271.4
34: ....6, 7. 2. a
72:15..
..105. b
29..
.111. 2. 6,
3: 2.... 141. 1
35 : 8 105. a
17..
..159. 3,247
161. 2
3.... 61. 6. a
10.... 19. 2. a, 22.
20..
..93. a
105 15..
.264
8.... 273. 2
6, 215. 1. c
73: 2..
. .172. 1
28..
.99. 3
4: 3. ...Ill 2. e
19.... 102. 3
10..
..254. 6. b
106:25..
.114
7....3. 1. a,131.3,
25.... 127. 2
16..
..99. 3. b
47..
.126. 1
165. 1
36: 13.... 121. 1
27..
..86. 6 (2 m.)
107 : 20..
.199. d
5: 9.... 31. b, 150. 1
37: ....6
74: 4..
..220. 2. a
27..
.126. 1
11.... 42
9.... 91. b
5..
..19. 2. a
109: 13..
.173. 3
12.... 112. 5. c, 254.
15.... 24. b
8..
..105. a
23..
..112. 5. c
9. b
23.... 161. 4
10..
..119. 1
110: 4..
..61. e.a
13.... .31. b
38: 3. ...131.1
17..
..11. 1. b
Ill: ..
.6
6: 3.... 42
11. ...92. a
19..
..190. 6
112: ..
.6
4.... 71. a. 2
21.... 19. 2. a
75:11..
. .161. 4
113 : 5-9
...61. 6. a
7; 6....31.?>,60. 2.a,
39- 2. ...97. 1
76: 3..
. .203. 5. c
6..
..218
114
5.. ..75. 1
4..
. .22. 0, 126. 2,
lU: 8..
..61. 6. a
10.... 263. 1. a
14.... .35. 2,175.4
216. 2. a
115: 17..
..242
17 254. 9. a
40: 18.... 71. a (2)
6..
..96. a
116: 6..
..141.2,150.3
8: 2. ...132. 1
41: 5. ...119. 3, 164. 5
77: 2..
..112. 3
12..
. .220. 2. c
3.... 94. b
42 : 9 220. 1. b
4..
..172.3
15..
..01. 6. a
5.... 199. e
10. ...111. 2. b
in..
..139. 2
19..
..2:0. 1. b
9: 14.... 141. 1
44: 5. ...258. 2
18..
..92. 6
118:10..
..105. a
15.... 220. 2. a
18, 21.... 127. 2
, 20..
..24. h
11..
..139. 1
16.... 285 3
27.... 61. 6. a
' 78: 9..
..255. 3. a
18..
..92. J, 104. a
33«
INDEX II.
118: 23.... 5 lea 1
8:11..
.§11. 1. a
30:25....§200. e
6: 3. ...§105. d
119: ....a
21..
.104. ^
31.... 229. 1. a
9. ...104. k
18.... 98. 2
27..
.118. 4
31: 3 199.0
12.... 57. 2 (3) a
22.... 139. 2
7 :13..
.141. 1
10-31.... 6
6: 6.... 45. 5. a
43.... 00. 4. a
14..
.53. 2. a
12.... 104. i
6.... 220. 1. 6
47. ...141. 6
8: 3..
.31. «, 97. 1. a
31. ...247. a
9.... 105. p, 275. »
71....12rt. 1
11..
.260. 1
11. ...141. 1
101....H)5. 2
13..
.166. 2
7: 3.... 221. 6. 6
117.... 172. 3
16..
.88
ECCLE8IA8TE8.
4.... 216. 1. c
129.... 104. J
17..
.53. 2. a, 111.
8.... 210. e
133.... 97. 2
2
b
1: 4. ...§266. 1
13.... 141. 1
137.... 275. 1. a
25..
.263. 1. b
9.... 256. c
8: 2.... 199. 6
139.... 24. h
27, 29.... 141. 3
15. ...161. 4
6.... 104. i
1.^5.... 275. l.a
10: 3..
.111. 1
17.... 3. l.a
6....22.a,216.2.a
122-124: ....74. a
4..
.11.1.0,156.3
18. ...90
122: 4....274. 2. «
11..
.249. 1
2: 6.... 207. 1. a
123: 1....61. 0. a
11: 7..
.208. 3. c
7.... 275. 1. c
ISAIAH.
4.... 246. ;5. a
25..
.150. 5
8.... 280. 3. a
124: 4....61. 6. a
12:25..
.197. 6
13.... 57. 2 (3) a,
1 : 3.... §262. 3
125: 3....61. 6. a
13: 23..
.156. 3
231. 3. 6
6.... 266. c
5.... 79. 3. o
14: 3..
.10,5. d
15.... 260. 2 (2) a
6.... 60. 2. «, 156. 2
127: 2.... 196. d, 254.
10..
.00.4.0,119.1
19.... 230. 4, 283.
9.... 262. 1
9. b
34..
.263. 3
2. o
11.... 271. 1
129: ....74. a
15: 1..
.24. a, 60. 4. a
22....74, 177. 1
15....104. 6,119. 1
3.... 243. 2. a
9..
.112. 5. c
3: 2, 4.... 267. 6
16.... 64. 4. a, 82.
86.... 114
16: 4..
.246. 2. a
17.... 245. 6. a
6. a
132: 1....174. 6
17: 4..
.111. 2. c, 140.
18.... 74, 139. 2
17.... 185. 2. c,
6.... 127. 2
5
4 : 2 268. 1. o
267. c
12.... 65. a, 220.
10..
.131. 1
9.... 251. 4
18....245. 5. d
2. a
14..
.126.1,131.3
12.... 105. o
21.... 33. 1,61. 6. o,
l.'^: 1....24. a
20..
.242
14....53. 2. a, 111.
218
l:U-137....74. a
18: 5...
.267 d
2. c
22.... 245. 5
134: 2.... 220. 2. 6,
19; 7...
.19. 2. a, 215.
5: 6.... 113. 2
24.... 245. 4
273. 2
1.
c
7....38. 1.0,201.2
29.... 279
1.^5: 7.... 94. 6,165.2
13...
.216. 1. d
8.... 112. 5. c
31.... 60. 3. 6(2)
l;i7: 6....104. c
19...
.215. 1. c
7: 16.... 82. 5. a
2: 2... .265. 6
138: 6.... 147. 2
24..
.51. 1
22.... 71. oc2)
4.... 207. 1. a
139: 1.... 104. j, 147. 5
25..
.94. d
24.... 280. 3
20.... 43. 6,207. 1.
2....15S. 1
20:16...
.111. 3. a
25.... 273. 4
a, 266
6.... 220. 1. b
21: 8...
.56. 2
26.... 91. 6,165.2
3: 1....280. 3. a
8....6:i. 3. ft, 88
13...
.254. 9. a
8: 1....177. 3
9.... 273. 3. a
(1. c), 161. 2
15...
.267. o
9.... 268. 1
15.... 24. o, 75. 1
19.... 83. 6
22...
.63. 1. a
12.... 165. 2
16... .172.5,209.3.0
20.... 57. 2 (3) a,
22: 11...
.215. 1. c
9: 1....139. 2, 216.
24.... 53. 3. a
86. b (3 pi.),
21...
.253. 2
l.a
4: 4.... 262. 1
164. 3
24...
.60. 4. a
12.... 59. a, 93. e
6: 10....22. 0,216. 2.a
140: 10.... 172. 3
23: 1...
.158. 3
18 165. 2
19.... 97. 1.97. l.a
13 86. ft (Ic.)
12...
.243. 2
10: 5. ...164. 3
20.... 10. o
141: 3....24.ft,98. l.a
24...
.158. 2, 3
10.... 121. 2
23.... 276. 6
5. ...111. 1,164.2
27...
.207. 1. c
17.... 220. 2. c
28.... 24. 6
8.... 60. 4. a
24: 2...
.92. e
11: 3.... 177. 1
6: 1....265. a
143: 3.... 165. 2
7...
.156. 3
6.... 75. 2
2.... 203. 6. a
6.... 272. 2. b
14...
.97.1.6,148.3
12: 1....201. 2
6.... 254. 10
144; ....74 a
17...
.916,231.5.0
4.... 87
9.... 56. 3. 0,175.4
2.... 199. b
23...
.94. 6
5.... 11. l.a, 122.
12.... 119. 1
145 : ... .6
31...
.93. a, 207. 2.
2, 140. 5
13.... 92. d
8.... 215. 1. c
d
271. 1
6.... 140. 1,2
7: 2.... 167. 1
10 104. b
25: 6..
.126 2
11.... 19. 2. 6,65. n
4.... 91. 6
147: 1....92. (i
7...
.60. 3. 6 (1)
11.... 119. 3, 126. 1
149: 5....112. 5. c
9...
.174. 4
14. ...166. 1
11...
.10. a
SONO OF SOLOMON.
1.'S....267. c
17...
.127. 2
19.... 156. 4
PROVERBS.
19...
.90
1: 6.... §105. e, 141.
25.... 274. 2. e
26: 7...
.141. 1
1, 207. 1. a
8: 2.... 22. 6
1: 10.... nil. 2. b,
18...
.141. 6
7.... 45. 5. «, 74,
11. ...104. a
177.3
21...
.141. 6
209. 1. a
17.... 100. 2. a(l)
20.... 97. 1. a
27:10...
.215. 1. c
8.... 24. 6, 260. 2 (2)
23. ...61. 6. n
22.... 31. b, 60.3.
15...
.83. c (2)
10.... 174. 1
9: 3....24.6,221.5.a
f, in. 2. e
17...
.140. 1
2: 5.... 254. 7
4.... 142. 1
28.... 105. c
25...
.24.6,216.2.0
10.... 221. 2. 6
6.... 4. u
•2: 11. ...104.6
28: 6. 18.... 203. 3.
15.... 60. 3. 6 (2),
12.... 246. 2. 6
3: 3. ...125.1
21...
.94. 6
119. 4
17.... 45. 2
12.... 43. a
29: 6...
.140. 1
3 -. 1 . . . .45. 5. a
10: 1.... 207. 2. a,
17.... 258. 1
30: 4...
.65. 6
11. ...148. 3, 164. 3
247. 6
4: 6. ...118. 3
6...
.22.6,66.1(2)
4: 1....2.'i4. 4
9. ...22. 6
13....24. 6, 106.6
a,
151. 2
2.... 220. 1. 6
10.... 260. 2(2)c
10.... 88
8..
.11. 1. a
6.... 216. 1. c
12....2.'i5. 3
25.... 150. 1
«...
,65. n
9.... 104. k
13.... 11. 1.6, 67. t
6; 22. ...105. c
17..
.14. n, 24. 6,
6: 2.... 67. 2 (3) a,
(31 o, 92. 6, 174.
■ 6: 3.... 49
61
. 2 (3> a
60. 4. a
1, 231. 3. 6
INDEX II. ■*
339
10;14....§245. 5. d
16.... 147. 4
17.... 221. 5. 6
27.... ;4 &
34... .19. 1, 45. 2
11 : 2.... 100. 2. a (2),
156.4
8, ...141. 6
16 60. 3. a
13: 8. ...65. ft
16..,. 91. c
18.... 92. e
20 53. a a, 111.
2.C
14: 6....1U
11.... 150. 5
19.... 95. a
23.... 57. 2 (2) a,
94. b, 161. 2
31.... 119. 4
15: 5....14Z 2, 161. 2
16: 8.. ..277
9.... 168. a, 174.4
10 86. b (2 m.),
16L4
17: 8....229. 3. a
11.... 16a 2, 161.2
14.... 139. 2
18: 2... .139. 3
4....98. 1, a
5.... 65. a
19: 3....14L 1
4.... 275. 3
6 24. c, 94. a,
180. a
9.... 199. c
17.... 11.1. a, 196. d
21.... 92. c
20: 4 199. c
21: 3..,. 207. 1. a
9.... 262. 4
12.... 112. 1, 172.1,
177. 3, 247
14.... 111. 2. c
22: 1....254. 6
5.... 161. 2
10.... 25
11.... 221. 7. a
17. ...161. 2
19..,. 45. 3,111. 1
21.. ..221. 3. a
24. ...254. 6. b
23: 9.. ..254. 2
11.... 54. 3, 94. I,
22L 6. &
13.... 249. 2. a
17, 18.... 220. 1. h
18.... 113. 1
24: 2 165. 2, 246.
2. a
3.... 140. 3,4
4, 19.... 139. 2, 282. a
20.... 82. 1. a(l)
25: 1....104. h
6.. -.209. 1. «
10.... 159. 2
11.... 119. 1
26: 5. ...105. a,b
11. ...254. 9. a
16 86. 6(3pL)
19. ...221. 2. b
20 172.3
27: 3. ...105. d
4.... 127. 3
8 24. a
11....S8 (3f.pl.)
12 223. 1. a
28: 3 88 (3 f. pi.),
91. c
6 60.3, a
28: 10.... §280. 2
44: 8....514 7. 3
M: 8....§94. d
12.... 86. 6 (3 pi.)
13.... 19. 2,60.3.6
10.... 139. 1
13. ...280. 2
(2), 120. 1
65: 20.... 166. 2,248
16.... 160. 5,279. a
16.... 141. 2
24.... 263. 1, A
21.... 249. 1. a
17.... 13. a
66: 12.... 142. 1
27, ...113. 1
18.. ..166. 2
13.... 45. 5
28.... 282. a
21. ...102. 2
20.... 39. 1. a
29: l...,131. 2
27...-111. 3. a
7 165. 3
45 1....139. 2
9. ...141. 6
11,,.. 118. 3
JEREMIAH.
14..., 90, 279. a
47 1....269. 5
16.... 283. 2. b
2....88(f.8.&m.
1: 5....5105. d
21. ...sa 6 (3 pi.)
pi.). 111. 3. a
11.... 266. 2
22 156. 1
6.... 269. 6
2:ll....ll. 1.6,230.3
30: 2 157.1
10.... 102. 3, 104. c
12....111. 3. a
5 157. 3
12.... 286. 2. a
19.... 106. e
11... .79. 3. a, 232a
13.... 220. 2. a
21....220. 1.6,249.
12.... 19. 2,119. 3
14.... 104. i
1. 6
18 106,0,119.1,
48: 7....1(Vt. g-
24.... 106. c
139. 2
8.. ..87
27....104. yfc
19.... 104. 6, 106. a.
11.. ..39.1. a
34.... 277
141. 3
49: 8 207. 1. a
36. ...111. 2.6
21.... 180. a, 258. 1
18.... 65. ft
3: 3. ...267. 6
23. ...273. 3*
26.... 112. 3, 273. 1
5.... 86. ft (2 f),
28. ...160. 4
51 : 14.... 126. 1
131. 2
29.... 96. b
15.... 126. 1
6.... 172. 3
31: 4.... 22. a, 43
20.... 67. 2 (3) a
7. ...249. 1. a
32: 1 88
21.... 265. 2
8.... 60. 3. 6 (2),
11. ...275. 1. a
52: 5. ...96. n, ft, 122.
207. L a
33: 1....24. ft, 87, 131.
2, 131. 6, 150. 2
10.... 249. 1. a
2,141. 3, 258. 3. a
7. ...174.1
11. ...207. 1. a
6.... 256. 2
11.... 140. 4
22.... 177. 3
7 24. a
14.... 60. 3. 6(2)
4: 3. ...158. 2
9 82. 1. a(l)
53: 2. ...111. 1
7.... 24. 6, 221. 5. a
10 82. 5. a
3.... 94. e
13. ...141. 1
12 24. c, 149. 1
4.... 254. 9. 6,262.4
19.... Sa 6(2f.)
15.... 271. 2
5....60. 2.0,142.1
30 71. a (2),
21.... 56. 1
10.... 176. 1
276.5
34: 4 14a 2, 245.
11 249. 1. o
31.... 156. 1
5. d
54: 1....207. 1. a
5: 6....14L1
6 96, a
6.... 201. 2
7.... 75. 2,125.1
11. ...21. 1,229. 4. ft
6,... 104. c
13.... 245. 5. ft
17. ...104. I
9.. ..125. 2
22....5ai, 105.6,e
35; 1....56. l,88(pl.),
12.... 22. 6
26.... 139. 2
158. 2
55: 6.... 104. 6
6 : 27 186. 2. c
7. ,.,276. 4
11. ...273. 3
7: 4....2S0. aA
36: 8....35.1,246.3.a
66: 3.... 106. a, 245,
10 66. a
S 260. 1. a
5.6
13.... 282
15.,.,271. 4. a
12,.. -164. 5
27. ...104. 6
37 :23 270. c
57: 5.... 140. 2
29.... 141.1
32.... 254. 9. a
6. ...24. 6
8: 11.... 166. 3
38: 5.... 90, 279. a
8....8S(2f.)
22.... 230. 2
14 19. 2
13.... 119. 3
9 ; 2 94. c
16. ...256. c
58: 3.... 24. 6, 131. 2
17.... 118. 4
40: 1 263.2
216. 2. a
19.... 220. 1. 6
7. ...22. 6,35. 1
9.... 125. 2
10: 5. ...57.2(3)0,86,
12.... 216. 1. c
10..,. 216. 1. 6
6 (3 pi.), 164. 3
17.... 260. 2(2)c
59: 3.... 83. c. (2),
12 88
21 263. 2
122. 2
17....S9(f. 8. &m.
24 92. 6
5.... 112. 3, 156.4,
pl.)
30.... 147. 4
196. d
11 : 16.... 220. 1. b
31.... 245- 5
10.... 189
12: 6. ...94. a
41: 7....90, 270. 6
12.... 127. 2
9,... 229. 3
8. ...285. 1
13.... 92. 6, d, 174.1
10..,. 121. 2
17. ...9f. d
14. ...254. 3
16 104. i
23.... 97. 2. a, 172.3
17. ...172. 4
13: 5.... 127. 1
24.... 260. 2(2)c
60: 1....1.57. 2
7 147. 2
42: 4 140.1
4....88(f. pi.).
13....3al
5.... 126. 1, 221.
7 105. c
19..,. 172. 1, 275.
7. ft
9 104. c
2. 6
6.... 97. 2. a
10.... 106. c
21.... 60. 3. 6 (1),
11.... 156. 1
61 : 1....43. 6
86. 6 (2 f.)
22 65. a
62: 2 105. d
25 60. 2. a
24.. ..267. c
3.... 16. 1
15: 3.... 119. 1
43: 6.... 105. b
63: 3.... 94. a, 119. 1
10 93 (pl.), 104.
8 94. d
16.... 105. a
k
9 91. d
19 86. a
16.... 106. ft
23 112. 3
64 : 2 86. a
17 112. 6. c
44: 2.... 105. ft, 193.
5.... 132. 3
16: 16.... 158. 1,248.
^ \b
1 6,... 161. 3
1. a
340
^ INDEX II.
17: 3...
.5 221. 6. h
44: 18.... 1271.1
4:14....§83.c.2, 123.
17: 15. ...565. 6
■J...
.S6. (* (.2 in.),
19.... 104. e
2
23 88 (f. b1.)
11
2. 3
23.... 166. 1
17.... 236. 2
18: 26.... 221. 5.6
17...
.172. 3
26. ...160. 4
6: 5 100.5
32.... 287. 1
18...
.94. d
46: 7, 8.... 122. 2
19: 2....196. cJ
18: 23...
.46, 172. 3,
8....96.«/. 111.2.d
20: 9.... 140. 4
17
5. 3
11.... 8b. 6(2. f.)
EZEKIEL.
16....271. 4. 6
19 11...
.165. 1
20.... 43. b
21.... 65. b
20: 9..
.22. h
48: 11.... 159. 1
1: 4....§63. 2. a
27.... 119. 3
21: 3...
.88(1)1.)
19 280. 3. a
6....203. 5. a
36.... 91. c
4...
.39.4
32....'i46. 3. a
11....220. 2. c
37.... 53. 2. a
13...
.131. 1
49: 3 54. 4. a, 82.
14....179. 1.0,268.
21:15....24c, 177. 1
22: 3...
.185. 2. c
5. a
1. a
15, 16.... 93. e
6...
.1:5. h
8.... 95. d
2:10....53.2.n,53.3.a
18.... 121. 1
14...
.161. 4, 199. c
10.... 165. 1, 262. 4
3: 7.... 254. 10
19.... 219. 1. a
15...
.94. a
11.... 88 (3 f. pi.),
15.... 139. 8
21.... 180. a
20. . .
.234. a
98. 1
20....88(f. pi.)
26, 28.... 87
23...
.61. 6. a, 86.
15, 17.... 275. 2. b
4: 3 54. 1
29.... 91. i, 106. a
b
(2 f.) 90 (2f.
18.... 45. 4
9.... 199. a
31.... 94. ^196. c
B.
), 140. 2
20 140. 5
12.... 157. 3
32.... 280. Z.b
24...
.105. h
24.... 104. /, 275.4
5: 12.... 220. 1. b
33. ...111. 2. c
2fi...
.11)4. !
28. ...141. 1
13.... 121. 3, 131. 6
34.... 87
29...
.281) 3. b
37 86. 6(2 m.),
16. ...119. 1
22: 20.... 131. 2
23 : 13...
.1:31. 6
112. 3, 5. c, 139. 3
6: a,...20.S. 3. c
ff!...147.4
23: 5.... 111. 1
23...
.254. 6. b
60: 3.... 156. 2
16. 20.... 97. 1. o
29...
.161 2
5.... 71. a (3),
8. ...173. 2
19. ...175. 3
37...
.114. b
91. d
9.... 24. c
42....21. 1
39...
.177. 3
6.... 275. 2
11.... 98. 2
48.... 83. c (2), 15a
24: 2...
.91. c
11.... 196. d
14.... 280. 3. a
3 (p. 182)
25: 3...
.sm.b
20.... 165. 2
16. ...118. 4
49.... 165. 2, 220.
16...
.96. a
23.... 91. a
7 : 17.... 203. 5. a
\.b
26...
.246 A. a
27. ...111. 3. a
24.... 141. 1, 216.
24: 10.... 197. 6
34...
.161. 5
34.... 04. h, 114,
2. a
11.... 140. 1
36...
.57. 2 (3) a.
158. 3
25.... 196. c
12.... 172. 1
234. <•
44.... 105. b
27. ...118. 4
26.... 128, 189. b
26: 9...
.165. 3
51: 3 46
8: 2.... 60. 2 (2) a
25: 6. ...57. 2 (3) a.
21...
.44. b
9.... 165. 2,3
3.... 165. 3
106. n, 125. 2
27: 3...
.249. 1. c
13.... 90 (2 f. 6.)
30.... 24. c
6.... 75. 1,119. 3
13.... 219. 1. b
18...
.156. 2
10 90. (2ni.pl.),
15. ...57. 2(3)o
20...
.13. a
33 94. h
176. 1
26: 2.... 140. 2
2S: 16...
.245. 3. b
34.... 165. 2
9: 2.... 249. 1. c
9.... 19. 2. c, 221.
29: 8...
.94. e, 112. 5. c
50.... 151. 1
8.... 120. 2
6. a
23..
.229. 1. a
68.... 24. c, 149. 1
10.... 254. 9. b
15. ...113. 1.2
25...
.220. 1. 6
52: 13.... 254. 6. 6
10: 17.... 157. 1
18.... 112. 5. c
27...
.24. A
13: 2....207. 1. 6, 255.
21 234. a
30:16...
.139. 3
1
27: 3.... 90 (2. f. 8.)
19...
.276. 1
LAMENTATIONS.
8.... 199. C
8.... 1.56. 3
SI: 12...
.87, 119. 3
11. ...71. a (2)
9....24.c,216.1.a
18..
.273. 4
1: ....56
17.... 220. 1. b
12.... 22. a
21..
.249. 2. b
1: 1....33. 1,61. 6.(7,
19.... 157. 3
15. ...13. a
32..
.112. 3
218
20 24. 6, 71. a
19.... 93. b
33..
.16.3.&,105.d
4.... 149. 1,199. a
(2), 220. 2. c
23.... 54. 2
38..
.46
8. ...141. 3
14: 3. ...53. 1. a, 91.
26.... 156. 3
32: 4...
.91. b, 131. 5
12.... 142. 1
/), c, 119. 1
30.... 96. b
9..
.98. 1. a
16....207. 1.(7,209.
8.... 141. 3
31....11.1.o,196.d
12..
.246. 3. a
1. a, 271. 1
15: 5.... 104. i'
28 : 8 86. h (2 m.)
14..
.249. 1. c
17.... 272. 2. b
16: 4.... 60. 4. o, 93.
9.... 230. 4
83..
.92. (/
20 60. 3. b (2),
a, 95. c, 121. 1,
1:^6. 1, 127. 1,
13. ...19. 2.^,161. 4
35..
.164. 2
92. a
14. ...71. n(2>
37..
.10. a
2: ....6
150. 5, 221. 6. 6,
15 61.6.(1,104.6
44..
.268. 1
2: 8. ...126.1
282. n
16.... 53. 2. o. 111.
33: 8..
.i:;. a
11.... 92. «, 113. 1,
5.... 87,95.0,111.
2. c, 165. 3
24..
.4.5. 1
2, 115
3. (/, 150. 6
17.... 168 (I, 172. *>
26..
.11 1. 6
15, 16 74. a
8, 10.... 99. 3. 6
18....104.(, 184.6,
34: 1..
*."3
3: ....6
22.... 86. /<(2f.)
216. 1. d
36.16..
3: 12.... 196. (/
27.... 256. b
23.... 92. a
23..
.2.51. 1
14 199. b
28.... 127. 1
24.... 139. 3
87:12..
.11:5. 2
22.... 54. 3, 216.
31.... 173. 2
24, 26.... 156. S
14..
.266
, 2. n
33 60. 3. b (2),
29: 3.... 102. 1. a
16..
.209. 3. a
33....150. 2(p.l82)
120 1
15.... 166. 5
88: 9..
.270. c
42.... 71. ad)
34.... 14. o, 19. b
IS.... 9.5. n
12..
.56. 4
45.... 267. r
36.... 91. b
30: 16.... 2.54. 6. 6
14..
.249. 1. c
48.... 147. 2
50.... 128
25.... 112. 3
39: 18..
.92. d
53 63. 3. o, 150.
62.... 92 (/,220.2.a
31: 3.... 140. 5
40: 1..
.57. 2 (2) a
2 (i>. 182)
63..., 220. 1. b
5... .11. 1.(7,86.4
3..
.249. 1. c
68.... 158. 1
67.... 156. 3
8.... 11. 1 n, 199
41: 6..
.282. c
4: ....6
59 8«. /. (Ic.)
15.... 93. c
42: 2..
.175. 2
4 : 1....96. b, 177. 3
17: 5.... 132. 2
32:16....S8(f. pi.)
18. ...11. 1. b
6..
.46,71.0 0)
3.... 4:'.. h
9.... 166. 2, 191.4,
10..
.63. 2. 6, 148. 2
9....39.3.A,45.5.u
216. 2. a
19.... 95. a,d
INDEX II.
341
S2:20....§89 (f. s. &. '
10:14....5177. 3,285. 2
AMOS.
2 : 9....§89(f. e. &
in. pi.)
17. ...51. 2
m. pi.) 220. 1. a
32.... 95. a
11 : 6.... 11. 1. 6
1:11 § 104. e, 275.
14 ... . 220. 2. 0
S3: 12.... 166. 2
12.... 19. 2. a
2. b
3 : 6 114
13.... 221. 5. ft
14.... 131. 6
13 125. 2
7 .... 93. a
30.... 53. 2. 6, 223.
30.... 11. 1. b
2 : 4 119. 3
8 147.4
1. a bis
31.... 249. 1. 6
3 : 11 86. tt, 140. 2
11 ... . 112. 3
34: 12.. ..249. 1. b
34.... 91. 6
15 156. 4
17 24. 6, 142.
17. ...71. a(2)
35.... 94. b
4 : 2 165. 2
1, 199. c
31.... 71. a (2)
36.... 82. 5. a
3 86. 6 (2 pi.)
£6: 6....105. <i
40.... 126. 1
5 : 11 92. b, 161. 3
8.... 216. L d
44.... 196. d
16 ... . 139. 3
9.... 147. 2
12: 13.... 199. a
21, 25 2i. b
HABAKKUK.
11.... 220. 2. a
6 : 2 54. 2, 253.
12.... 63. 1. a
2.6
1: 8.... §100. 2. a
36: 3.... 139. 2, 14L 1
HOSEA.
10 243. 1
(2) bie
6.... 220. L 6
7 : 1 199. c
10 197.6,265.a
8 221.5. c
1: 2.. ..§255. 2
8 : 4 .... 94. b, 231.
11.... 73. 1, 249.
11.... 161. 5
6.... 269
6. a
2.a
13.... 71. a (2)
2 : 14.... 104. g-
8 63. 2. a, S3.
12.... 104.^-
28. ...71. a(l)
16.... 221. 7. a
3. a, 128
13 126. 1
35.... 73. 2. a
3: 2.... 24. 6
9 : 1 .... 125. 1
15.... 112. 2
S7: 7....88 (2f.pl.)
4: 2.... 267. a
8 94.6
16 197. 6
9.... 131. 3
6.... 11. 1. a, 104.
2 : 1, 2 265. a
10.... 131. 6
*
7.... 161. 2
17. ...119. 1, 223.
13.... 118. 4
OBADIAH.
17 104.^,141.3
L a
18.... 43. h, 92. a,
19 264. "6. 6
38: 8....16L4
122. 1, 148. 3
ver. 4 § 158. 3
3 : 6 99. 3. a
23.... 96. 6
5: 2.... 119. 3
9 183. a
8 256. 6
39: 26. ...165. 3
8 272. 2. b
11 45. 2, 106. a
9 282. 6
27.... 249. L 6
11.... 269
13 105. 6
10 220. 2. e
40: 4.... 65. 6
6; 2.... 172. 3
' 16.... 156. 4
16 140. 1
16.... 220. 2. c
4.... 269
19.... 47
22.,.. 250. 2(3)
9.... 174. 3
43.... 19. 2. 6
7: 4....106. a, 11L3.
JONAH.
41: 7.... 141. 1
fi, 158. 3
9, 11. ...160. 5
6.... 22. a
1: 6.... §114
ZEPHANIAH.
15. ...220. 2. c
12.... 150. 1
2 : 1 .... 125. 2
22.... 274. 2. c
8: 2.... 60. 3. a, 275.
10 61. 6. rt
1 : 2 .... § 282. o
25.... 19. 2. a
2. b
3 : 3 254. 5
17 100.2.0(1)
42: 5.... 45. 1, 57. 2
3.. ..105. a
4 : U .... 22. 6
2: 4.... 126. 2
(2) a, 111. 2. 6
6.... 275. 2. *
9 2:0. 1. e
43: 13.... 197. b
12.... 88
14 229. 4. b
18.... 113. 1
9: 2.. ..119.1
MICAH.
15 S9. 4. a
20.... 104. i
4. ...208. 3. <J
3 : 9 274. 2. e
24.... 100. 2. a<2)
10. ...119. 3
1: 7....§92. c
11 125. 2
27.... 177. 3
10:10....105. <f
9 . . . . 275. 1. a
14 89 (f. 8. &
45: 16. ...246. 3. a
11.... 61. 6. a
10 63.3.0,96.6
m. pi.), 111. 3. a
46: 17. ...86. b
12.... 158. 2
15 .... 164. 2
18 149. 1
22.... 9.x e
13 61. 6. a
16 89 (£ 8. &.
19 198,246.3.a
47: 7.... 102. 3. a
14.... 11. 1. a, 156.
m. pi.)
8.... 164. 3
3
2 : 3 274. 2. e
11....11. 1. a, 199
11: 3-... 94. a, 115,
4 141. 2
15.... 246. 3. a
132. 2
6 275. 1. a
HAGGAL
48: 10.... 39. 4. a
4.. ..57. 2 (2) a,
7 229. 4. a
16.... 46
111.2. d
8 88 (pi.)
1: 4.... §230. 3, 249.
18. ...220. L 6
7.... 177. 3
12.... 92. d, 246.
L6
7, 8. ...56. 4
2. a
12: 1....104. /, 201. 2
3 : 12 ,. . . 199. a, 245.4
4.... 274. 2.6
4: 6 161.2
ZECHARIAH.
DANIEL.
5.... 105. b
8 111. 2.6
13: 3.... 92. 6
10 158. 2
1: 9.... §75. 1
1: 8.. ..§119.1
14.... 19 2, 221. 5.
10, 13. ...157. 2
17 157. 3
13.... 172. 3
a, 275. 2. b
5 : 2 262. 1
2 : 8 .... 73. 2. a
17.... 250. 2 (2) a,
15.... 177. 3
6: 10.... 57. 2(1)
3 : 1 106. a
251. 4. a
14; 1....88(3. f. pL),
13 139. 3
7 94. e, 151. 1
2: 1....99.aa,n9.1
209. 1. a
7 : 4 260. 2 (2),
9... .203. 5. a
3: 3.... 22. 6
3.. ..256c
260. 2 (2) c
4 : 5 258. 2
25.... 94. e
10 35. 2
7 246. 3. a.
5 : 9.... 203. 5. c
249. 1. c
11.... 22. b
JOEL.
10 156. 2
S: 1....245. 5. 6
NAHUM.
12 24. 6
11.... 95. a
1: 2. ...§230.4
5 : 4 156. 4
13.... 98. La, 247,
8 254. 9. b
1: 3 §13. a, 215.
11 160. 5
249. 1. b
17 24. b, 190. a
l.e
6: 7 96. 6
16 73. 2. a
20 275. 4
4 150. 2 (p.
7 : 1 252. 2. 6
22.... 88 (3. f. pi.)
2 : 5 60. 3. 6 (1)
■ 182)
3 199. e
9: 2.. ..158.1
3 : 3 263. 5. a
12 140. 2
5 102. 2, 104.
19.... 119. 3, 125. 1
4 : 11. . . .91. d, 131. 1
13 220. 1. 6
I, 252. 2. b, 273.
26.--.97. 2,225. 2
18. . . .271. 1
2: 4 220.2. c
aa
342
INDEX II.
7
0...
m.
14...
3.
8
2...
14,15
17...
«■
6...
10.
6...
11:
4...
. § 89 (f. 8. li 11
Pl.)
. 45. 5, 60.
r, y2. e
.271. 3
139. 1
.111.2. e
.35. 2
151. 3
.254.6
5...
111.
7..
8..
10..
17..
11..
4...
6 .' .' ;
10...
5 57. 2 (3) a,
■ 2. r, 234. c
MALACHI.
3. 19.... 5119.1
223. 1. a
119. 1
140. 5
61. 6. a
1 6 .... 5 263. 3
7 106. a, 127.
2
11 95. a
20.... 156. 2
MATTHEW.
55. 2. o
100. 2
45. 2, 91. c
13 .... 24. a, 75. 1
14 .... 64. 1, 205.
b
26 : 73 .... § 51. 4. a
199. c
156.3
2: 14 86. 6 (2 m.)
3: ».... 140.2
ROMANa
3:20....i26«.«
IITDEX III
HEBREW WORDS ADDUCED OR REMARKED UPON.
"Words preceded by Vav Conjunctive or Vav Conversive will be found in
tlieir proper place irrespective of these prefixes. A few abbreviations ar«
employed, wliich are mostly of such a nature as to explain themselves as ».
verb, n. noun, pron. pronoun, adj. adjective, adv. adverb, int. interjection
inf. infinitive, imp. imperative, pret, preterite. The numbers refer to tha
sections of the Grammar.
DD27LNX 104. h
nS5 68. b, 200. a, 215.
1. e, 220. 1. c
"rnX 78. 2, 110. 3
"lis, 215. 1. b
'13S 92. d
naS 92. c
nnnifi 216. 1. b
■ji-ias? 193. 2
^^'laiCI 53. 2. a, 111.
2. c
■Jinx 22. a, 193. 2
on'ins 112. 1
nns 110. 3
«^ns 86. b (3 pi.)
•'ins 240, 1
Diax 60. 3. c, 216. 1. 6
O^D^nsi 112. 1
Dn'^nias 220. 2. a
nninx 220. 2. a
n^npnsi! 53. 1. a
lax (sia) 164. 2
•'ns? 61. 6. a
a-^nX 185. 2. a
n'l-^ni? 111. 2. <f
inryn "^nx 246. 3. b
■ji^ns 193. 1
DS^nsj: 220. 1. b
!53K 84. 3. a (2)
bn« 185. 2. 6, 215. 1. 6
bnsj (pr. n.) 215. 1. 6
''bns 216. 1. 6
fas 197. 5, 200. 6
•jnx 183. 6
t:_DnX 183. c
n"'t3:n55 207. 1. a
^i23aa< 221. 3. a
tfnas 94. 6
t-^ribs^^S 94. a, 119. 1
"lasi 99. 3
T5X1 99. 3
D.}« 207. 2. a
fSli? 200. a
D^S.^X 53. 1. a
ffin^sn 99. 3. b
nn^s 207. 1. c, 211
na^s5i 99. 3
nna'isiii 99. s
nils 60. 3. 6(1), 197. d
■jinsj 231. 3. a
n''T'i« 11, 1, 0
D'lSJ 112. 5. a
D'liJ 185. 2. 6, 207. 2. <
n^^nx 188
344
INDEX III.
niB'M'ans 207. i. e
r'C'112'lX 205
n^ans 201. 1
^7:ns« 00. 3. h (1)
\:iK 199. c, 201. 2,
231. 3. a
•'pnS^ 234. c
\:-!»1 234. c
C3 •'nS 21. 1
Q^:ii< 201. 2
Dpl« , DJ^^X 141. 3
nix 112. 5. a
0^:2™ 53. 1. a
Dins 11. 1. f
ty\s._ 91. c
Cn"ns<53.1.a,91.^»,119.1
nns 82. 1. a (2), 110.
3, 112. 5. c
:nns 119. 1
2ns 53. 2. a, 111, 2. 5
nnr.s 87, ii9. 3
n^riN 118. 3
12nN 119. 4
inn innx 43. ft, 92. a,
122. 1
c^nnij! 201. 1
:inn^i: 101. 3. a, 104. h,
119. 1
CDsns 221. 3. o
onnx 119. 3
inninx 104. i
•^pnns 61. 6. a
?ynnns 104. c
nnx 240. 1
'^nsT 99. 3. a
bni5 61. 2. a, 181. 6,
208. 3. b
n"bns 220. 1. h
nibns 200. c
•'bnx 216. 2. 6
D-^bris 60. 3. c
n"^'5ns 200. c
n^tinx 172. 3
•iX 239. 1, 283. 2. a
nis 200. a
^nis 105. 6
yn^.X 149. 2
■lis 240. 1
n-^is 186. 2
bins 194. 2
ib-ins 194. 2
bipis 57. 2 (2) a, 111.
2. c^
nb,^S 149. 2
DbnX 207. 2. 6, 215,
1. a
TO'^'S 111. 2. 6
ITS 63. 2. a
liX 186. 2. c
ni^ins 13. a
n-":is 208. 3. c
nc^.S 149. 2
iri'S 56. 3
■jSiS 207. 2. a
nS-S 200. a, 216. 1
nnsris in. 2. c?
nix (V.) 82. 1. c. (3),
156. 2
nix (n.) 197. b
nnnis 220. 1. 6
•^nii? 157. 2
CVX 149. 2
?C^1S 149. 2
nix 197. 6, 200. a
nn^x 1-iD. 2
Dnhix 220. 2. a
TX 235. 1
niTX 60. 3. c, 184. 6,
216. 1. b
VTX 53. 2. a, 111. 2, f
nnsTX 189
ipn^TX 104. e
nbrx 86. i
nj rbTx 35. 1
■JTX 197. a, 217,221. 5
n:TX 189
•irTX 221. 4
D'lTX 203. 1
nrjTX 221. 4
□d:TX 220. 1. 6
QijjTX 53. 1. a
niX 112. 5. c
nnjX 60. 3. b (1),
92. e
?inTX 53. 1. a, 183. c
HwS (n.) 68. b, 197. a,
207. 2. 6, 216. 1. e,
220. 1. /•
nx (int.) 240. 1
nnx 223. 1, 248. a,
250. 1.
D'^nnX 223. 1. a
INDEX III.
345
nnns? i89
T^nX 90 pass.
ninij; 205. c, 209. 3
rns 34, 110. 3, 118. 2
TnX 34, 172. 4
mx, Thsc 112. 1
!1TnS 60. 3. ft(2), 119. 4
irns? 60. 3. 6 (2). 120. 1
pmj? 97. 2. a
nnrnx io4, i
••ni? 61. 6. a
tini-^nx 220. 2. a
Q-^nX 60. 1. a
bnS 140. 3
nnS 237. 1, 238. 1
nns 210. e
nnx 60. 4, 111. 2. 6
^nns60. 3. 6(2), 121.2
^iinx 193. 1
innK 238. 1. a
n-^-inS 198. a (4)
raTBns] 99. 3. b
■jsn^cnx 195. 2
■jnrncnx 195. 2
rns 54. 2, 205. b, 223.
1. a
nns? 223. 1. a
t:X 175. 3
■J^IiS? 216. 1. 6
Di:S 112. 5. a
"lUX 112. 5. a, 125. 3
^i? 61. 6, 236
''X (n.) 184. b
''» (int.) 240. 1
a^X 156. 1
n):S 61. 6
nbn^Nn 99. 3. b
riT IN 75. 2
T^ 51. 2
b^S 208. 3. c
b?55 183. b
mb^S 60. 3. 6 (1)
nsTb -IS 75, 2
rh-h^^ 150. 2
^DbiN 151. 1
Ob-iN 200. c
U^^ 207. 2. c
n^^j* 200. c
nn^ai^? 61. e. «
)^ii 236, 258. 3. 6
DTP^i? 150. 1
tJ-iS? 207. 2, 243. 2. a
'jittJ-'X 193. 2. a
''O^N 57. 2 (1)
nn^N 11. 1. 6
DrTiS 140, 1
•jn-iS? 189, 210. c
•|N (adv.) 235. 2 (2)
•fSn (v.) 175. 3
n'lnSX 91. c
nss^n 175. 3
nTDS5 189
"ITSi^ 189
''nTDN 194. 2
ni^'IpX 198. a (4)
^HDNI 119. 1
bDX 110. 3
bbx, bbsn 112. 1
bDS?^ (nb) 174. 4
bDi5 111. 2. 6
bDS51 99. 3. a
n'bDS 104. d
^bsfc? (nb) 63. 1. b,
174. 4
'rjb^S 106. a
DDbDii 106. a
™b3S 104. i
^innbDx 104. e
^nbDS 65. a
^nbDN 104. i
DPbpX 112. 1
^rnbDi? 104. i
nSDXI 99. 3. 6
-IDDN^ 99. 3. b
SqSS? 140. 3
nSN 187. 1. a
n-l3X 24. b
rbs? 140. 1
nsnppij 16. 3. b, 105. (^
-nippx 88
bx 235. 1, 264 •
bj* (pron.) 58. 1, 73. 1
bi? (n.) 186. 2. c
-bs 237. 1, 238. 1
TlJ"'n5bs 229. 1. a
D^T2^3bN 14. a, 51. 4
nbx 216. 1. a
nb&j 200. 6
nbS 58. 1, 61. 6, 73. 1
■^n'bxi 234. c
D^nbx 11. 1.6
D^n'bX 201. 2, 231. 3. a
34G
INDEX III.
iT3^n'5S 220. 2. c
^rnbs] 2.$4. c
mb« 11. \. b
m'bX (v.) 172. 2
•'bx 2:3S. La
nian-ibs 220. 2. c
bibs 184
lybxT 99. 3
HDbs nsbit 45. 5. a
ibbs 20. 2, 240. 1
nbX 187. 1. h
D^aiabs 51. 4
nabx 200. c
niiiabs? 229. \. a
b^Ta-bi5 237. 2 (1)
•jabX 193. 1
msiabs 193. a (4),
199. c?, 200. h
nn3?-bs5 237. 2 (2)
qbs 84. 3. a (2), 112.
5. a
5|bK 226
•isbs 250. 2 (2) a
Drsbx 250. 2. (2) a
□"•Dbs? 203. 4, 226
Oipbs 229. 1. a
Tibs 221. 2. fi
DS 68. 6, 197. a
DS 239. 1, 283
iSCSiaS 11. \. a
T^SOSTaS 104. h
npS 53. 3. 6, 211. a
niSS 198. c
rras 200. c
•jlttS 184. b
rx:^'Q'& go. 3. 6 (1),
201. 1. a
D^ri'CS 201. 1. a
Dbi^S 105. a
rrjb'axn 99. 3
bb^S! 187. 1. d
bbias 92. a, 115
^3S bbT2S 42
D^bbTas 210. c
D:^S 235. 2 (1)
D:13S 235. 2 (1)
I'^S 79. 2, 84. 3. a (2)
T^i? 112. 1
11255 110. 3, 125. 3
n-as 05
ni2S 86. b (3 pi.)
"It?i? 208. 3
"lias 60. 3. 6(1), 112. 1
-TnS 60 3. b (1)
ni)as 208. 3
TjlTaS 60. 3. 6 (1)
DDI^S 106. a, 127. 2
nnias 127. 2
nn^ST 3.3. 4
?lTrt!i« 157. 3
niaS 60 3. i (1), 205. b
imas 60. 3. b (1), 221.
2. a
^nnnbsi 99. 3. 6
^.nnzs 101. 3. a
n:s;', n:s 63. 1. c
^2S< 71. a (1)
13S 46
^niDS 131. 1
Tri:s 184
•^SS 197.6
■'pS 71
'':« 65, 71. a (1)
^:S 65. b
n^^rs 198. 6
•'SbS 71
•jrs 141. 3 (p. 175)
CirS 84. 3. a (2)
pis 112. 1
p:s 50. 1
ni:r:s 207. 2. <j
q^CN 185. 2. a
-mbcS 125. 1
nn^CN) 60. 3. c, 92. e
51CS 110. 3, 112. 5. c,
115, 151. 2
qbs 112. 1
nSCS 111. 3. a, 112. 1
riECS 151. 2
'^BCS 89 (f. s.)
^£CS 151. 2
ylCBDS 188
iPBcs 104. y
pDS 53. 3. b, 88 (1 f.)
nCS 112. 5. b
"IDS 60. 3. c
nCS 60. 3. c
lies Gl. 6. a
DIGS 105. c?
-irsn, iiysi leo. 3
bysn 172. 4, 175. 3
•jys^ 172. 4
INDEX III.
347
n3^i« 113. 1
n|2?Kl 57. 2 (2) a
tjyi^n 172. 4
niryiii 172. 4
m»:?i<i 57. 2 (3) a,
111. 2. 0, 234. c
51S< (n.) 184. J, 207. 2
qS (conj.) 239. 1
D-PXSS 104. f., 172. 3
IBS 112. 5. a
nSSJ 110. 3
^SX 112. 1
D^'SS 203. 1
n-^SSI 100. 2. a (1)
•12 qS5 239. 2 (1)
nbsij: 198. a (2), 216.
. 1. h
•jSXI 172. 4
DSJ« 235. 3 (1)
r\vm^ 127. 3
nSXI 173. 3
nX22S< 164. 5
yaas 183. c, 197. a
ni3>3^S<»207. 2. a
12S^ 174. 4
T;"n^i? 105. (/
bsi? 237. 1
nsx 50. 3
^n^s 101. 3. a
nn^s 105. cZ
5^a)?Si! 105. h
D^Xl 99. 3. a
Diaipi?. 56. 3
n^pSI 99. 3. a
D!|?S|t 56. 3
D)^X1 99. 3. a
ni«^jpi<T 63. 1. c, 97. 1
&, 164. 5
i^nSJ^ 99. 3. a, 172. 4
nxns<i 172. 4
D^xnS 24. a
naiNi 175. 3
D3ni« 22. a
nya-lK 207. 2. a, 214.
1. 6, 223. 1
D^ya'ii? 225. 1
n^pyanx 223. 1
DPyanS? 250. 2 (2) a
•j^SnX 51. 4
•J^ans? 51. 4, 195. 2
-nnsj 141. 1
■tb-mx 19. 2
nnnX 208. 3. b
D^inS 82. 5. a
^T9)2ili5 104. h
■ji-l« 197. 6
linX 139. 2
iniiNi 141. 2
mi5 197. 6, 200. a,
208. 3. 6
n"li5 198
nn-is5 198
i-innni^ 6o. 3. c
^'^^_ 200. c. 208. 3. d
T:'^!'^, 56. 3. a, 168. a,
174. 4
X\t^ 79. 2, 118. 1
•j"lS 185. 2.6,207.2. c
i\yi 216. 1. e
•ji^-lS 200. a
. ""lansi: 194. 1
n^'anx 235. 3 (3)
in?13Ta'lS5 56. 1, 105. b
nis^nx 21 6. 1. c
nnns 197. c
ynx 51. 3, 63. 2. a,
197. 6
n^ 65
nsnj? 61. 6. a, 219. 1
"jT^a nanx 22. b
^y;3 n^ii? 22. b
-n^ 141. 1 (p. 175)
tjnii 119. 1
nb^S73T13i< 180. a
T»X 197. 6, 201. 1
m 57. 2 (1)
^bxrj? 101. 3. a
ntJxi 99. 3. a
n''^inoi< 210. rf
m©i< 216. 2. a
nirx 200. b, e, 207. 2
^1©X 197. a
DpnCi? 118. 3
TO^TIJJ? 200 c
D^SIpS 94. b
bisOX 200. a, 210. t
nibsCN 216. 1. c
nibsrs 216. 1. c
nbCN 60. 2. a
5 nbirx 60. 2. a
rinbcx 126. 1
-iibiDsn 99. 3
I . ; - T
348
INDEX III.
nrbtJKi 99. 3
DTTK 82. 1. a (l'), 112.
5. a
TlDirNT 99. 3
pairs 189
n:?pirxn 98. i. a
rrpztif. 97. 1
n:Ci< 183. 0, 221. Q.a
TOCS 172. 3
UDli'S 91. c
rbffiS 207. 2. c
"j?f 5? 9B. 1. a
r^rs?^ 175. 3
rciJ^CS 98. 1. a
nbnjJiTSn 98. \.a
nbpffii^n 98. 1. a
nrii! 74, 285
mrS (conj.) 239. 1
nnirs 200. c
lines 221. 5. d
^fntpX 220. 2. c
ri'^nTSN 221. 5. d
m?X 205, 214. 1. h
n«K;i 172. 4
ibbinps 96. a
yiDynirs 141. 6
ns (n.) 207. 2. e
Tit , n55 58. 2. a, 238.
2, 270
TK 43. a
nx 43. a
rx (prep.) 237. 1,
238. 2
-nx Gl. 5
rii5, PX 71. « (2)
PS? 71. a (2)
StrS 177. 3
nns 11. \. a
npx 71
npS5, np&{ 71. a (2)
■jiPX 197. a, c
nsnns? 96. a
■"PS? 71. a (2)
''P« 61. 5
WS 112. 1, 172. 1
i<n'')^"'PS« 220. 2. c
?TnS 65. a
nDPS 65. a
bittPfi? 53. 1. a, 183. c
•JPiji 210. c
"jPX, IPX 71. a (2)
r\':r\r^ , n:px 7i. a (2)
^:nj« 177. 3
1:P» 207. 2. b
n3:PX 220. 1. b, 221. 6
^;|5PX 105. 6
2 231. 1, 233, 267. b,
272. 2. 6
S3 157. 2
nika 34
ns^ 34
nsni 156. 4
D-'bnsa 229. 4. b
^N3 156. 2
'ISia (pret.) 156. 2
^S3^ 156. 4
Dip5TN3 57. 2 (2) a
•iSa 216. 1. a.
DDEwSa 22. a
1X3 121. 1
"1X3 00. 3. c, 197. a
©X3 60. 3. c
PX31, PX31 16. 1
■"pxi^, nx3^ 100. 2.
«(1)
b33 57. 1, 187. 1. e
''b33 237. 2 (4)
n?3 84. 3. a (3)
n,n3 90
153 22. a, 197. 6, 200. c,
221. 5. o
153 87
ni,n3 207. 1. a
np1?3 80. i (2 m.) •
Ii:i3 87, 210. a
bb53 237. 2 (2)
1373 61. 1
bl3 80. 2. a (3)
0X13-3 4. a
inia 57. 2 (4), 184. 6
t^VT\2 177. 1 '
l^pnS 245. 5. b
Dbcrns 91. 6
bP3 121. 1
rrgr\2 21 6. 2
rtas 201. 2
]n3 61. 2. (7, 184. fl,
197. a, 208. 3. 6
:\in3 113. 1, 2
n^scns 140. 6
Xi3 79. 1, 157. ]
INDEX III.
349
nssjia io4. g
15ii3 90
Di«TS 57. 2 (3) a,
164. 3
n^Dia 209. 1. a
bia 53. 2. a, 184. b
D"ipia 156. 2
npia 186. 2. a
-1^3 139. 2
nin 200. a
^^^sjnia 201. 2
Oia 82. 1. a (3), 156.
2, 157. 1, 2.
D^Oia 156. 2
DDDT^ia 92. &, 161. 3
^ T2 (n.) 207. 2. a
n (from T^a) 156. 2
n 139. 2
1«Ta 139. 3
15i-7a 141. 2
TTa 141. 1 (p. 175)
^2TT3 139, 1
■jina 185. 2. c
nnna 210. «
n''"iina 60. 3. c
m'jna 27
-iTia 185. 2
■jna 50. 1
■jnia 121. 1
nna 50. 1
nn^nh nna 43. 6
^nna 19. 2
D-inna 201. 1. h
nit:3 90. J9ass.
nt:a 184. h
npn 126. 1
■jin^a 193. 2
•Jt:! 197. a
D^rja 208. 3. a
Onua 239. 2 (3), 263.
1.6
''a (for ^V^) 53. 3. a,
240. 2
*l^a 237. 2 (2)
Ta 16. 2. a
rri^n^a 57. 2 (2)
'}''a 158. 2, 3
"J^a 237. 1, 238. 1
^'■^S'^a^ 4. a
•inb^a 158. 1
ap?::a 16. 2. «
n^'S'^a 200. 6
^^ni-IJ^'ia 14. a, 24. 6
n^^a 61. 2, 63. 2. a,
197. 5, 208. 3. e
rria 57. 2 (5), 62. 1,
216. 1. d
'^''2n?r?"fl'^3 246. 3. b
^wirrrr^^ 246. 3. b
^^""^ 65
•ja 65. a
riDa 184. i
iDa 172. 2
iaa (for i3?a?) 53.
3. a
niDa 50. 1
n^sa 50. 1
^aa 184. b
ibCSa 91. 6, 231. 5. a
airpa 22. «, 101. 2. 6
ba 53. 3. a
nnba i98. a (3)
txiba 56. 4
n^stj'^ba 18. 2. c
nr)iba 195. 3
b?::ba 195. 3
bba 141. 3 (p. 175)
3^^3, ?^? 126. 1
"'"I^ba 237. 2 (4)
^n^D?^a 127. 2
ipba 61. 6. a, 237. 1
^i?)2a 235. 3 (1)
naa 231. 4. a
itja 233. a
■'ni'aa 13. a, 214. 2. &
^?i3a 45. 4
nsy^a 45. 3
nibnpm 10. 2. a
''n^a 19. 2, 216. 1. c
■ja 51. 3, 185. 2.(7, 215i
1. 6
'13'^'a^n-fa 246. 3. b
T^ n:a 35. 1
^3a (from Sia) 164. 2
?3a 34
T
^2a 34
iDa (suf.) 221. 3. a
i:a (parag.) 61. Q. a
nisa 207. i. «.
•j''ni:a (v.) 173. 2
DD'^niDa 220. 1. &
13a 61. 6. «, 218
350
INDEX III.
CSa 207. 1. a
n^pa 86. h (1 c.)
?133 221. 3. a
?b:2 4. a
bb:3 22. «, 101. 2. 6
nn:3 132. 1, iss. 1
nS5SC3 24. a
nnyE3,n7yD3i6. 3. &
-l^n?^ 237. 2 (2)
nra 237. 1
tjpya, ^-jy? 113. 1. 2
wn 172. 1
D^^ya 60. 3. a
D^byn 201. 2
nya 121. 1
nn^a i96. <?
iTi?:?a 113. 2
XTSra 60. 3. a
n?a 121. 1
nska 199
in«2a 11. 1. a
TSa 185. 2. a
ysa 42. a
- r* J
D?]£a 125. 1
pSa 82. 1. o (2)
n'ika 207. 1. <f
ypa 80. 2. a (4)
oypa 125. 2
ppa 141. 3 (p. 175)
npa 197. r, 201. 1
npa 50. 1, 208. 3. h
niaise. 2. c
xna 78. 1
Kna 166. 3
Tisna 164. 4
"I'na 185. 2. 6
^ina 92. d
cina 51. 1
nina 51. 1
bna 193. 2. c
rria 50. 1
n"i"ia 210. a
■^r^^na 194. 2. a
■J'^a 80. 2. a (1), 80.
2. a (2), 120. 3
•jna, ijna 119. 1
^na 197. a
nana le. 2. a
nana 21 6. 1. 6
iana 60. 3. a, 120. 3
■'ana 22. a, 216. 2. a
Dn^ana 22. a
D;^a"ia 208. 4
D'la 139. 2
npna 19. 2. 6, i96. b
"ina 141. 1 (p. 175)
cam 74. a, 139. 2
"ipamJa 102. 3. a
bca 80. 2. a (1)
naiam 220. 1. 6
ninpca 45. 2
na 205. 6
ina 221. 2. a
taaina 220. 1. h
n-'bina 201. 1. b
•ina 58. 2
n^na 208. 3. c
oara 221. 6
nx5 nka 22. 6
nxa 185. 2. (/
o'^'j^xa 201. 1. a
ni'^ica 208. 3. c
bxa 117
bxa 116. 4
nbxa 201. 1. a
^bxa 119. 3
DDbxa 221. 3. a
aa 200. c
naa 143. a
"piaa 215. 1. c
riaa i85. 2. 6
rraa i84. b
snaa 11. 1. a
Knaa 86. b
nnaa 125. 2
nnaa 60. 3. a
n^niaa 201. 2
b^a^i 184
nin^aa 201. 1. c
nnaa i98. a (3)
y-'aa 50. 1
niaa i87. 1, 215. 1
in^niaa 220. 2. c
■'aa 199. c
T^aa 184
baa 50. 1
nbaa 11. 1. 6
•jaa 187. 1. 6
•jbaa 207. 2. c
D^SSaa 187. 2. e
bbaa 193. 2. c
-lar 1. a (2)
INDEX III.
351
"ina 183. h, 184. a
laa 184. a
bs^-ina 61. 6. a
nn23 205
W 200. a
n'la 141. 3 (p. 175)
bina 58. 1, 185. 2. 5,
210, 217
-bina 215. 1. c
nb-bin;^^ 13. a
i^ra 208. 3. d
n^'ia 209. 2. 6
■'.■^'la 216. 1. rt
bna 82. 1. a (2)
bna (v.) 58. 1
b^a (adj.) 185. 2. 6
b'la 58. 1, 184
-bna 215. 1. c
bna, b^a 92. c
y^a 126. 1
nna 197. h, 21 6. i. e,
217
^y^^ 217
Tni^ia 221. 2. 5
D^nn'ia 203. 5. 6
Tia 50. 3, 68. 6
iTia 157. 1
'I'la 221. 3. a
•^ia 220. 1. c
on^ia 220. 2 &
nprnni'^^a 220. 2. c
T]ia 221. 3. a
bia 158. 3
bbia 141. 4
yia^a 186. 2. h
5?ia 125. 2, 156. 1
nia (v.) 179. 2. a
bnia 200. a
Ta 139. 2
*iaTa 195. 1
nra 68. 6
TTa 50. 3, 68. h
TTa 139. 2
"i-Ta 141. 1
rriTa 50. 3
bra 50. 3, 68. h
bra 216. 1. e
"ira 50. 1, 3, 68. b, 84.
3. a (3), 125. 3
na 158. 3
"jina 4. a
'^na 157. 1
Tia 157. 2, 158. 2
n^bna 21 6. 2. 6
nbna 200. 6, 210. e
K^'a 183. S, 197. &,
208. 3. c
X"'a 216. 1. d
ri'ia 158. 2, 3
b^a 158. 2, 3
ba (rib) 98. 2, i74. 5
ba, ba {vv) 139. 2
baba 187. l.e, 207. 2. a
baba 187. 1. e
baba 141. 4
nbaba i87. 1. g, 207.
1. 0?, 217
nba 11. 1. a
nba 57. 2 (5), 80. 2. «
(4), 143. a, 170
n^ba 216. 1. a
nba 126. 1
r\Y% 196. c
n^b'iba 16. 2. a
•"niba, ^n-^bii 174. 2
ibba 139. 1
"i^ttba 195. 1
nnba ei. 6
T : IT
btta 197. c, 207. 2. 6
Tjbtta 101. 3. a
innb^^ 104. i
inbija 104. i
■ja 197. 6, 217
nsa 77. 1
nsa 187. 1. a
aaa 93. (?
nn;;j 21 6. 1. 6
was a 104. i
ipnDa 65. a
■^nnsa 61. 6. «
onnja 104. «
n^a 217
•jisa 139. 2
D'^Tpa 50. 1
ya 131. 3
i2?.1 172. 2
~i:^a 125. 2
n?a 131. 4
■jBa 197. 6. 200. b
nana 207. 2. «
na 50. 3, 68. b
fna 193. 2. 6
352
INDEX III.
pa 197. h, 200. «, 208.
3. h
nna 219. 1
nt-ia 216. 2
ITT 141. 3 (p. 175)
isona 194. 1
iTanirna 104./.
©a, "J^a 131. 3
iioa, iTca 131. 3
'lira 65. b
t
tea 141. 1 (p. 175)
mra i3i. 4
imra i3i. 4
ra 207. 2. a
nns'i 87, 119. 3
5iST 11. 1. a
^X^ 51. 4
nnin"! i98. ^», 200. b
rh2'l 200. 6, 214. 1. b
pyn 82. 1. a (2)
npsn 87
nni 10. a
nn'i 210
nn-i 80. 2. o (2)
~I5'1 92. d
nS"!, na^ 92. c, 126. 2
inan 65
inn^ 61. 1, 216. 2
rtiai 65. a
p.naiT 100. 2. n (])
•1^731 86. ft (2 f.)
"innn"! ei. 6. a
tJa"! 183. b
■'©an 221. 5. c
^'1 185. 2. f/, 198, 217
m 198, 217
T\yr: 219. 1. i
1^1 207. 1./.
'iK'l^'^ 216. 1. a
D"'i5'l^^ 56. 4, 207. 2. a
I'l^l 194. 2. 6
;;.':i'i 51. 4
Tin 11. 1. i
Din 139. 2
"liT 200. c
^irnini-n 44. b
wn 158. 3
'''Ci'^157. 2
^n^ 121. 1
•^n 215. 1. f/
S^n 187. 1. a
D^r'i 158. 1
i^^ 184. 6
'ji'7 158. 2, 3
•J^n 187. 1. a
iO'''! 158. 3
SSn 165. 2
^K2n 167. 1
bn 207. 2. a
nb'i 50. 1
■'ni!?'! 141. 2
I'^b'i 141. 1
i^b-n 19. 2. 5
ni'^b'l 209. 2. a
n^bn 210. Of
nbn 197. b, 199. (Z, 211
ninb-n 21 6. 2. a
"^nb"! 216. 2
D'nbn 203. 2, 208. 4
Dl 139. 2
W 57. 2 (4)
DDm 58. 2, 221. 1. a
Dm 141. 3 (p. 175)
pirian 51. 2
pTTTST 195. 1
■'^'^ 194. 1
^z:"^ 104. a
yi 148. 3
y"! 148. 2
r.y'n 53. 2. ft, 148. 2
nyT,ny'i97. i. ft, 148.3
irn 16. 2. a
i£S-^i,"^ 45. 4
tj?"! 50. 1
^?'^ 148. 2
^n^'1 148. 2
■jnn'l 19.2.ft, 05.a, 200. a
ni:h-i^ 19. 2. ft, 65. a
Uill 193. 2. c
ci^n-i 122. 2, 141. 1
^n-i 197. ft, 200. ft
D'^D'^'n 203. 3, 208. 4
'qDn'l 220. 2. ft
piri?"!'! 51. 2, 54. 3
^nrrn^ 104. i
sen 196. d
«1t'l 18. 2, c
■jTD'l (v.) 82. 1. « (2)
■jCn (adj.) 185. 2
nn 200. ft
INDEX III.
353
.n, n, n 229, 245
n, n, n 230, 283
nnnxn 112. 3
n-inxni 112. 3
^niixn 60. 3. h (1)
■'n-ins^n'i 60. 3. b (1)
D*15?n 246. 1. a
■ibnijr; 246. 2. a
rT»?.r!i 80. 2. 6, 112. 3
]^Ti«n'i 112. 3
nsTytn 88 (pi. f.)
^n-'pT&5n 94. a, 180. a
npTsni 112. 3
r\^r\ 240. 1
o?^n5<n 60. 3. c
■'■iTy^Xn 246. 3. h
TlJ^Xn 230. 3. a
^ribDsni 112. 3
DribDsn 112. 3
n^n'5sn 246. 1. a
tfbsn 60. 3. c
ITOSn 229. 4. a
nbxn 112. 1
n?sn 126. 1
5lDSDSn 57. 2 (2) a,
229. 3. a
■innssin 230. 3. a
f "nsn 63. 2. &, 229. 4. h
Dnsn 230. 3. a
nn 148. 3
ir-iNnn 151. 3
man 119. 1
nsnn lee. 1, i67. 2
nxani 100. 2. « (1)
23
nnxnn i67. 2
irsnn 104. k
DJnsnn 160. 2
nb^-^nn^ 100. 2. « (2)
b'^nrl 94. 6
nnn i48. 3, 240. 2
n''nrinr; 188. b
^nn 148. 3
Tisn 140. 4
pisn 140. 4
-•jnn 94. d
■'nn (from Sia) 164. 2
s^nn (imp.) 94. d
nxi^ni 100. 2. a (2)
nni^^nn leo. 2
tjinn 179. 2. a
^Ta-^nh 150. 2
riiTi5"'nn 160. 2
nn^^an 219. 1
ban 84. 3. a (2), 112.
5. a
bnn 216. 1. e
^nbnn 111. 3. a
ni:an 173. 2
b?3n 246. 1. a
nan uo. 5
tfsnan 104. 6
Tjijitan 164. 4
^nan 140. 4, 141. 1
riDnan 16. 3.6, 230. 2. a
D'^nan 45. 2
rr-^a-^n 126. 1
-"lan 94. f?
I5n 95. c
b'q^^n 94. a
T^r\ 112, 5. a
n.)n 18. 2. c, 184. 6
ir^n 172. 2
ir^h 92. ft, 174. 1, 3
ni^n 216. 1. a
nbsn, nb.)n 175. 1
niban 173. 2
n^bsn 175. 1.
^n"^bsn 175. 1
nb.^r; 172. 1
ri?an 127. 1
pa'^n 82. 5
ina'in 246. 2. a
tEJ^^n 159. 2
^s^'in 141. 3
Cin 207. 2. a
nsJ'^n 245. 5, 6
ffl'in 112. 5. a
pjri 140. 5
pnn (pret.) 140. 5
p^n (inf.) 140. 5
nipin 141. 2
mn 112. 5. a, 125. 3
nai-inn (inf.) 94, b
npC'in 96. a
nn 240. 1
X^Dbnn 245. 5. b
ttj'i^pnr; 245. 5. b
"inn 63. 2. 6, 229. 4. 6
nnnn 219. 1
n-tninnn 246. 2. a
D^-inn 63. 1. a. 229. 4
Xin 177. 1
354
INDEX III.
Sin 47, 71. a (3)
Kin 58. 1, 71, 73. 3,
258. 2
K^n 30. 2
snnn 167. 2
^i«ann 167. 2
TDinin 179. 2. a
D'^pnin 13. a, 208. 3. a
y*iin 150. 5
mn 57. 2 (5)0, 177. 1
nin 177. 1
n'nnin i40. 6
bnin 140. 6
■•in 240. 1
'Sy^^T) 229. 1. a
n^-in 177. 1
nsin (inf.) 126. 1
H'^pin (imp.) 94. d
nnb^n 150. 5
?T^bin 151. 1
bbin 141. 4
!lb3in 93. b
nibbin i98. a (4)
Dbin 90
HD^n 160. 5
np^n 95. c, 150. 5
rno^n 27, i04. e
jy-'Sin (imp.) 94. d
KSin 150. 1
nss^n 16V. 2
nxir-'n in. i
X^S^n (imp. ?) 94. d
mn-^^tin 149. 1, 150.4
yi^T\ 57. 2. (5)
np^n 153. 1
Di:?;;5inoo. 3. a, 127.2
nn^n 57. 2. (2)
'ismnin 104. k
msin ()(). 1 (2) h
D^"^imr^n 151. 3
n-'Cin 57. 2 (5)
"^n^T^in 61. 6. a
ytJin 126. 1
rnsin 150. 1
D'^Tia-Tn 24. 6
b-i-rn 160. 1
n^bi-Tn 141. 3
^3jn 54. 2, 4. «, 82. 5. a
CDnDTH 91. &, 106. a
n-'iTn 175. 1
-p?Tn 119. 1
□5"'ni-i-"n 173. 2
^,s3nn 107. 2
nnsann 166. 1
nnnn i65. 1
ann 63. 1. o, 229. 4
inb-injn 53. 2. b, 63.
1. a, 95. h
D^®nrin63. 1.0, 229. 4
T'^T'lO (inf-) 112. 3
■'npTnn, 112. 3
'^P^pfnn'i 112. 3
■'i^pTtinn 112. 3
"iprin 164. 2
"^pnn 164. 2
tnn 229. 3. cf
on^nn 111. .3. 6
DDnn 63. 1. a, 229. 4
r."CDnn 229. 4. a
bnn 140. 5
bnn 140. 4
ibnn i4o. 4
''bnn 175. 1
''n'bnn i4i. 2
D'^plSnn 229. 3. a
ii^nn 246. 2. a
nnnn 119. 1
onnn 119. 1
^n^nnn eo. 3. b (1)
^n^^.nni oo. 3. b (1)
ipirnnni 112. 3
bpnn 95. c
nhnn 141. 2
irinnm 86. b (2 m.),
112. 3, 139. 3
t:n 175. 4
''nh-jni 161. 5
nDn 175. 4
"intsn 82. 5
iin^n 63. 1. a, 121. 3
niran 159. 2
^rb-i-jn 160. 2
■•n^'Lsn 175. 1
nX^QDn 96. a, 166. 5
■^n 53. 2. o, 184. b
N-^n 71. rr (3)
Dpyn'^n 230. 2. a
n-in 11. \.a
n''n50. 1, 77. 3, 112. 5.
a, 152. 2. rr, 156. 1,
177. 1, 258. 2
n^n 86. b (3 pi.)
INDEX III.
355
ti:^n(imp.) 112. 1,1^7.1
n-^n (inf.) 177. 1
n-^n] 61. 1. «, 234. b
r^T^^ 61. l. «, 234. h
r^r\^ 46
n'l^'^n 245. 5. h
DPn 245. 3. b
ni'in 112. 1, 177. 1
au^n 235. 3 (2)
a-^'j^n 145. 2
a'j->;^n 230. 2. 6
n^^ni, n^;inT 16. 1
0"'^!''^ 60. 3. 6 (1),
112. 1
'arp'!rr\ 112. 2, 234. 6
X^T\ 51. 2
ba^n 189. b, 197. 6,
200. e, 210. c, 216.
1. 6
^p^bin 151. 1
Is-ib^n 57. 2 (5)
b'rn 186. 2
"I'l'a^n 11. 1. 6
^yssyrry 150. 1
S2r;^n 150. 1
nbs^n 65. 6
•Jl-l^n 246. 1. a
"iio^n 150. 1
n^n 172. 1
ivr^T) 246. 3. a
?fn 98. 2, 175. 4
"TSDn 94. b
oasn 96. a
ror\ 175. 4
I^Sn 159. 2
b^pn ('!:?) leo. 4
b^Dn (b^Dsn) 111. 2. c
irpn 160. 2
^rpn 160. 2
^sirpn 160. 2
rn'D-'pn 160. 2
"iSSn 246. 1. a
TObpn 95. a
n^D'cbpn 94. a
13pn 160. 2
rin)^2)23n 24. h, 230.
2. a
npn 112. 5. a
-n2n 94. b
blDnsn 246, 1. a
nshsn 24. 6
nsjbn 172. 1, 175. 1
•jnbn 24. h, 230. 2. a
•jiDabn 246. 1. a
tJabn 94. b
n^i^n 150. 5
ibn 139. 2
nri^ibr) 44. a
Tbn 58. 1, 73. 2
nrbn 58. 1, vs. 2
^Tbn 58. 1, 73. 2
Dnbn 119. 1
onbn 91. 6
Tbn 150. 2
nb^^bn 245. 3. b
ijyr\ 84. 3. a (3), 112.
5.0,115,151.1,179.
2. a
tj'bn 151. 1
^Dbn 151. 1
N^sbn 86. b (3 pi.)
n:Dbn^, 100. 2. « (1)
riDbnn 100. 2. a (1)
nsbh 205
bbn 137, 141. 4
bbn 137
ibbn 20, 2, 45. 2
nibbn 139. 1
Dbn 111. 1
■an 4. ct
on, rran 61. 6
•ji^n 197. 6
bi^n 159. 2. bis
^bian 159. 2
n^xniian 177. 3
'ji'ari 150, 2
nw 160. 4
Tn^'onn u. «
^ni'cn 160. 2
^nSTSn 246. 2. 6
^DlSn 140. 6, 141. I
rhllT\ 126. 1
nb-an so. 2. 6
nnbian 127. i
^b'an 95. a
niDbt!l2n 246. 3. a
niBSTSn 246. 1. o
C73n 140. 4
nS^n 140. 5
i^pan 62. 2, 175. 1
ny^n 119. 1
*ipnti)?iani04.c, 246.2.J
356
INDEX III.
NiTsn Kit;. 3
T^n'^S'an 10.5. a
nSl^TSn 246. 1. a
■nan uo. 5
'rar} 140. 5
nniniQn 24. b
biran 45. 2, 230. 2
birpn 94. 6
n^n 160. 4
inisn, inwn 160. 5
•inTan leo. 2
Dn^n 160. 2
■jn (pron.) 71. a (3)
■jn (adv.) 236
^S32n 54. 2
ins^nsn i66. 2
insasn 131. 6
q^:n 91. 6, i3i. 5
nan 236, 240. 2
nsn (pron.) 71. a (3)
nan (adv.) 235. 3 (4)
''irr:r\ i3i. i
nnsn 246. i. «
ntlDn 189. h
bnrn 94. b
■^nOTn 63. 1. rt, 121.
3, 131. 6
nmn i3i. 1
ipnsn ICO. 2
T?!!?. T?" s-'^- c (1),
160. 1
nn^sn 16O. 5
■•nin-irn leo. £
D3S^:n 100. 4
ip"':n 150. 2
^S22T33n 245. 5. 6
ns:n leo. 4
ps;n 160. 2
^3::n 141. 1
npsn 173. 2
^^p:n 131. 2
fnsn 91. 6, 131. 5
^pp:n 131. 2
en 240. 1
ncn 140. 5
ncn61.4, 135. 3, 140.5
lacn 61. 4. a, 140. 5
lacn 61. 4
niapn ei. 5, i36. 2
Qi-i^on (D-in^oxn) 53.
2. «, 111. 2. c
nn^cn leo. 2
^T^T\^ IGO. 4
n"'sn, n^cn 160. 1
•yon 140. 5
"jscn 94. 6
-■jscn 94. d
bancn 82. 5
bbinpn i4i. 5
nntpn 91. 6
nnnyn 63. 3. h (2)
?]'^n-tnsn 112. 3
Tj-^mnyni 112. 3
"l^n?n (inf. abs.) 94. b
nnnyn 112. 2
nnnrn 16O. 2
nryn ui. 1
th'^'sr^ 160.2
"^inTrn 60. 3. c
'ini^yn 44. 6
t::^rn, t:;'yn 229. 3
•'nTO'n 160. 2
byn (v.) 17.5. 4
nb?h 60.3. 6(2), 112.2
nbyn 63. 1. a
n-'brn 2 15. 5. b
i:n-'byn 104. ^
inbyn 173. 2
Oyn 63. 2. ft, 229. 4. 6
T^rrn 60. 3. b (2)
"i^'ayn 94. b
"TO^n^ 112. 3
nn^yn 104. e
tf^nynn 112. 3
D'lniyn 229. 4
^3n?n 246. 2. a
initoyn 173. 2
iniTi?:?n 11.3. 1
nyn is. 2. c
ni^sn 187. 2. a
men 175. 1
n-isn 175. 4
nan uo. 5
nsn 80. 2. b
inis^^sni 160. 3
n^cn 140. 5
^2n 112. 5. b
■'DEh 61. 6
•TE3En 188
Sbcn 166. 3
INDEX III.
357
sbsn 165. 2
13Bn 95. d
D?Sn 245. 3. b
"ipsn (inf. abs.) 91. 6
"IjPSn 93. o, 95. a
"ISn 229. 4. h
-iSn 140. 5
nsn 65. rt, 140. 5
nsn 140. 5
nnsn 119. i
■'n^nsn'i 100. 2. a (1)
DDISn 141. 3
Dnsn 141. 3
nnnsn i4i. 2
nnsn 126. 1
p'l-jsn 82. 5
'i.'^-j^in 80. 2. 6
^D'll'-jin 161. 1
^n^-jiin 161. 1
^■'Sin 145. 2
nj^i^n 160. 2
nb^in 189. 5
nb^n 126. 1
npiasn 86. b (2 m.)
i;->B^n 24. 6
"12?n 140. 5
nsn 140. 5
inisnn 100. 2. a (1),
141. 2
tlXJ^n 229. 4. b
ini^pn 16O. 2
©■i^pn 94. b
mpn 94. 6
D^lD"ipn 229. 4. 6
bnpn 119. 1
■bnpn 119. 1
niDpn 94. 6
D^pn 160. 4
D'^pn 160. 4
D^pn 57. 2 (5), 59,
153. 1
ni^^pn 66. 2 (2) c
bpn 140. 5
bpn 140. 5
opn 160. 4
Dpn, Dpn 160. 5
'isbpn 66. 2 (2) c
inbpn 104. y
nispn 94, 5, iV5. 2
a'ipn 119. 1
na^opn 93. 1
nn 207. 2. a
^'^y^, "xnn 114,
175. 1
nsnn 173. 2
ni^nn 173. 2
•'n^xnnn 114
Ti^n^xnn 175.
on'^X'nri 24. b
nnn, nann 175. 4
ns-in 175. 2
na'in, nann 175. 2,
235. 3 (2)
ri^nnni 100. 2. « (1)
^n^anni 100. 2. « (1)
ra";in (inf.) 94. 6, lu
y-^ann (inf) 114
^ns^^nn 24. b
nnn 63. 1. a, 219. 1. 5
inn 172. 2
inn 92. 6, 174. 1, 3
tjjiin 53. 3. a
-annn 119. 1
pn';in, P^nn 119. 1
•^in 199. c
ni'^nn 209. 1. a
n^nn 59
rii^^nn 160. 2
"i^inn 160. 4
DD^Sinn 160. 4
15?^"in 160. 2
ony'inn 160. 2
ri^nni 16. 1
•jnn 140. 5
msnn 114
^nhn 140. 4
D'l'ann (D^^nxn) 53
2. a
nbnn 160. 2
cnn 111. 1
ynn, ynn uo. 5
- T ' -A" T
:rnn 140. 5
^5?nn 160. 2
n^ynn 24. i
Dnynn 160. 2
^nn 66. 1 (1), 98. 2,
175. 4
nsnn 175. 4
nsnn 165. 1
mnn 172. 1
■innn 221. 6. 5
"""inn 221. 6. b
358
INDEX III.
D-^nnn 207. 2. a
Dnnn 221. 6. 6
■j'Jffin 24G. 1. a
bzisn, b^^cn 94. 6
ib-iiaipn 180. a
annifljn 82. 5
Kirn 166. 3
!in^r\bsnrn 119. 2
: ntDn 60. a
ncn 160. 4
n3ri]73TJJn 104. ^
■^roirn se. h (2. m.)
\-ii3TDn^ 100. 2. a (1)
D'^nmum 10. a
ncn 140. 5
n't tin 160. 4
ia-'on 60. 3. 6 (2)
in^TiJn 60. 3. 6 (2)
^nin^^r^^ 33. 4
?;i^i»n 101. 3. a
nnh'^tin leo. 2
ascn 94. h
nstjn 9.5. a
nnson 95. «, ^/
nstin, D'^stin 94. 6
a^bon 80. 2. 6
*y^bcn 94. 6
^a^bpnT 100. 2. a (2)
^bcn (inf.) 94. b
^btjn (imp.) 94. d
tfbcn 95. a
r\Dbcn 95. a
nsppbcn 86. b (2 pi.)
mabcn 95. a
1)3Cn 94. 6
liatL-n (inf. abs.) 91. 6
T(-nairn (inf.) 94. 6
•j-^irn 104. 6
"■DtL'n 140. 6
^i2cn 140. 5
nBcn 140. 5
^n\n'-'''3tin 141. 3
macn 139. 3
y)3T&n 126. 1,
n'S^^TSn 128, 189. b
bv y^tin 35. 1
"l^tDn 64. 1, 91. b
nsiriri 24.5. 3. 6
"lie:? a^aisn 251. 4. «
ytin (y'b) 140. 5
yen (nb) 35. 2, i75. 4
nisirn (ni'st'sn) 53.
2. 6, 62. 1
b^Sirn (inf. abs.) 94. b
1\mT\ 91. 6
T^^tT) 50. 1, 179. 2. a
i:ptin 94. d
narirn 126. 1
■jsimrn ui. 5
nnnntin 168. a
n-iinnrn ive. 2
^n^iinnirn ive. 1
T.^nnncn i76. 2
•^n^inntrni 100.2.^(1)
on'i'innTrn i76. 2
n'lnrnrn i76. 1
riTrnrn i76. 2
wornrn ui. g
^Bifinrn 82. 5
■'n"''snn i7c. 2
njxrn 126. 2
•jrarn iss. 4
^y^srn 126. 1
■^r'^^rnn 96. 6
nb^r.n 126. 1
^cyann 96. a
"lann i76. 4
n^^ann i76. 2
^bnrn 96. 6
-^ybnnn 96. b
■'ppbnrni 100. 2.a(i)
bbnrn 137
n-nnrn iso. 3 (p. I82)
:pT,nn 150. 3 (p. 182)
tj^pn 187. 2. a
nsnrn 150. 3 (p. 182)
nhyinn 246. 3. a
STrn 65. a
bbinr.n 161. 2
p-rnrn 96. 6
bnnn i76. 4
nrf^nn so. 2. b
r^T7\ 111. 2. f, 172. 1
^Tun^nn 60. 3. a
^1TT}7^, 141. 3
nSI^rn 50. 1, 179. 2. a
^srnn 96. 6
bnn 115
D-^brin 142. 3
Drn 1 40. 5
nn'rrn i4i. 5
nian^rn 141. 6
INDEX III.
359
mann i4o. 5
DTZinn 8-2. 5
TGi^nn 141. 5
m"3:nn los. 3.
n^3:nn les. 3
bbiynn i4i. 5
bb?nn 141. 5
n^synn i76. 2
nni^nn 119. 1
fuj^snn 96. 6
llfpsnn 59. a, 96. a
^npsnn 96. a
ir-ipnn 96. b
-izj^pnn 96. 6
^TO^pnn 96. b
"intj^pnn^ 96. 6
nr\Tr^pnn 61. 4. a,
96. b
n^prin 96. 6
"jiinnn 141. 5
•^n^rnnnn 121. 1
n''S"inn i76. 2
n:i2i:iTZJnn 54. 4. a,
82. 5. a
n^Tcnn 45. 2, 230. 2.
nnn i4i. 3 (p. 175)
•? 100. 1, 234, 287
•1 99. 1
11 56. 2
in 56. 2
"ibl 56. 2
^hi'l 5Q. 2
aXT 183. b, 197. c
inXT 216. 1. 6
nST 11. 1. a
ni5T 39. 4. a
nar 50. 1
-T
nnr 200. c
innr 125. 2
itt^nnr 220. 2. c
i:nnn 100. 2. « (1)
•JlblT 193. 2. a
'IT 186. 2. c
nr 73. 1, 235. 3 (4),
249. 2. a
nf 39. 4. a
nr, IT 11. 1. b
n'T, iT 73. 1
SnT 50. 1, 51. 3, 201. 1
nnn 16. 3. 6, 61. l.a,
234. a
IT 73. 1
IT 53. 3. a
ribN5 IT 22. b
ni'^IT 209. 2. a
tl'ilT 210. a
nbiT 237. 1
a ^nb^T 61. 6. a
naiT 14. a, 93. 6
rriiT 156. 4, 196. c?
•jiTT 193. 2. a
D'^SiTT 210. c
nn 208. 3. c
13T 141. 1
n^DT 90. pass.
ni3T 98. 1
■jinDT 25
"jinST 200. c, 210, 210.
b, 217
''p'IDT 106. b
inn?T 86. 6 (2 f.)
5l?bT €8. a
nsybT 210. e
n-iTOT 200. 6
*T^'aT 185. 2. a
inr*<2T 139. 1
•j'CT 207. 2. &
rn'QT 92. J
rT153T 196. b
^n'TST 139. 2
ro^n^T 220. 1. b
■JT 207. 2. a
n:T 200. a
niDT 200. b
•f3?T 51. 1
D?T 84. 3. a (3), 118.2
n)33)T 119. 3
iS^T 119. 3
pyT 51. 1
pi^T 119. 1
1p?T 60. 1. a, 119. 4
^P?T 119. 4
•JP^T 119. 3
IpT 197. 6
IPT (v.) 79. 2, 82. 1. a
IpT (adj.) 90, 215. 1
n^2pT 201. 1. b
ppT 141. 1 (p. 175)
S"1T 196. d
3G0
INDEX III.
^nr, n"iT 15G. 2
?i-lT 183. f, 197. a,
200. c
n^lT 187. 1. e
Itt-1T 92. 6
ynr go. 3. c, 216. i. e
ynr 216. 1. e
p"lT 80. 2. a (3)
Knn 112. 5. a
isan 1G7. 1
nn^nn, nnnn go. 2. a
t:nri 112. 5. a
''nn 172. 3
ban 50. 1, 112. 5. b
^3n 186. 2. a
''l?2n 61. 1
?inb3n 104. i
pan 187. 2
*13n 112. 5. a
ninsnnn iss
t'ln 84. 3. a (.3), 112.
5. 6
an 186. 2. c
Nan 11. \. a
Kan 196. (/
nan 112. 5. a
^n 53. 2. 6, 223. 1. a
1"ni 100. 2. a (2)
bnn 82. 1. a (2), 112.
5. a
l^in 24. c
inn 216. 1. e
t'in 208. 3. h
u^tty}, go. 3. i (2)
prn 199. c
n^n 207. 1./
nrn 14. a
bin 158. 2
bbin 161. 4
bbin 141. 4
isin 141. 4
pn 200. a
ipin 59. a, 141. 3
''pin 14. a
Tn 125. 3
"^nin 1 94. 2. 6
'.■i^iin 199. c
t')^n 186. 2. a
nirin i58. 2
Dnin 186. 2
nm 200. «
p\Tn 200. o, 210. 6,
216. 2. i
pm 84. 3. a (2), 110.
2, 112. 5. i
pm 185. 2. 6
pTn 185. 2. 6
pTn 92. c
IpTn 61. 1
is^rpTn, ^'^'^'^.^ 57. 2
(2)5
nn 207. 2. i
KIpn 183. h, 208. 3
N'JH 165. 2
Jis'jn 220. 1. 6
nSDn 198. a (3)
iS'JPj 60. 3.C, 216. 1. a
u^X'dn 57. 2 (3) ff,
164. 3
nsrin 166. 1
Tii^n 198. a (.3), 205,
217
nNi2n 57. 2 (3) a
inxbn 166. 2
Drsbn 220. 2. o
nt:n 50. 1, 112. 5. a
nc;n 200. h
TJn 164. 2
■Jiipn 199." a
^n (v.) 177. 2
^n (11.) 215. 1. d
a.^n 161. 1
nm 50. 1, 112. 5. a,
152. 2. ff, 177. 2
:nm 177. 2
nmi 234. 6
nm 201. 1. a
^^ni 234. b
''^Tl'^ 220. 2. c
tr^n 201. 1, 201. 1. a
Dn-imi 234. 6
b'^n 158. 2
bm 208. 3. c
mnm 158. 2
n^n 196. b
in;'n 61. 6, 218
"^sn 174. 3
ir?n 172. 3
•'n-'sni 100. 2. a (1)
•^b-^bpn 187. 2. c
nfen 198. a (4)
INDEX III.
361
D3n 80. 1, 84. 3. a (2),
112 5. a
niiapn i98. a. 4
"^ISpn 216. 2
bn 174. 5
Sbn 215. 1. a
■jnnbn 220. 2. 6
nbn 80. 2. a (4), 112.
n?n 80. 1
nibn 200. a
ybr\ 197. 6, 200. c
^b"l'?n 194. 2. h, 199. c
nbnbn i87. 1. e, i98.
a (3)
ubn 112. 5. a
•ibn 208. 3. d
■ibn 65
nb^bn 219. 1. «, 240. 2
D'^SSbn 209. 1. a
robn 209. I. a
bbn 141. 4
abn 112. 5, c
t-^rhr] 195. 1
qbn 80. 2. a (1), 112.
5. c
fbn 92, d
pbn 112. 5. &
npbn 51. 3
"ipbr! 24. 6, 216. 2. a
pbpbn 188
nnpbn 104. i
TZJbn 84. 3. a (3)
TSbn 187. 1
K^n 196. f?
"i^n 111. 1, 112. 5. a
riTzn (Hij^n) 53. 3. h
man i84. i, 216. 1
fiT2t7 185. 2. c
niian 197. c
niian 205. c
\nisn 141. 2
'iTC"');)! 59. a, 227. 1
b'an 112. 5. a
nb)2n 87, 111. 3. a
D^n 84. 3. a (3), 141.
1 (p. 175), 179. 2. a
Dian 112. 5. a
■fan 82. 1. a (2), 112.
5. a
ych 184
in^^n 106. a, 111. 3. a
"nan 112. 5. «
^Tanian, ^n'a'i^H eo.
3. h (2)
^I'anTan 92. «, 115
tJian 46
TClDn 205, 215. 1. h
•• T '
Tij'an 227. 3
niB^n 223. 1
'iffi^n 59. a, 227. 1
Dn"iT2J12n 250. 2 (2) a
T'Tr'an 250. 2 (2) a
iTjiteipn 250. 2 (2) a
D'^ii'ian 225. 1
vnis'an 220. 2. a
niry mJTan 224. a
nian 214. 1. h
D^nbh .203. 6. h
■jn 186. 2. c
■]i:n 139. 2
•j^sn 187. 1
nisn 139. 2
ni'^sn , ni^.:n 209. 3. a
n"i:n 199. cZ, 200. c
tf:n 112. 5. a
tj^jh 220. 1. 6
Din 235. 2 (1)
b^:n 195. 1
■jrn 80. 1, 84. 3. a (3)
Tin 141. 4
t:i::n 139. 2
'^?.?'7 61. 5
DDiSn 106. o, 139. 2
"135317 141. 1
?i.:n 82. 1. a (2)
p:n 50. 1
•''jCn, 'I'^cn 216. 2. a
ncn 112. 5. h
n^cn, ^^cn i69. 1,
T AT T ' AT T '
172. 1
ben 112. 5. a
DCn 112. 5. a
ncn 82. 1. a (2), 112.
5. a
nsn 112. 5. a
TSn 112. 5. a
fSn (v.) 82. 1.0(1), 84.
3. a (1), 112. 5. a
'J'-Sn (adj.) 185. 2. 6
tnSSn 86. a
^1tX\ 216. 1. h
302
INDEX III.
nsn 82. 1 a (2), 112.
5. a
nan 82. i. a (2), 112.
5. a
niisnen iss
itjsn 112. 5. a
irsn 80. 1
rmrBH los. a (4)
•^TIJEn 209. 2
nu'sn 198. rt (4)
nsn 50. 1, 82. 1. a (1),
84. 3. a (1), 112. 5. a
•"Sn 199. 6
■^I^n 65, 227. 3
fSn 141. 1 (p. 175)
nn2£2n is8. a
■i2n50. 3, 197. ft. 200. c
pn207. 2, 207. 2. a, 215.
1. c, 217
-ptl 61. 5
nj?n 217
ipri 59. a
''pn 61. 5
ppn 141. 5
ppn 141. 5
■'Ppn 20. 2, 207. 2. a
npn 50. 1, 112. 5. a
■^rpnpn lot.y
nnn 11 8. 1
nnn 197. a
^2"in, 12-in 111. 3. «
niann 21 6. 2. a
aninin 220. 2. a
"ann 111. 3. a
:*nn 112. 5. «
bhnn 193. 2. c
inn 112. 5. c, 118. 1
inn 185. 2. 6
biin 207. 2. (/
ynn 210. a
in-in 187. 2. 6
nbin 193. 2. c, 207. 2. c
tj^-in 185. 2. a
tiyyn, 195. 1
no-in 61. 6. a
qnn 118. 1
nisnn 22.0,216.2,2.0
fin lis. 1
niin 207. 2. c
iin 141. 2 (p. 175)
UJin 187. 1. o, 210. a,
216. 1. a
TCin 50. 1, 80. 2. a (2),
84. 3. a (3), 118. 1
1!Jin 187. 1. h, 210. c
iirin 216. 1. a
nin 50. 1
^B^irn 194. 2. ft, 199. c
tjirn 112. 5. ft
qW 112. 5. ft
•i2TCn 89 (f. s.), 111. 3.a
men 112. 5. ft
■jin^'n 200. a
men 112. 5. c
1\-m 84. 3. a (2), 112.
5. ft
nsrn 200. ft, 201. 1. 0
D"'3Trn 201. 1. «
brrn 53. 2. a
nbTairn 66. 2 (2) ft
Tn 139. 2, 207. 2. a
nrn 112. 5. «
nnrn i87. i.f, 207.2.0
rppn 209. 2
tjnn 112. 5. a
bnn 112. 5. a
nrn 112. 5. a
5]nn 112. 5. a
inn 50. 1, 112. 5. a
rnn 112. 5. c, 141. 1
(p. 175)
^2ppn 104. y
n^ns'iiKp 57. 2. a (2),
161. 2
nnt: 50. 1
n2I2 187. 1. a
n?3t: 207. 1. e
lini: 185. 2. ft
-inp 215. 1. c
in-J 50. 1, 82. 1. a (1)
arj 186. 2. c
nil2 (v.) 82. 1. a (3),
156. 2, 179. 2. a
nit3 (adj.) 186. 2. c,
235. 3 (3)
rr^'B'JTJ 57. 1, 187. 1. e
n-j, n-j 156. 2
D"'Sbl3 209. 1. a
nb-jb-j 187. \. e
bb-J 141. 1 (p. 175)
S'aV 82. 1. a (1)
INDEX III.
363
T\i^1Td 81, 166. 2
DDSB'J 164. 4
nsiiai: i64. i
ptp 50. 1, 77. 2
nyi3 131. 4
511? 201. 1
qiSU 139. 2
nsi: 200. a
'^nt: 185. 2. c?
Dnu 263. 1. b
Cl^D 84. 3. a (3), 118. 1
iS"lt3 216. 2. a
nni5\ ^2^"^ 111. 2. a
nax;" 16. 2. a
inrii?':! i05. «
123ns:;: 105. «, 118. 3
Tnsi^, rni^'^i 111. 2. «
!iniTni5"> 60. 3. 5 (1)
?f^TnS'> 60. 3 b (1)
f^i|!;> 158. 2
bDi?-" 57. 2 (2) a, 60. 1. a
bpsi^'l 99. 3. a
bSl'^l 111. 2. f/, 175. 3
ym;^ 111. 2. a
n-bs^ ^mi 126. 2
"113X^1 111. 2. a
rra^k^-] 46
S^ n'OS'^l 24. a
rjis;: 111. 2. «
"pbi^;^. 111. 2. a
qbS^ 111. 2. a, 112. 3
^05??^ 5^D5??1 99. 3. a
qos'^n 151. 2
iBps?:: 112. 3
IDBDS^ 112. 3
nbs;? , n^npi^:: 60. 1. a
D^npX^'] 104. i7
baiN^i 111. 2. 6
nssj.'^ 113. 1
"IS5.1 159. 3
'^y^i/i^'] 112. 3
n^T©i5i 105. e
rSi:l 61. 2. a, 172. 4
^ni?:: 159. 3
vm;:'. 172. 1
''D.'^ns;:'] 172. 3
iin;! 60. 1. a
sn'^n 10. a
fi^n^l 160. 3, 166. 4
nn^ 141. 1 (p. 175)
ipbi'in^ 105. a
b'^2^'\ 66. 1 (2) b
W 164. 2
sin^ 157. 3
^n:2in;i 158. 4
ip^n^ 194. 1
rin': 157. 3
Tn^i 172. 4
in^ 141. 1
nun^ 126. 1
s-'n;^n, ss'^n^i I60. 3,
166. 4
^s'^n^i 26
p:^:! 61. 4, 172. 4
11^31^ 172. 1
in;" 158. 2
1^? 172. 4
n::;^^ 172. 4
n^ypn^ 125. 1
'iTiJpni'] 20. 2
tjnh:' 60. 4
^■)n:ii 99. 3. a
^nons^!) 60. 3. a
riD^D-in^ 104. 6
^,nD3"in'> 105. b
m^ (v.) 82. 1. a (1),
146, 147. 1
©n": 147. 1
m"! 148. 1
^niraDi 150. 2 (p. 182)
mcn^ 148. 1
fna^i 60. 1
-bi^j'' 88
n^a.;;^ 60. 2
1.V 140. 1
Ti^a^ 104. A
nai^;;, 150. 2 (p. I82)
bl5»i 158. 2
T^^l 140. 1
'J^b\V 158. 2
■'?'';;;' 216. 1. b
br*;", b.^;' 158. 2
b^;^] {^^) 158. 2
b^^^T (2?y) 140. 5
brp 172. 4
bi^n 99. 3. a
b.^^^l 99. 3. a
b.V] 175. 3
ba^ 140. 3
nb;^i 57. 2 (5)
m'B^'^ 165. 2
364
INDEX III.
b)2^^^ Go. a
P? 140. 5
y?;* 147. 1
'U?^"^, rj3i^ 147. 4
^T • AT
n??;" GO. 2
nr (v.) 82. 1. a (3),
179. 2. a
ni: (adj.) 90
1^;«T 157. 3
nr 140. 1
TC-1^''1 99. 3. a
D^irn^'^l 104. (/
pnb^ 86. a
"IM97.a,215.1, 217,222
N'l::^ 172. 4
pa-i;' 97. 2
ipsin 94. c
na'T-'n 99. 3
ni;» 139. 3
^T 148. 3
in^^ 53. 3. a, 150. 2
(p. 182)
liT* 139. 3
lii;> 157. 3, 158. 2
nil;! 203. 5. a
^1"} ^10- 1
^n;* 199. c
'in'i'i;' 220. 2. c
on'^'i;' 220. 1. b
W^"^ 203. 5. a
■j^-I^ 157. 3
XSn"" 107. 7
1S3^'» 54. 2
nDTi 220. 1. a
DD"!;? 58. 2, 03. 2. a,
22.1. 1. a
0517 220. 2. b
b'li 140. 3
D^;' 140. 1
^m;' 141. 1
S?!;" 80. 2. a (4), 147.
y"l?n 147. 5
'Ji:?^,^ 55. 2. 0, 86. 5
(3 pi.)
13^'!;' 60. 3. a
'T\r.?_'l'} 60. 3. a
n^:^,"}"} 127. 2
W'l^ 86. b (1 c.)
nny'i;' 86. b (2 m.)
Vri?";;' 104. r/
Ony']'' 60. 3. a
p^l^l 140. 5
TIT 46
^Dn'll^l 94. c
n31Si;«63.1.c,97.1. a,
an;" 179. 2. a
mn*^ 60. 3. a
qw 111. 1
^3S'in;i 105. <?
Kin;' 177. 1
rri^ni 197. d
n-rin;' 150. 2
■'"T^n"' 194. 2. a
n'»7'n7 235. 3 (3)
nini 47
nirr^n 234. c
c^p^iini 195. 3
D'^P^in;''' 44. b
y^oin'' 150. 2
■'n;' 57. 2 (4), 177. 1
^r\2 177. 1
''n;'i 45. 2, 61. 1. a,
177. 1
T.^T]'^ 11. 1. a
2 n;^:!-* lo. 1, eo. 3. a,
112. 2, 177. 1
ni>D3 'in:'^ 22. 6
^bib^n^ 150. 2
bn;i 140. 5
^K^i (^rii??) 53. 3. a,
111. 2. c
•j'bn^ 151. 1
n^bbn;' 105. e
tfbn^ (11.) 190. a
ir'abn;^ 111. 1
Dn^l 140. 1
nrT;> 140. 3
cn^i 80. 2. 6
b Dinn^ 111. 1
^D-l^^^ ^c-in^ 111. 1
Tionn;) 111. 1
!:p\n;i 142. 3
i^hn'^ 142. 3
nX^i 140. 6
snr 167. 2
1X3^'' 167. 2
bni"' 197. 6
iny'ni'i 92. b
pi^'' 140. 6
nni'^i 111. 2. rf
ibsi"' 57. 2. (2) a, 111.
2.6
INDEX III.
365
I
i^V 93. b
rrhr* 201. 1. a
nv 200. c, d, 207. 1./
a^i^aii 203. 3
WQV 235. 2 (1)
^i;! 215. 1. b
nji"! 197. c, 200. 6
pDii 217
npSii 207. 1. e, 217,
221. 5
2^r^ 140. 6
^-DV 90
IS'iyi"' 105. &
D?1^ 140. 6
ssii'iT, «:2i^'i I66. 4
-lirii 186. 2. a
n^T»|5T (niT2JJ?-i^) 59. a,
93. e
Ti^^ 175. 3
S5ni"> 150. 5
mci'^T 99. 3. a, 150. 3
nieii 140. 6
tS^^iuJin 105. a
■jyiri^ 105. a
ISDTCi'' 53. 3. a
ritV 158. 4
pn 175. 3
PI, T::n 172. 4
nr 140. 3
TOr 141. 1
1T':i i'75. 3
pyri 119. 1
nrn 157. 3
npn 172. 4
bXJJnp 57. 2 (3) a
tjnn'i 113. 1
^-inn:' 93. a
Tcnn;' eo. 3. a, 65. a
©ani 65. a
W^ri'^ 60. 3. a
nm (yy) 140. 1
^n^ C's) 147. 2
nn;: (yy) 140. 5
•nn;! 109. 2, 172. 4
l^n^ 235. 3 (1)
b'ln;; 63. 1. b
ib'iri^, ^bw^ 63. 1. s
l^b^n;^ 64. 2, 88 (m. pi.)
D^n;>, cin^^ 157. 3
min;! is 6. 1
pjn^ 172. 1
^iprn;: ei. 1
Ntpn'^ 63. 1. b
^'o^^^ 166. 4
'^r'!', V!'\ I'J"^- 2
''H!) 65
ni^n^ 177. 2
^r.':n;» 172. 3
my^n;i 97. 1
"inTi;^ 104. (/, 141. 3
■ bn^, bn;" 140. 5
i5bn;;l 177. 3
ibn^ 141. 1
^bn'^i (ibn-'i) 24. c
pbn:^ 60. 4. a, 113. 1
npbn'' 59. a
Dpbn^i 113. 1
Tlbh^ 60. 4. a
Om 147. 2, 179. 2. a
un'] 140. 1
TOH;: 60. 3. b (2)
^nn:^ 140. 1
)^^^'n'! 172. 1
nstsn;: 88 (3 f. pi.)
■irn^n;: 121. 2
in^, in^:] 140. 1
V} 61. 2
'jn^'l 60. 1. a, 172. 4
^n^^ 140. 6
n5n^ 172. 4
^:n^ 60. 1. a
^r.n^'] 99. 3. a
r^Dn^ 61. 1, 141. 3
■jDn*^ 139. 3
pani^n 113. 1
'J^-'Cn'^ 169. 1, 172. 1
■jOm 113. 1
T\n'}'\ 25
f sn^ , f Bn;i 65. a ' ■
^nsn^ Tisn;: 111. 1
TOn'i, fni'i 172. 4
nprji 141. 1
nn;> 147. 1
nmi 175. 3
nn;^ 140. 3
nn^ 172. 4
in^-l 60. 1. a
n-in;^ 172. 4
q-^ni 119. 1
5l")n^^ 99. 3. a
JlTSm 111. 1
tjTcn^i 99. 3
3CG
INDEX III.
nn;;' (]£) ini. i
nn": (y'y) 140. 1
"a^"] 17.3. 3
•j;: 172. 4
a-j;* 150. 1, 179. 2. rt
:bB->, jbu'' 160. 5
IT y ' IT \
S«72I3;*54. 2, 96.0,166.6
qrj\ ^JC"} 63. a
Tcn'';> 144. 2
:y';j:i;^ 147. 2
bn^^i 149. 1
n-j^;' 147. 4
nu'i^;! 147. 5
n-J-i^T 150. 3
l^Ui;^ 145. 2, 150. 2
aiu;^;' 150. 2
b->b;^;» 150. 2
Cl^'»1 172. 4
"I3£^i'1 147. 4, 5
yP^ 63. 2. r, 147. 4
yp^'^l, 7)5^'«n 147. 5
np"!"^, nj?^;;' 147. 4
cn^^n 147. 5
DiC^^I 147. 5
^-I'^TD'^:^ 150. 1
•jTB-i^T U7. 5
mC'i"' 147. 4
OniEi^n 150. 2 (p. 182)
?J^1 175. 3
^:;'73d;' 105. b
•jiS^ 159. 3
n;»;nD;» 13. a
iSSia;" 61.3, 105. ft, 161.3
cnr 119. 1
^rD^ 160. 3
nn-is^i 105. a
^Sn-^S^ 105. a
fit • -
bb;i 80. 2. a (3), 82. I
a (3)
^3!^ 172. 4
bD-^n 174. 4
nVp-i 165. 3
'ibb;* 86. a
■ji'^bp'i 172. 1
nbb;i 14 8. 1
Plbp^^n 86. a, 100. 2
•"Pbb^ 86. a
T^nbD;! 86. a, 104. h
y:3^1 126. 1
Cp^'l 174. 4
'iia^cp;'6i. 6, 104./,
172. 1
i^xp"' 172. 3
D^DDI 119. 1
nnp'^i 172. 4
ns^cnp"^ 180. a
n^D^ 119. 1
l^nns;! 91. b
ibiirr 88
ns^ 140. 6
nnD"*, ninp;' 88, 101
2. ft
nns^T 99. 3. a
'\^'2T}2'} 88 (m. pi.)
^nS^ 140. 5, 141. 1
nnb"" 139. 3
mrnb-i 105. a
•'pcab;^ 105. rf
"ib^ 56. 2, 80. 2. a (4),
147. 2
■j'rtb;^ 64. 2
mib^ 22. a
•'nb;* 216. 2. a
nnb'-« 90 (2 f.)
^nnb"' 104. i
^:ri"ib:' 104. k
^^rn)^ 104. /t, 150. 1
(p. 182)
r.^^"} 159. 3
nrib-j 119. 1
Dnb^n 99. 3. a, 119. 1
T'^b:' 160. 1
?'?r' r^- 160. 1
^^? 151. 1
?|b;;i 65. rt
nDb"* 91. ft
Ipb''^ 99. 3. a
insb-' 105. c
bb^i 139. 3, 150. 1
bb"* 183. ft
nbbil 57. 2 (3) a, 234. e
•jb^T 158. 2
ta'ipb;;! 192. 1
'jrjpb:' 88. (m. pi.)
D^ 207. 2, 215. 1. a
CS'C'^1 119. 1
^CSTS'' 139. 3
'l^S^I 140. 1
1'B'^ 140. 3
*niia^i 99. 3. a
INDEX III.
367
■Diia'^ 159. 3
b^l2i^ 159. 3
niQ;i 60. 1. a
ma^T 173. 3
N^n •^12'^ 220. 1. a
D'^l?^ 53. 3. a
TVq'^'O'^ 219. 1. a
'J^'a^ 197. b, 199. a
']W'^)2'! 160. 3
nn-'p"' 160. 3
1\'^^ 140. 3
b^^l 157. 3
blZ'^ 140. 1
nj'Q'' 165. 1
1\'bl2^, "?J^^? 88
t|bT£^1 99. 3. a
'IDbrj'i 88
■j)?;^ 150. 1
DB:" 140. 3
b^ia;' 60. 1. a
fia^'i 172. 4
^ns:2)2'' 60. 3. c
ris^s:^^'' 105. c
qss'a-' 164. 5
^3S:tp'> 105. b
'':55?2)3;' 105. c
ir:;* 150. i
Ta.": 13.5. 2, 140. 1
W-Q*; 140. 5
trn'^ 157. 3
nb^T 65, 157. 3
P'Q^I 157. 3
ra^'i 160. 3
fXDi 11. l.a
fi?:^^ 57. 2 (3) a (?),
122. 2, 140. 5
Sl^S^n 99. 3. a
HD;' 147. 1
niD;" 60. 2
"jis;! 159. 3
yis;! 159. 3
n:^n i57. 3
ns^l 160. 3
nir)?;' i3i. 2
i:;" 164. 2
■jir 159. 3
inD"'p71 160. 3
yp^l 157. 3
515^1 160. 3
p?;' 147. 1, 150. 1
-njp?^ 131. 2
n£J?D') 131. 2
nn'i^r 131. 2
S^tos;' 57. 2 (3) a, 86.
(3 pi.), 164. 3
ab^ 61. 3,64.2, 135.
140. 1
aC^I 64. 1, 99. 3. a
n©^ 140. 5
yo"} 135. 2, 140. 1
^ab^ 136. 1
^ao;' 61. 3
inao;! ui. 3
^pao^ 61. .5, 141. 3
ib-TSO:' 13. a
^b'} 148. 1
'I'lp;' 148. 1
n^O;" (n.) 192. 1
?fD^ 147. 1
1\D'^ 140. 5
tjO;' 140. 6
d^dd;' 157. 3
n?b:i 92. 6
510^ 80. 2. a (3), 151. 2
5]C*^1 151. 2
"lBD;'n 99. 3
nO^ 147. 3
nb!" 92. d
"10^1 60. 1. a
nnp^ 92. (^
'ipns;' 104. a
•'pn©^ 104. a
^n:nn?:: 56. i, 105. b
^HDnn?:: 105. c
isnny^ 56. 1
^^l* 56. 2, 147. 1
TO^i 161. 1
/> niy-;! 159. 3
^3-)^y;' 105. b
2, Tis?;i 140. 1
-nrs;^ 64. 1
^nry^ 105. b
^?!!} (■''3') 157. 3
u?:^:' (ri'b) 172. 4
tJl^l'l 157. 3
^^.1^, ^^t1^ (k.) 172.4
^?!':!,r^^?rMHi.)l75. 3
nby^ 207. 1. a
^b?JJ1 45. 3
iyby;i 161. 2
lb?:! 60. 3. b (1)
"I^y;" 60. 3. b (2)
3G8
INDEX III.
11^72?;: 109. 3. a
nib?^ 112. 4
np'ib?^ 88 (2 f. pi.)
1?:: 190. b, 237. 1,
267. b
"ITTX -jy;: 239. 2. (2)
P.'ll, J^??!:^ 1^2. 4
np?^ 207. 1. a
HD^S?^ 104. b
nW;' 142. 2, 161. 2
q?: (v.) 82. 1. a (2),
147. 1
j:]?^ (adj.) 185. 2. 6
?l?r^ 157. 3
qy^i 157. 3
7?^ 77. 2, 147. 1, 179.
2. a
TO-IS?^ 104. b
mpyi 11. 1. 6
1?: 200. c
i^??^ niryi^i 172. 4
'sno;! 104. /i
nB;> 147. 1
nSM86.2.c?, 209. 1,210
n^s-ns;' 43. 5, iss
ns;" (v.) 160. 3
ns;* (adj.) 215. 1. b
n''s;e^ 92. «
bB:* 101. 2. 6
njs;! 126. 1
■jS^I 172. 4
7B^ 160. 3
■'liESD;' 161. 2
T^h"^ 161. 2
"ib;*, n£;'i 140. 5
nB;)n 175. 3
x'^ns;: 177. 3
"^tt'] 05. a
TJirs;' 65. a
PS^ 175. 3
RB"! 172. 4
nns^' 192. 1
Tib;' 221. 2. 6
N^;i 147. 2
i?2i^i 147. 5
X2'' 164. 3
nS3?'i 164. 2
^'1'; 150. 4
S^^i 145. .3, 150. 5
nn::;! 192. 1
12;'] GG. 1 (1), 174. 4
nnis;i 156. 1
D^2;>1 157. 3
pm"} 192. 1
pns'' 120. 2
?^^^ 145. 2
V"*^;! 158. 2
y:?;' 150. 4
3?^^ 150. 5
^V 1^2. 4
n^^'i 25
p?;! 150. 4
pS^i 148. 3
pk:« 144. 2, 147. 4
pS^I 147. 4
^:i'} 148. 3
ns; 50. 3, 84. 3. a (3),
147. 2
-ns;» (3?y) uo. 5
ns;" 140. 1
"12^1 147. 5
^^^ 147. 4
inrsZ': 105. 6
nr;> 147. 3, 150. 4
r^;! 144. 2
in^;' 24. f, 149. 1
•'nS^ 164. 2
i?P^1 166. 4
^3aj^"i 105. (/
ppl'l 99. 3
Tj2:3p;< 104. h
"13(^':1 99. 3. a
"Ip.^ 144. 2, 147. 4
Ip"} 140. 1
^np^ 141. 1
nynp'' 22. a
'^}l?^ b^nj5.^ 119. 1
br.pn 119. 1
rnp;* 24. b
D^p;* 190. ft, 192. 1
D^p;^ 153. 2
^^^^Pl^ 157. 3
DBip;! 161. 1
^'Ip? , ICl'p,'' 185. 2. c
np;> 54. 2, 132. 2
np^ 132. 2
Vup;< 51. 3
D'^P;' 153. 1
D.^p;' 161. 1
bp^ 64. 2
Dp\ Dp^ 157. 3
Dp^T 99. 3. a, 157. 3
INDEX III.
369
D]?^1 99. 3. a, 160. 3
■JP^T 172. 4
yp^ 147. 2, 179. 2. a
fP^' 179. 2. a
yp;^n 157. 3
T")?? 147. 4
1^5:2]?:' 88 (m. pi.)
I^n'srp;' 64.. 2, 88 (m. pi.)
np"! 147. 4
1p^:i 172. 4
np^i 173. 3
■'3:snp') 105. c
nnp^ 177. 3
nnnpi 97. 1. «
tfnp^i 24. 6
«p^ 82. 1. a (.3)
©P^'l 172. 4
3Tsp::i 99. 3
riap;* 86. & (3 pi.)
bsnp^ 22. a
Sn;' 148. 3
js'-i;' 148. 1
Sn^Cv.) 82. l.«(l), 147.1
Sn^ (adj.) 215. 2. c
SV1 (k.) 60. 1. a, 61.
2. a, 114, 172. 4
«n::i (Hi.) 175. 3
Xni^ 61. 2. a, 172. 4
iin^n 173. 3
ni<n^87, 148. 1, 166. 2
^i^T 114
nsn^i 172. 4
1^-nxn'' 19. 1
^X1^ 164. 3
lii'l^ 19. 1, 147. 1
^Sn-i 19. 1, 147. 1
^xn^i 177. 3
in^sn;' 104. h
^pSI'' 105. a
nsn^ 164. 1
n"i^ 158. 2
^")ri (^"i^^-^) 111-2.
I'l;' 61. 2, 172. 4
Sn^ 63. 2. a
Sn^l 175."3
■j;isin;i 172. 1
^T 114
^:?n::i 114
"in;! 148. 3
^n:* 175. 3
"in^ 79. 1, 147. 2
"ini^l 140. 5
'^IV1 172. 4
^n?1 147. 5
D;in::i 114
q^V 114
ri'in;! 60. 2. a, 114
iS^n^ 105. a
^s^n^ 10.5. (^
^^V! 86. 6 (2 f.)
nv 147. 1
n'n^i 148. 3
xii;i 148. 1, 177. 3
)^'^'\'; 172. 1
Wl-)^ 19. 2. a
"Jin;! 140. 1
^BSin; 161. 4
V^n;' (/:)) i4o. 1
pin;« 185. 2. 6
D^bir^n;', Dbic^n^i 47,
203. 5. c
rn'\'} 148. 1
""^r. ^'^^'^ 160. 3
I?!?'}:' 147. 3
^TJJEJn;' 88. (3. f. pi.)
c y^'^'^ (n.) 190. b, 192. 1
2"^^^ (v.) 153. 2
Tn;" 158. 2
tj'i;' 197. a, 216. 1. e
1\T: 140. 1
TDV 198, c, 207. 1. a
D'l'nDn^ 22. a, 203. 5. a
^tlh.-^ 140. 3
2?'n^ 140. 1
T
?*:?? 140. 5
yn^^i (y'i?) 140. 5
yn^^l (I'i?) 160. 3
VT. (yy) 34
3?'^': (nb) 34, 172. 4
Q^'i:: 119. 1
y^h;' 161. 4
Cl'ir^ 172. 4
p"!;! 179. 2. a
p"!^ 185. 2
pn^ 140. 1
"jipn;: 193. 2
p'npn;' 188, 207. 2. a
^^'^ 82. 1. a (2), 147. 1
mcn;i 148. 3
nr\TJi-i;i 150. 1 (p. 182)
nr\ld'\^ 61. 4. a, 150. 1
(p. 182)
370
INDEX III.
Ti;^sis;' io5. c
•j^rais;' 88 (ill. pi.)
TiysOi 127. 2
^jyaip^ 105. a
Dlir^ 158. 2
ta©"' 172. 4
Tin©'' 90 (2 f.)
u-nr"^ 141. 1
"]^l!J; 140. 1
DTaiir? 82. 5. a
yiw": 148. 1
nny^TT"^ 61. 6. a
UQ'^W'} 105. a, 158. 2 ^pS'lT^? 157. 3
0^7 147. 1 nt:;' 140. 1
DTI?;; 158. 2 nt^i uo. 3
OiS^I G4. 1, 158. 2 DTjnTS;^ 118. 3
■>bS"lTlJ-' 194. 1 ''??inT?'' 105. c
■UW-Si-J 55. 1, 88 (m.pl.), "^T^!' 104. 2
158. 2
IDTUir-' 47
■i?n'ij;i 54. 4
C.": 236, 258. 3. 6
•jlbS'S;' 88 (m. pi.)
n^D;* 146, 147. 2
Dn"'Tr"'n 160. 3
D'^Tr: 140. 5
p2ir;' 88. (m. pi.)
nDir;* 126. 1
^t^ 172. 4
"^!?Tr'' 141. 3
niZJ: 66. 1 (2)fi, 153. 5, ^^^TD;! 172. 1
157. 3 "D^T?"' 92. c
-2TD"' 157. 3 D^^ 1^0. 1
mc;>n 153. 5, 157. 3 ^^^'J go. 1. a
nir^'T 157. 3 '^i^yp^!' 57. 2 (3) a
3TC;',n®;'T 153.5, 160.3 )V'; 147. 1
nC.7 63. 2. c, 84. 3. 6, X:©;^ 177. 3
144. 2
•.ms'^n 147. 5
nCI^T 99. .3. a
affl^l 172. 4
TjrnaTD;' los. c
•^nir^ 61. 6. ffl
nnr"*! 33. 4
Nriri 177. 3
^i©:' 19. 1, 147. 1
^Dir;^ 19. 1, 147. 1
'i^t'^'] 105. a
^^W"} 216. 1. b
5'^r^ yir^ 65. o, 201,
yO'^l 172. 4
*inat?-> 61. 6. « (?), 90 'lycyo'' i4i. 6
(2 f.) nsc;; 19. 2. 6
rj^BC^ 88
nyDp: 105. a
nsbiETC^ 105. 6
^Effi^l 99. 3. a
pO"!'! 10. a
pTS^n 175. 3
ir.pir^T 4. a
nir^ 158. 2
•j^intC"' 193. 2. a
nplE^ 88 (3 f. pi.),
147. 4
rnt'J^ 99. 3. o, 119. 1
?f:^nnt;> 105. c
n©;" 66. 1 (2) b, 158. 2
p©:::, 66. 1 (1), 172. 4
DttinC;' 82. 5. a
^inPTT'^^ 57. 2(4), 176. 1
wnt^n 176. 1
)VriD^ 172. 1
nTSnOi 54. 4
Nn;^ 111. 2. 6
Nn;^^ 177. 3
lijn'^n 176. 3
^nnsn^ 60. 3. b (2)
'innsri'' 19. 2, 60. 3. b
(2), 120. 1
b'nan'' 96. 6
bsn"^ 176. 3
asar^ 96. 6
1 icyarri og. o, 122. 2
'iryan*' 96. a, 122. 2
nn^ 197. 6
wnn"^ 221. 2. 6
INDEX III.
371
TT^n 66. 1 (1), 174. 4 1^3 (ni5^3) 53. 2. a
mnt)'^ 166. 5
bnn'^1 176. 3
-iin;' 160. 1
DSn'^n 176. 3
msbn") 96. b
nn^ uo. 5
ah"! 140. 1
rar^"} 141. 1
man;' i4o. i
',';^s^)2n;' 166. 5
^"u^^n^ 96. 6
■jP^ 54. 2, 84. 3. b
TO;n^ 126. 1
Dn:n:i 121. 3
if:t^:n^ 166. 5
2?n^1 175. 3
byrr* i76. 3
"□byri';' 96. 6
nn^n';^ 119. 1
:'j^sbsn;'88.(m.pl.),96.s nsns 198. « (2)
ntJbsn;' 96. b onis ise. 2. a
ipjsn': 96. a yais 50. 1, 216. 1. e
^mpr\^ 96. 6 Gdynia 207. 2. «
D'ipn-: 96. i mD 11. I. 6
,::?^.ri') 126. 1 asis 57. 1, i87. 1. e
iBJpn;' 105. a 1^3 82. 5. a
■^i?!)!? C^'^) 160. 1 *;?i3 59
Dttinn^ 82. 5. a nssis 161. 4
OiS 184. 5, 197. a
3 231. 1, 242. a, 267. 6 "ibtS 22. a
aK3 183. & ^ns 116. 4
"1^3553 57. 2 (3) a, 23i: ^TO 121. 2
3. 6 ©nS 119. 1
"^nSS 156. 3, 199. b
"nrs? 239. 2 (2)
n33 (v.) 82. 1. a (l),
85. 2
133(aclj.)216. 1. e, 217
rrias i98. a (4)
nins 185. 2, 197. 5
tJi33 87
C33 82. 5. a
CaS, D33 92. c
to33,nm3 51. 2,197. c
tjns 87
nnnaas 246. 2. a
*i3 197. 5, 200. 6
rb 235. 3 (4)
nns 121. 1
Oi'^nS 231. 5. a
*jniD 186. 2. a
80. 2. i
•'3 (n.) 53. 3. a, 184. 6
3 (coDJ.) 239. 1
OS "^S 239. 2 (1)
^T3 187. 1. c
nT3 187. 1. c
Oi-'S 16. 2. a
nii3 200. c
^bi3 184. 5, 194. 2. 5
5lb^3 186. 2, 210. c
Q^:? ^3 43. b
•jinn-is 57. 2 (3) a,
231. 3. &
n33 187. 1. e, 197. a,
200. c, c?, 207. 1. b
D;'"133 203. 3
bS kcll 215. 1. c
b3 ^o7l9. 2. a, 215. l.<
bis 277. a
J5b3 179. 1. a
ash's 184. a
iibS 220. 1. 5
D^'Xbs 203. 4
^nxbs 165. 2
nbs 197. c
nbs 179. 1. a
nbS 174. 3 bis.
DnbS 33, 3, 220. 1. b
n5nb3 220. 1. b
T : T \
lbs 165. 3
^bS 93. a
*ib3 220. 1. b
nib^bs 201. 1. b
nib? 174. 3
•'bS 61. 2, 184. i
372
INDEX III.
K^bS 1S4. a
r\'j'b-3 221. 5. c
O"^!?? 208. :l. of
in-'^D, ''n-^bs 174. 2
T^-^nibs 174. 2
D">n^?2 174. 2
bsbs 154. 3, 161. 2
^bsbs 161. 4
Db? 220. 1. i
nsbS 220. 1. b
^2nb3 165. 3
ma? 231. 4. a
nDSn)33 45. 4
ittD 233. a
D132 90 (pass.)
T1)33 187. 2. c
■j3 (n.) 221. 6. a
')3(adv.)43.a, 235. 3(4)
nsS 139. 2
nsSi 4. a
ns? 54. 2
"lisS 200. c
nip 211. a
?|rn'b3S 24. b, 131. 2
CDS 50. 1, 2
■jyiS 208. 3. a
tl33 197. a, 210, 217 .
niS53 203. 5. a
D''B:3 203. 1
bb33 22. a
nil?? 45. 2
nSS 198
KD3 51. 3, 200. a
T^Xp3 221. 3. a
^B3 93. a
T
nnXIOD 220. 1. b
bD3 51. 1, 84. 3. a (2)
il3D3 61. 6
n'CDS 200. b
q03 80. 2. a (3)
'^DD? 216. 2. a
nCS 1 99. d
np-^ninDD 24. 6, 220.
2. c
073 121. 1
nnp?3 104. i
5)3 197. a, 217
nS3 198. c
iSS 237. 2 (2)
i^^ss 220. 2. c
:nDS3 220. 1. b
D;'bB3 203. 4
"IS3 82. 5. a
"iSb 208. 3. 6
■IBS 80. 2, 92. f, 126. 2
D^nSS 187. 2
nnnnss io4.>
■i"!! 199. 6
nin-ins 199. rf
ons 50. 3, 197. 6
nns 183. 6
D"!? 186. 2. a
b73"l3 50. 3, 193. 2. c,
221. 6. a
DpnS 68. a
"I'lS 141. 2 (p. 175)
icnS 221. 5. c
-n-13 119. 1
ni13 60. 4. a, 61. 5
93. cr, 121. 1
inns 119. 4
inns 199. 6
nirs, nzTis 51. 2
ni-lto? 197. d
"10 82. 1. a (1)
'J'ilTrS 19.3. 2
nnS 183. 6, 215. 1. a
nns 77. 1, 78. 1
nins 139. 2
n'rns 21 6. 2. 6
r:hs 207. 1. d
rins 197. a, 216. 1. e
t\T)^ 61. 1. b
niBnS 203. 5. a
ins 50. 1
nns 141. 1 (p. 175)
b 231. 1, 233, 242. 6,
267. b, 272. 2. a
Xb 11. 1. a, 6
fcib 51. 4. a, 235. 1
r"5J!<b, "^nstb, i2'':nKb
57. 2 (2) a
ij^sb, ■'Sixb, l^nxb
57. 2 (2) a
CTS^sb 14. a
nixb 159. 2
t2Nb 11. 1. a
t:sb 156. 3
nbsb^l 39. 4. a
inbsb, D^n'bxb 57. 3
(2) a
INDEX III.
373
nibxb 57. 2. (2) a
nS5b 207. 2. c
nbsb 57. 2 (2) a, 111.
2. c, 231. 3. a
n2"in sib 27
ab 61. 3, 186. 2. c,
197. &, 215. 1
Db|:nb 208. 3. c?
anb 141. 1 (p. 175)
anb 61. 3, 200. c, 216.
1,217, 221. 1, 3,222
anbi 61. 1. a
i:r\nab 104. k
inb 235. 3 (1), 237.
2(2)
'jn'^ab 220. 1. h
np-nnb 220. 1. h
ir^ab 90 (pass.)
N^nb 196. d, 209. 2. 6
y'bnb 125. 2
inb 80. 2. 6
•jnb 207. 1. 5, 215. 1. a
npnb 200. 6
rp, ns^nb 35. 1
©nb, tjab 82. 1. a (1)
©n"b 90 (pass.)
oirab 104. h
nab (nanb) 53. 2. «
V^±i 125. 2
mC.^b 231. 4. a
n^b 148. 2
Mb 148. 2
in'lb 148. 2
npn'ib 104. (7
hb 27
t
nanb, nanb 63. 1. a,
T TV' V V -
214. 1. 6, 216. 2. 6
nnb 141. 2 (p. 175)
tjrb 119. 1
ni^nb 112. 2, i77. 1
D^nb 231. 5. a
npsnb 91. 6
biTatonb I80. a
niaizjnb 94. h
TisTsrib 94. h
lb 11. 1. 6
ib 51. 4. a
^b 239. 1
nnb 200. a
inb 194. 2. a, 210
&b^b 4. a
nisbib, see n«bb
•'b^b 194. 2. h
■ib^b 239. 2 (3)
D-'b^b 187. 1. e
]^b 158. 3
nb 207. 2. a
x^tpnb 113. 2
O'l^nb 208. 4
i.'^nb 216. 1. a
•ibnb 61. 1
p-'bnb 113. 2
onb 77. 2
Onb 92. d, 121. 1
onb 60. 1. «, 61, 2. a,
184. b, 197. 6
D^nb 139. 2
nwnb 63. 1. 6
nbrib 61. 1
nins nenb 43. 6
-nnnnb i4i. 6
nitjnb 175. 2
D'^nHb 203. 5. h
Dn^tjb 53. 2. a
^F'^^' '^'^"^^ 231. 3. a
b^b 184. 6, 200. a, 208.
3. c
nb^b 61. 6
•J^b 158. 2, 3
nb'^b 148. 1
-nnp^b 14. a, 24. h
57. 2 (3) (z
tfb 65. a
tyb, Tjb 151. 1
nab 151. 1, 240. 2
-blab 13. a
•jab 239. 2 (3)
npab, ^lab 151. 1
nab 61. 2, 151. 1
nab 151. 1
ninab 22. a
•inab 151. 1
nSbbl87. \.e, 207. 2. a
•jabb 94. b
niab 78. 2, 84. 3. a (2)
ni3b 92. </
-'iiab 92. c
^m72b 86. 6 (2 f.)
n^b, nisb 231. 4. a
T T ' T T
ittb 233. a
nn-nriab 219. 1. a
nE5T3b 219. \.a
374
INDEX III.
inS'^ttb 220. 1. h
Tab 237. 2 (1)
n^:72b 45. 2
nbyiab 219. \. a
1?12b 237. 2 (2), 267. i
ITTX "jyTab 239. 2 (2)
'inr^iab 246. 2. a
712^ pb 4. a
n::b 237. 2 (1)
n:bi 156. 4
□■•pb 156. 2
npbb 237. 2 (1)
bsib 131. 2
bisrb 22. a
Tn3?b 11,3. 2
Vbl 156. 4
Dbi:?b 16. 2. a
mas'b 237. 2 (2)
ni:yb 173. 2
"ifcyb 94. J, 113. 2
nnsb 22. «
^Bb 237. 2 (2)
"•rsb 194. 2
■"ISb 237. 2 (2), 267. h
yb 156. 2
N3^b , Nhsb 22. a
pnib no. 1
npb, -inipb 132. 2
npb 132. 2
njjb (n]^bi3) 53. 2. a,
93. e
nnpb 16. 3. A, 127. 3
^:npb-i 100. 2. a (1)
?b 60. 2. a, 127. 1'
ninpb 64.2, 127. 1,132.2
p^b 141. 1 Cp. 175)
n«npb 57. 2 (3) a, 237.
2(3)
K'nb 148. 1
nhb 231. 4. a
nnnb 231. 4. a
D?7annb 119. 1
ni"lb 231. 4. a
nstob 131. 4
pniob 119. 1
nbiSTpb 219. \. a
rT^aTDb 94.7., 231. 5. a
•jiOb 197. b
TOCb 51. 4
nbT?b, nbirb 60. 2. a
*7tt©b 94. b
nb 54. 2, 148. 2
nnb 231. 4. o
Tjb nnb 35. 1
ip, tt see I'D
nStt 235. 3 (1)
D'lXt! 93. a
nXtt 207. 1./, 226
b-TIXI? 93. 6
"''IJfl'a 207. 2. a
n^^Xp 195. 3
"n'«)3 190. b, 191. 5. rt,
200. c
D'i:TSb 203. 2
^"yn^ri 237. 2 (1)
bsx^ 190. a, 191. 5,
197. 6
nbDi5)2 191. 5. a, 207.
1. e
W^ 00. 4
DDCN^ 19. 2, 119. 3
nCS^ 119. 3
i"'rrsT3 33. 2
DTCS?^ 33. 2
n^bsst-a 195. 3
nStt 237. 2 (1)
D"nN7a i03. 4, 226
rT.:ni3 :^o7. 2. b
tnri'jnp 63. 1. a
■^n-jnia eo. 1. a
in)? 164. 2
■in^b^i? 237. 2 (4)
tTirrn^ 119. 1, 221.
2. a
"i^sn^ 25
nsntt 197. i, 200. c,
£07. 1. b
''n^a^Ta 61. e
11^^12, r\y)2 55. 2. a
b'^^ia 200. c
nbb-a^a 142. 1
•TirilS 207. \. c
1?)a 190. 6, 207. 2, 210.
a, 215. 1. 6, 216. \.a
ny5l3 205
nW^ 216. 1. b
TT-ni^ :.07. 1. b
caia 61. 5
"7^ 207. 2. a
p37'Q 95. a
n^3";tt 219. 1
INDEX III.
375
ma'l^ 66. 2 (2) b,
219. 1
Tl^ 141. 5
rrq i84. h
r^^yQ i90. 6, i9i. 4
•ji-ri 190. 6, 207. 1./
yi-ll? 235. 2 (3)
X^ya 190. 6
''3'«"IT3 216. \.d
^yp2 167. 1
n^ 190. h
'S'TQ 190. 6
'IDPr'lb 220. 1. h
ni2, nri, nia 75. 1,
196. a
nnT3 141. 2 (p. 175)
maima i98. a (3)
rrriya i77. 1
b nxbn^ 237. 2 (4)
D^Dbn^a 94. c, 151. 1
uryq 75. 1
n-'ir:? nt? 63. 1. a
nDSTO 191. 4, 198. a
(3), 207. 1. a, 216.
1. 6
ni^y^i^n^ 95. e
"ITO 60. 4. a, 235. 3 (2)
nibnnia 112. 3
n«iia 197. d
n^axi'a 205
icn^tt 167. 2
uiia 157. 1
b^)a, bitj 237. 1
bbitt 141. 4
noi'a 200. c
'iD^tt 150. 5
nOTO 190. d
"ipiiD 200. <•
^yi^ 190. b
nn^i'a 90
niarra 207. 1. a
TSitt 140. 6
N2i)2 191. 5. a
Nariia (I's) 94. p, i65. 2
X2i^ (i?b) 165. 2
■iXSiTQ 60. .3. f, 216. l.rt
nS2l^ 167. 2'
;n^ra 150. 4
r^niU 207. 2. a
n''a-n''a, o^rniu 59. «
^©■nitt 216. 1. «
ntDi)3 191. 3, 5. a, 200.
c, 215. 1
^n^©il3 61. 6. a
nniG 61. 2, 183. 6, 208.
3. c, 217
ni^ 57. 2 (5)
nni'a 61. 6. a
^tm 221. 5. a
narp 60. 2. «, 190. «,
191. 3, 197. 6, 200. a,
215. 1. b
nat'a 126. 1
D'^ninaTia 220. 1. b
Dnn3T"53 220. 2. a
riTl? 24. a, 75. 1
17^ 53. 2. o, 111. 2. c
3ibT^ 207. 1. a, 210. e
ni-QTia 191. 5
nini3TT2 207. 1. a
T^T^TtJ 161. 2
nn-ira 219. 1. 6
p'1T12 200. c
TiSnTa 164. 4
nnn^a 54. 1, 205. 6
bbin^a 142. 1
bn73 140. 5
D"''^bn^ 190. b
D^'abrna 94. e
t^)?'^n^ 207. 1. d
thn-Q 190. a
n;n^ 197. 6, 200. c,
209. 1
^n:rn2 220. 1. b
p:n)3 190. a
DSDnia ISO. a
D^nssn-a iso. a
D^i^n-a 94. e
D->in2n^ 180. a
IpTO 190. a
nnrra 19. 2. ^>, i96. 6
nintnio, ninori^ 60.
3. o, 216. 2. a
pOTl^ 207. 2. 6
nar:^ 191. 4
rsW2 197. 6, 200. c
^nub 220. 1. b
innis'D, inrjE^a 24. b
''l^nP^ 168. a, 174. 1
nisbi:^ i67. 1
T]bubT:p 161. 2
nsTsi:^ 167. 1
376
INDEX III.
■'S^t:)? 21G. 1. c Vhl2 82. 1. a (1)
"SUQ 190. a Sbia (v.) TV. 3, 82. 1.
■'^Dia 60.3. c, 216. 1. a a (1)
63. 2. a, 217. 221
5, 222
65. a
TJ^! 200. a
STJ12 196. rf
T T -
■"la 75. 1, 196. a
Tl^lp 220. 2. 6
-^711;^^ 13. a
in^DiTS, HD-*!; 57. 2
(2)6
n;;i3 (adj.) 90 ^
N5^ 166. 2
N?13 165. 2 .
nxb)2 201. 1. a
niiJb^ 166. 2
ms!3Ta 166. 2
tr^blZ 201. 1. a
n^'Q 201. 1, 203. 5. c nSSb^ 57. 2 (3) a, 214.
^IT-a 57. 2 (2) 1. b
□■'2^'a^'a 150. 1 D-'DS':^ 11. 1. J
mpT13 11. \. a irODSb)? 220. 2. c
npr)2 61. 4, 207. 1. e nx'b^ 166. 2
1^;»'a 4. a
npS-itt 150. 4
"Tiir^'a 190. b
■•DTD'^P 57. 2 (2)
ntD-''a 190. 6, 191. 4
Qi-nc'^'a 210. c
2?ifiyi2 200. c
^■212 260. 2 (1)
n^brp, DbDl? 94. a
nbb'a 53. 2. a
CD'S 190. &
npT3 77. 2, 80. 2
bniDTp 54. 3, 180. a
rrcra 21 6. 1. 6
niDTS 98. 1. fl, 125. 1
^"12^3 216. 1. a
whtyiz 95. a
"E'lTSTa 2()7. 1. a
Tunisia 220. 2. a
•TlNbia 33. 1, 61. 6. a,
218
inbr 237. 2 (2)
1^2512 220. 1. 6
•jab^ 191. 3
nb^ 200. 6, e
T ■ '
'ib^ 165. 3
HD^bia 198. o (2)
HDlb^ 98. \.a
■jib^ 207. 1. c
•^irS'h'Q 92. 6
nbia 187. 1. a
^rf^lZ 216. 1. a
12)112 92. rf
-jbia, !t:b'a80. 1, 92. c
D^b^a, vbia 199. a
r^^ 217
ns^b^ 217
-Tfbia 89
. b2a-?jb^ 44. a
nsbia 11. 1. a
nsbi? 211, 217, 222
frari-!jbl2 44. a
I3b^ 11. 1. a
isbia 66. 2 (2) a
i^b^ 61. 1
niDb72 22. fl, 209. 3, 217
nibbi? 64. 2
^Db^ 11. 1. a
^Dbia 61. 1, 216. 2, 2. a
•'Dbia 89 (f. s.)
ni'^Dbti 62. 2
B^pbia 64. 2
•j^Db^ 199. a
p";S-i5b)2 61. 6. a, 195.
3, 218. a
U2\l2 75. 1
bbl2 141. 4
^^b^ 191. 2
nby^ab^D 235. 2 (3)
^rsb^a 53. 3. Of, 111. 2. <•
^Itb'Q 237. 2 (2)
nipb^ 191. 5
Tripbia 190. a
D':npb)a 190. a, 203. 2
■'DCb^ 93. a
"^nbia 164. 2
niypbia 51. 4
I^SIpia 139. 3
nilSrJtt 24. b, 190. a
INDEX III.
377
O'^n'a'a 209. 1, a
"^lya 191. 5. a
D-'SbT3'a 167. 1
Toh-an 191. 5. a, 211,
214. 1. b
rdzyy^ 61. 1. h
^'^fy3W2^ 45. 3
'nZ'Q 190. h
D^n'liaT? 24. h, 190. a
•I©Ta^ 93. e
Tbtt'qyZ 198. a (3), 214.
1. 6, 221. 2. a
ITS 174. 5
•JID 232, 233, 242. a, 260,
1, 267. b
va 4. «
r^Va 96. o, 6, 122. 2,
131. 6
1312, "13^ 140. 6
niip 207. 1. c
Di:^ 207. 1. c
?y:'nT2"Q 24. b
n272 160. 5
^p2 61. 6. a, 199. 6,
232. a
^S^ 232. a
7\'i_TCl 127. 2
ni'^;?:^ 209. 2. «
rnr^ia 4. a
n:Ta i96. 6, 211. a
-n3T2 19. 2. a
Ca 54. 2. a, 207. 2. a
npTO 140. 5
nDl3 54. 2. a
^^P^ 140. 5
tJD^ 190. h, 216. 1.
HDDT? 216. 1. b
']'2UCi 190. a
■jipi? 93. e
ni:5D^ 50. 2
D'^S^pi? 167. 1
TaOT? 200. c
Db'Q 139. 2
"IDCtJ 190. a, 191.
215. 1, b
trtrq 53. 2. a
nnp^ 94. e
nr\npi2 54. 4
"••la:?)? 216. 1. a
ninayiQ, nina:?^
1. b
b *ia?x] 237. 2 (2)
■)'7?12 200. c
ny-a 210
Tiyia 190.6,210.0,
1. «
liyi2 207. 1. c
tr^sii 161. 4
n^;T5?iD 54. 3, 221.
D^nry^ 94. e
tsytt 60. 3. 0, 183
207. 2. a
"jytt 78. 1, 121. 1
on"^?!? 221. 2. 6
U^VQ 201. 1
■j^yi? 200. c
il^VlZ 61. 6. a
TyU 158. 3
tOV^ 196. 6
a ■'nDSna 194. 2. a
bT/2 190. 6
b?)2 84. 3. a (3), 118. 2
b?'a 237. 2 (1)
byb 190. b
nb^'a 190. 6
cb?'a 119. 3
ny^ 237. 2 (1)
4, ')?'D 190. 6
tj"n-nD?'a 60. 4. a
T\^Tq 216. 1. a
mbnyi? 216. 2. a
"iDnytt 216. 2. a
nnyp 60. 3. c
207. rite?^ 209. 1
"lto?73 200. a, 215. 1
bS)2 191. 1
''DStt 237. 2 (2)
D'i'7]:Sia 95. a
216. 'lE'a 140. 5
riPB)2 191. 2, 215. 1. 6
r.irS^ 221. 7. a
7^ 156. 2
6. 6 NSri2 11. 1. b
N2^ 57. 2 (2), 163
. b, ODSiSb 61. 1. r, 164. 4
^^Tq 89 (f. pi.)
nXSSb 57. 2 (2), 205
Dnsi^^ 104. i
nrnxsa io4. i
Dnha^ 220. 2. a
iSia 190. b, 200. or
niStt 190. b
378
INDEX III.
nistt -207. 1. c
T\r\2'Q 198. c
to 140. 5
yST3 190. 6
nySTS 191. 5
P^y2 150. 5
1S)a 190. i, 210
•insia 194. 1
D'^niTQ 197. (/
D^n^^ 207. 2. a
•^n^ia 164. 2
pi? 186. 2. c
©■IplS 191. 5. a
m-^-Q 24. 6, 190. a
''C'lpTa 216. 2. «
DDTTlpia 104. h, 221.
3. a
Dipl2 197. ft, 200. o,
216. 1
b"»i:pi3 217. a
TJpl2 95. a
''T2ipi2 61. 6. a
bpl2 200. a, 215. 1. 6
DD^pl? 221. 3. a
■•D^bbpTQ 90 (3 pi.)
r.3p^ 165. 3
nrp-a 221. 7
•'n::pT2 90 (2 f.)
nysp-a 210. 2. a
•^snpia 107. 1
^S7pTa 216. 1. a
nnpi3 24. 6
nnpia 95. a
■npnpia lei. 2
sntt 196. d
nS-112 217
ni^i-a 217
nsni? 220. 1. 6
in55"i"a 220. 1. 6
niicsn^ 201. 1
\nicsni3 214. 2. b
yaiiQ 80. 2. ^»
f3"ll3 191. 3, 215. 1. b
r\r:-}i2 22. a
DD"inia 119. 3
n'lnia 114
nn-b 34, 141. 1
nnia 34
n-ni2 61. 5
in-Q 172. 2
D^n;ini2 161. 4
Diainp 161. 4
pn-a 190. b
nnia 215. 1. 6
pm-a 191. 5, 207. 2. K
210. c
n'^nb 24. c, 93. e
niiin'a i98. « (4)
?J*li3 190. 6
nsni2 190. «
nnsnia 58. 2. «, 210. f.
214. 1. b, 216. 2. 6
nnsn-a lu
:?nTa i4o. 5
ny-113 190. 6
^ny-i-Q 220. 1. 6
n-^yn)? 190. 6
"iTa 141. 5
rnn-Q 21 6. 1. 6
tyya 60. 4. a
D^ma 203. 5
n-xt^ 106. 2, 191. 4
n^ira 221. 6. a
niira 190. «, 191. 2
im'TS 191. 1
D"'b^ii'aTr'a 180. a
iri?'53 164. 2
rnsta 3. 1. a
"lar-a 215. 1. 6
nSTT'D 191. 4
rnniiria 161. 4
riflirip (inf.) 125. 2
nncia 215. 1. 6
nnira 54. 1, 205. b
n'^Tri3 2io
^.n^n-'ra 104. k
22t'0 200. c
nsra 95. a
^^t'g , 13©T3 89 (m. pi.)
nb?ira 207. 1. a
trz^'G'Q 27.
•jSTT'a 200. c, e
•^DSTTtt 66. 2 (2) c
tfbra 95. a
rr^XO^ 139. 3
D'^212ra 191. 5
DP5"'2Tr'a 00. 3. a
"TQirip 217
n"1T2Tr'a 214. 1, 217
npyir'a 207. 1. a
nriECa 214. 1. b
rnEca 61. 1. i
INDEX III.
379
inriBTSp 60. 3. a
'^usirj'a 92. b
''b^STlJl? 61. 6. a, 218
plBU 190. h
ii?Tria 80. 2. 5, 93. e
qipllJ)? 190. a
ni"ltDT2 210. c
nniTTa 54. 1, 205. 6
Offiia 141. 1 (p. 1V5)
t^T\-m 126. 1
Dn"''innir?2 90 (2 m.),
176. 1
'ini^'a 22. h, 223. 1. a
n^nir^ 22. 6
nia 57. 2 (5), 82. 1. a
(1), 153. 1, 156. 2 bis
n^ 54. 1
D'lps'irna 82. 5. a
nnb 34
nn^ 34
nPia 86. 6 (2 m.)
pirna 185. 2. b, 207. i.c
npirra ee. 2 (2) c
nbia^n^ 218. a
nnnnp 94. a
nnriT2 237. 2 (1)
n^nip 201. 1, 207. 2. a
nasn^ 96. 6
ns5briT2 24. o, 75. 1
nl?r'^ri^ 141. 6
5?>n)2 80. 2. b
niybn^ 51. 4
nhp 190. b
)7\1Z 215. 1. a
Q'^in^ 208. 4
?rc>n^ 141. 6
pn^ 79. 2, 84. 3. a (2)
l^inrna 141. 5*
nn^ 54. 2, 205./
N3 46
ND 240. 2, 263. 1. a
niiD 200. a
''n'^N3 60. 3. a, 61. 6. a
• T : V '
nnXD 168. a, 174. 1
niiip 57. 2 (2) a, 187.
1. d
lisp 174. 1
niss 159. 1
niSD 56. 4
iTnxb 111. 2. c?
nx; 90 ( ixm.)
Sli«: 121. 1
nSSSp 60. 3. 6 (2)
D^SISS? 187. 2. c
yXp 82. 5. «, 121. 1
f S?3 60. 4. a, 92. d
m'SiJD 63. 1. a
iT^nii^s: 63. i. a
"iSp 121. 1
D^nSp 140. 2
IN ©Sip 120. 2
Sinp 50. 1, 82. 5. a
sap 207. 1. b
nnb 219. 1. b
^^'r\'2'2'\ 65. 6
nsinp 198. « (2)
1]2X3^D133 51. 4
^^sn^D^ap 51. 4
■jinp 158. 4
nthp 141. 1
1-Thp 140. 2
n^np 165. 3
IDhp 159. 1
d^pap 159. 3
bap 82. 1. a (1), 84. 3.
a(l)
bnpn 132. 3
bab 90
nba: (2>y) i4i. i
pi bas 35. 1
inbap 221. 2. 6
"^nbap 221. 2. b
^nbap 221. 2. 6
^ntap 158. 4
yap 50. 1
npap 141. 1
mL^pasi 99. 3
nap 140. 2
ibj?hp 83. c (2), 122. 2
na;ip 219. 1
^?P 237. 1
-";5r 99. 3
ynpp 91. a
1^5: 184. a, 197. a, 208,
3. b
nniSp 184. ff, 198. a. 2
^riro 140. 2
qi3p 131. 5
np-'pp 196. b
rrbjp 91. 5, 173. 2
lbi^3 140. 2
380
INDEX III.
nib^s 173. 2
^r^.";? 173. 1
n-'b:? 173. 1
?h3 131. 4
r\^2'J^2 00. 3. a
n?5ib 207. 1. e
nina? 140. 2
TDM 80. 2. a (3), 84.
3. a (2), 130. 1
i: (v.) 156. 2
"Ti: 84. 3. a (3), 141.
(p. 175)
^np 156. 2
UJi-p 57. 2 (5)
nb"D 173. 2
nip 84. 3. a (3), 125.
yn: i3i. i
n^n; 112. 2
bnp 121. 1
nxbro so. 2. 6
Vbn? 187. 2. c
DHp 118. 2
tysn: 60. 3. a
nn: 200. c, 207. 1. 6
D'^nn: 203. 3
nir^^D 149. 1
•^yr. 149. 1
nniD 142. 1
nip 156. 1
ni:, ni: 157. 1
nn'^pis 221. 7. a
inblD 149. 1
11D^3 83. c (2), 150.
(p. 182)
yi3, yi: 157. 1
TZJpiD 149. 1
nno"i: 13. b
Tip 158. 4
brp 82. 1. a (3), 84. 3.
ibTD 86. «, 141. 1
^bip 86. «
nb 00. 2
S2np 03. 1. 6
3 nXSTO 63. 1. 6
nanp 105. i
ornnp i64. 2
nnpi 100. 2. a (2), 156. 4
'inpi 156. 4
3 D'^'a^n: i87. 2. a
TT^np 185. 2
mrin: 205
bnp 80. 1
bm 60. 3. a
bnp 131. 1
bn? 140. 2
nbn? 60. 3. o, 61. 6. a
nbriD 60. 3. a
ibn: 141. 1
mabnsT 99. 3
T"bn; 113. 1
nbriD 196. b
nbn: 141. 2
onp 77. 2
on? 60. 4. a, 131. 1
inn^n? 111. 1
3 WIZTj^i 140. 2
■jn? 135. 2
i:n3 53. 2. ff, 71. a (1)
''prn? 140. 2, 141. 2
inp 140. 2
nn: 135. 2, 140. 2
^nn; 141. 1
nrn? 197. 6, 205, 211
•jnrnp 193. 1
nnp 131. 1
rnp (y'y) 140. 2
irnp (JE) 131. 1
rrjp 79. 3. a
npp 131. 3
nirjp 172. 5, 209. 3. a
©it23 131. 3
^^ipp 172. 1
1^1:33 172. 1
X^-JS 207. 1. 6
'i3'i')ai:3 173. 1
urpr^: i64. 2, 173. 1
yi33 60. 3. c, 184. a
ybp 131. 4
TC2 184. a, 216. 1. e
ypb 126. 1
'irjp 131. 3
ni:p 51. 1
nyjb 207. 1. a
''S 53. 3. a
nT3 59. a
nrr^? i87. 2. c
Dp^3 105. a
P3:'i3 187. 1. c
1T3 158. 2
D7''3 105. a
51XS3 24. 6
INDEX III.
381
nsp2 207. 2. 6
TOD 210
liDD 159. 3
npiba 159. 1
njiDD 159. 1
TOD 237. 1
:nn3b 127. 1
DDD 50. 2
qbDD 91. h
nnSOpD 86. h (2 m.)
"IS3D 83. c (2)
TOD 216. 1. h
■iTOD 194. 2
nabD 80. 2. 6 -
n^bp 91. d
Vh} 159. 3
Dhbp 91. h, 119. 1
nipbp 132. 2
nnia: 9i. e
^:\bp 159. 1 '
TTiy: 159. 1
^Di)3p 159. 1
bil3p 159. 1
n''biy2p 159. 3
nb'jap 200. b, e
iV-ap 159. 1
DPibp 141. 2
Dttp, D^p 140. 2
X2^D 207. 1. b, 209.
3. 6
I ^nSS^p 60. 1. a
Dnpl2p 141. 2
'.n'ap (I'y) 159. 1
n"aD 185. 2
npr^DD 45. 4, 97. 1
DD 174. 5
nop 135. 2, 140. 2
nXSpp 164. 5
TODD 141. 1
TODp 140. 2
nop 3. 1. «, 131. 3,
165. 1
r^iDp (K. fut.) 157. 3
r^iOp (Ni.) 159. 1
D'^^iCp 159. 3
\nD,nDD 11. 1. a
ini^Dp 66. 2 (2) c,
159. 1
?fDp 50. 1
^0? 184
TODD 220. 1. b
^^r:^ 216. 2. a
Cpp 141. 3 (p. 175)
TOS31 99. 3
nsppn 99. 3
DTOyp 111. 3. a
"liyp 159. 1
^^n^yp 62. 2
D^'l^S^p 201. 1. h
byp 197. a, 200. c
D^b?p 203. 2, 208. 4
Dbyp 60. 3. a, 112. 3
irdiv'^,, Q'l'abyp 112.
0?p 82. \. a (2)
nWD 32. 3. a
psyp 187. 2. c
n?p 121. 1
n?P 58. 1, 184. 6
nyb 184. 6
TO?D 58. 1
ynyp 111. 3. h
riwi^y 172. 3
^nb^sp 159. 1
7"iBp 159. 1
anisisp 159. 1
D^2£iSp 159. 3
nisbBp 235. 3 (3)
rsbsD 166. 1
nsbSp 166. 1, 205. c
nnxbsp 166. 1
ibSp 106. a
^D'lbSp 173. 1
"•n^bsp 173. 1
bbSp 92. a
issn 61. 4
^Bp 179. 2. «
TCBp50. 2, 102.1, 197.8^
200. c
D^b^nSp 187. 2. a
V 217
asp 50. 1, 179. 2. a
n^D 217
riMsi 99. 3
nsp 61. 2
p^tDifp 54. 4, 96. 6
^DbSD 65. a
3 "ip^Sp 86. b (2 m.)
nSp 50. 3, 51. 1
■iSp 131. 3
TOSp 24. b, 98. 1. a
ry^ii': 24. &, 106. 6
onnsD 104. j
3S2
INDEX III.
m: 140. 1
r^2'p: i;n. 3
123]?3 91. c?
Tp3 185. 2. b
n^Z 174. 3
iioip: 24. c
b-Jp3 217
Dnbp: 159. 1
•'PP, X"*)?? 185. 2. c?,
209. 2
n-ip? 173. 1
•^n^pD 173. 1
bp3, bp3 140. 2
•'n'JpS 141. 2
Dp3 217
np3 131. 3
ni2p3 217
T It :
:Pp3 179. 2. a
iinp? 91. h, 16G. 3
"13 43. a, 200. a
«-l3 97. 2. a
^nS 183. b
^nsl 99. .3, 147. 5
ISSn: 1(51. 3
' p3 140. 2
«to3 82. 5. a
«te3 131. 3
Xto3 131. 4
Nfe3 (Pi.) 165. 2
ixiri3 164. 4
T;STC3 164. 4
1«3 165. 3
»W: 57. 2 (3) a, 86. 6
(3 pi), 164. 3
■>^te3 165. 3
«©3 177. 3
SC3 165. 2
bi?©3 119. 1
aiTSl 150. 3
mars 205
i:'lT2J3 141. 2
'ip'^Tr? 220. 1. b
WtZ 207. 2. e
D""©!^ 140. 5
?jr2 S4. 3. a (3)
n2t*2 51. 4
bir3 84. 3. a (2)
rfbljjp 124. a
ro^brs 97. 1
nm'3 141. 1
nm'3 141. 1
''3TB3 92. c
tirs 50. 2
r.plD3 53. 3. o, 128
nnirp 24. c
nnPTTS 83. c (2)
wncs 172. 3
pn3 11. 1. ft
D3in3 11. 1. J
?fn2 50. 1, 80. 2. a
84. 3. a (2)
in: 130. 1, 132. 1
■jh:, ')n 131. 4
■■jn? 130. 1. ft
^SM 24. c
D'^:n3 11. 1. J
'n3n3 101. 3. a
yn: 50. 1
yr,3 131. 3
^rn:pn3 24. b
-in: 125. 3
Cn3 50. 1
Dnn3 132. 1
rn^'D 200. b, 207. 1./
D;^nSD 203. 3
2b, nhO 134. 1, 139.2
nno 138
nap 141. 4
•^sinno, 'ipn.nD 104. /,
139. 1
•ip^ap. 139. 1
ininp 61. 3
a^no 11. 1. b
2^20 235. 3 (1)
2^2b 90
"?J2D 19. 2. a
iDSC 24. b, 221. 5. a
^DID 19. 1, 45. 2
bac 187. 1. a
ibaC 24. b, 221. 6. a
nbap 3. 1. a
"1?D 51. 1
(3), n^nSD 187. 2. c
aaio 137, 141. 4
TD 184. b
nniO 186. 2. a
C^O 58. 1
ncID 58. 1 J
•^CID 62. 2
•^D'O 66. 1 (2) b
VD^D 62. 2
INDEX III.
,383
nsiO 1 86. 2. e
11D 3. 1. a
nh^D 53. 2. a, 220. 1. h
nnp 119. 1
Tnnq 92. 0, 122. 1
Tip 197. 6, 200. r, d
?fP0 51. 1,141. 2 (p. 175)
bsD 3. 1. ff, 51. 1, 80.
2. « (1)
TfPpp 138
npo 3. 1. a, 51. 1
nnbp 125. 1
bpbp 141. 5
nibpbp 187. 1.^,207.2. a
pbo 84. 3. a (2)
Obp 55. 1, 193. 2. c
nbb 197. b
"nao 195. 1
j^nnD'ap 104. i
n:p 18.3. &, 184. h
D'^n;]2p 207. 1. a
D^spap 207. 2. a
TiS:© 195. 1
^yp 19. 2. a, 89
n^yp^ 234. a
?yo 131. 3
n?p, n?b 122. 2
myp 51. 1
qo 200. c, 207. 2. a
nsp 3. 1. a
•EDI 156. 4
"Sp 50. 1
r^SD 141. 3 (p. 175)
nSD 61, 4
Dino 210. a
V"^?, VI^P 60. 3. c
ns:^"ip 68. a
irp 184. h
rri'dPD 104. ^
nnp 217
nnnp 217
innp m. 2 (2) a
ay 197. b, 200. c, 215.
1. a
IV {ohh?) 19. 2. a
W 112. 5. c
nny 65
V Kt
in^ny 111. 3. a
^W 220. 2. 6
1W 65
iinyi 61. 1. a
I'lny 216. 1. a
•1^1? 61. 1
in^"inb 195. 3
jt;w 220. 1. b
tr\'2V 22. a
W 112. 5. 6
inny 194. 1, 209. 2, 217
n^np3? 62. 2
ninijy 62. 2
D^^nny, ni"iay 62. 2
n^nns? 217
?]nny 106. a
npW 106. a, 127. 2
nh? 200. c
•lys 112. 5. a
35y 186. 2. 6
biy 185. 2. 6
b?? 197. c
nbsy 197. c
n? 237. 1, 238. 1, 267. h
^y 65. a
12? 43. a
niy 112. 6. a
ni3? 184. b
tmV 209. 3
"il? 238. 1. a
13 iy 239. 2 (2)
5l"iy 112. 5. a
W 112. 5. a
■"niy 220. 2. a
n.)iy 186. 2. &
liy 235. 3 (1), 236
"TiV 161. 1
Tiy (v.) 157. 1
X^^V 156. 1
biy, b^:^ 184. 6, 216.
1. (?
b-^y 161. 1
nbiy 51. 1, 208. 3. c
ib^y 221. 5. 6
bb^y 142. 1
bbiy 141. 5
12?1 Dbiy 63. 1. c
nnb^y 61. 6. a
X\V 156. 1
'j'ly 200. c
■JDiy 141. 4
D^y'iy 187. 1. «
?liy 201. 1
384
INDEX III.
■p"?:? 179. 2. a
Ti:? 200. a
-C^y (v.) 57. 2 (5) a,
161. 1
n:^y (adj.) 187. 1. b
pliy 193. 2
n-i;iy 198. a (.3), 201. 1
n^y 161. 1
ry, T3> 65. a
T3? 200. b, 207. 2
b-ST? 11. 1. a, 168. ffl
nnr:^ 98. i
!j':':i3TS' 22. a
^2f:^ 61. 6. a
tynry in. 3. a
■^;raT3? io4. y
TW 60. 3. b (1), 184
ITS', "ITS' 221. 6
Tl-yy 61. 5
iry 112. 5. 6
nr? 184
mr? 196. 6
nnnry 6i. 6. a
n-jy 112. 5. b
n^ipy 209. 1. a
q^j? 195. 1
D-'Sbi:? 207. 1, a
n-J^ 50. 1, 112. 5. 6
n^'J? 214. 1. b
•^y 53. 3. a
"J*y 201. 1
V'^y 199. a
'\'^y 184. ft, 197. a, 208.
3. c bis, 217
nir? 203. 5. a
nW 216. 1. (/
•i:^? 221. 5. 6
^rr^rs? 220. 2. c
ns;^y 156. 1
^"^y 208. 3. c
Ty 197. fl, 200. b, 207.
1./
nTy220. 1. b, 221. 5. 6
D'I"'? 207. 2. c
Tt^? 197. ffl
©^nsy 195. 1
•JD:?, HD^ 51. 4
W 112. 5. a
b?237. 1, 238. 1, 267.6
by 186. 2. c
n^by 51. 1
D'^'a^b? 201. 1. 6
Tby 112. 5. c
Tby 185. 2. 6
'iTby 111. 3. a
''Tby 89 (f. s.), 111. 3. a
"^by 238. 1. a
■"by 3. 4
■ji^by 19.3. 1
n^b-ibj? 198. a (4)
•JS'by 239. 2 (3)
Dby 112. 5. 6
n;?y-^y 237. 2 (2)
nsby 93. c
''B-by 237. 2 (2)
•j^by 112. 5. c
nnby 6i. 6. a
Oy 197. 6, 207. 2. a
Cy 237. 1
niay no. i
lb? 60. .3. b (1)
l^iay 65, 89 (m. pi.)
^Ttty 60. 1. a
"••i^zy 111. 3. u
r,n^? 4.5. 2, 106. a
n^^'i'Ey 209. 2, 210. (J
^ry 199. 6
•'ISy 214. 2
tjTGy 65. a
P^^? 3. 4
D^):ry 207. 2. a
pby 185. 2. 6, 207. l.c,
217
p^y 184
nry 208. 3. b
nnby 3. 4
"'nsy 24. b, 216. 2. a
nsy 174. 3
i:y 185. 2. d
n^:y eo. 3. 6 (1)
irizy 174. a
''Dy 185. 2. d
i1\^y 104. b
fpy 198, 217
]2y 141. 4
n::y 19 8, 217
'';:? 139. 1
DDB:y 221. 5. e
p:y 50. 1
■»npsy 24. b
Dnicy 141. 2
D^SSy 208. 3. d
INDEX III.
385
bs^ 112. 5. a
nsy 200. a
"133? 208. 3. h
D-'ISy 60. 5. b (2)
nnsy 6i. 6. «
jninn?, nin-ii? 45. 5. a nnto? 214. 1. h, 223. 1
lan:? 22. a nnic? i96. t?, 224
n^i?''ai? 62. 2. 6, 209. liii?^ 210. 5, 227. 3
a'^nto:^ 208. 3. «, 225. 1
nhir? 225. 1. a
tWV 172. 1
pitjy 185. 2. c
"JTT:? 84. 3. a (2), 112.
5. h
^tV 216. 1. e
rva^t 200. c, 216. 1. h i^-nj^TTSJ 17. 2
nyny i87. i. e m»5> 79. 2, 112. 5. 5,
125. 3
mri? 197. a
^T^tV 224. a
nnniry 207. 1. c/
2. a
D^a'l? 208. 4
f? 43. a, 185. 2 c?, 198, ^^ly 60. 3. 6 (l)
217 "lyin?! 187. 1. e
■jin^y 193. 2 '''i:? 216. 1. a
DD^nst:? 24. 5, 216. 2. a fin:? 210. a
na? 184. 6 C'S), 217 HD"!)? 111. 3. a
my 198
n:'nb^? 203. 5
n?y 80. 2. a (1), 82. 1. t\'^V 80. 2. h
a (2) bsny 193. 2. c
DSy 197. 6, 200. c to-ny 197. a
Up 217
niasy 217
T I T
nsy 50. 3, 112. 5. 6
DD^nnsry 24. h
X:^'^.. 220. 2. a
npy 112. 5. h
Spy 200. c, c?, 215. 1. h ^TUy (part.) 172. 5
nm, npy 239. 2 (2) iicy 172. 2
ninpy 24. 5, 216. 2. a iiyy 172. 2
^i-ininpy 24. 6 itoy 62. 2. c
^3py 24. 6, 216. 2. a m^lTy 172. 5, 209. 3. a
"ipy 185. 2. 6 n-^icy 221. 7. a
^p'pp? 188 tj'^tey 201. 2
nnpy 195. 1, 207. 2. 5 "^Ti^?? 227. 1
«py 112. 5. a n-^ipy 86. b (1 c)
©Jjy 187. 1. b ''Pr^'^TOy 102. 1. a
ny 156. 2 ^toy 62. 2. c
sny 118. 1 niuy 224
my 197. 6
niijy 200. a
nintey 24. s, 216. 2. a ny 43. «, 197. 6, 200. <•,
nto? 172. 2 207. 2, 215. 1. 6
nioy 62. 2. c "iry so. 2
bsnir?, bx-ntey 13. 6 npy 219. 1. a
Wy (pret.) 62. 2. c 'ipy 194. 2
Ony 112. 5. a
pny 84. 3. a (2), 112.
5. a
nny 112. 5. a, 125. 3
XS 11. 1. h
"l^nSS 189. 2. c
tjnJitS 104. c
:tJ"lSB 104. 5
iy;^s 125. 2
bi?n"lB 57. 2 (2) b
^^17T[■^ 13. 6
nicy 80. 2. 6, 112. 5. a Di'i'lB 56. 1, 193. 2. c
386
INDEX III.
f-^no 103. 2. c
Dns nnD 33. 1. a, 219,
1. b
HE 11. 1. b
HD 185. 2. d, 209. 1. o,
215. 2. 6, 220. 1. c
nb 235. 3 (4)
ns 11. 1. b
f^E 179. 2. a
TlD 139. 1
n-ii3 141. 4
TTD 141. 1 (p. 175)
nnD 78. 1
nrjB 184. 6
nnsS 198, 211. a
■'HD 131. 3
nns 131. 4
ni2D 125. 3
■>£ 61. 6. a
n^D 198. c
'n^E, VS 62. 2
Cjb^B 59. a, 195. 1,
197. a, 200. b
^mr^b-^B 220. 1. i
Sbfl 18. 2. c
SbD 92. c •
33D 92. c
Cabp 59. a, 195. 1,
197. a, 200. b, 208.
3. a
D^'jbB 06. 2 (2) c
"uZ^bB 207. 1. c
n-jj-^bs 198
^•J-^bB 216. 1. 6
nb-'bB 198. a (2)
n^rbs 198. a (4)
bbB 141. 1 (p. 175)
■'Sbbs 68. a, 75. 3
■«:bbi« ^D'bs 75. 3
^ncbB 194. 1
TlbB 199. 6
■jB 239. 1
n:B 143. a
P:B 39. 4. a
n^:B 197. b, 201. 1
i^a'^DD 220. 2. c
i^^:B 194. 2
•'n-'iB^ 100. 2. a (1)
nDB 187. 1. b
bCB 208. 3. b
b?B 76. 2, 83. 6, 84. 3.
a (3), 118. 2
bys 60. 1. «, 61. 2, 4,
208. 3
ibs^B 60. 3. b (2), 221.
5. a
ibys 221. 5. a
"ibys 60. 3. 6 (2)
Tjbl^B 61. 1
QDbys 19. 2
a:;E 6o. i, 63. 2. o,
197. 6, 200. c,d
12B 50. 2, 125. 3
"ipS SO. 2. « (4)
nps 89
^n;:B 86. a
"^npB 106. 5
D-^nipB 187. 2
n;>B 187. 1
r!ip-n;:E43. 6, I88
ns 197. c
Xns 18. 2. f, 61. 2. a,
209. 3. b
nSIB 11. 1. a
nsnb 199
ia"lB 207. 1. b
nip"l"lB 207. 1. a
n^B 197. c
Di"i;inB 207. 1. b
■jins 193. 2
■'nS 194. 2
nnB 50. 1, 79. 2
nniB 187. 1. d
i"IB 57. 2 (4), 184. b,
221. 5. c
n;^'^.E 62. 2. r, 209. 1. a
"^I^IB 62. 2. 6
y^ns 210. a
TDhB 216. 1. a
niD-lB 200. c
ynB 200. a
nyiD 11. 1. a
nyns io4. d
"IBIB 141. 4
■j^ns 50. 2
7"1B 200. c
pnS 50. 1
tDnB 210. a, 216. 1. a
ir"IB 50. 3
©■^B 119. 1
TTD"1B50. 3, 68. o, 180. o
DDTTIB 104. //, 119. 1
INDEX III.
387
rnh 196. b, 209. 1. a
^fiJDI 100. 2. a (2)
12122 80. 2. a (l), 84.
3. a (3)
nr\T2;s 200. b
OniDE 156. 1
ns 197. a, 200. 6, 207.
2. a
ni?ns 235. 2 (1)
cans 215. 1. a
inins 139. 2
nps 80. 1
inns 106. «, 125. 2
"ns 208. 3. (^
Vnbns iss
S2 148. 3
ns:2 (n.) 216. 1. 6
:n5?2 {v.) 148. 3, 164. 5
r\p^2 148. 3, 164. 3
a^bsS 208. 3. a
•5X2 201. 1
•ixax^ 216. 1. a
n^X25«2 188. a
rS2 148. 2
•inS2? 148. 2
TjnS2 30. 2
S32 200. «, 215. 2. c
0^X32 56. 4
n^xias 53. 4
•'32 208. 3. d
n^32 209. 2. 6
n^nS 165. 3
12 207. 2. a
p^*!? 187. 1
pil 84. 3. a (2)
pis 184, 198. a (2)
p-!2 65. a
p"^]? 80. 1
np*T2 198. a (2), 216.
"inpns 65. a
tfnp-ns 92. d
nh2 50. 1
nni 197. a
0:^nn2 19. 2, 203. 5,
208. 4
12 174. 5
ns?12 11. 1. a
"li«^2 200. c, 215. 1,
216. 1. d
rm 174. 5
n^2 57. 2 (2)
^n^12 11. 1. a
o^n^i2, Qn*iT2 11. 1.
pis 207. 1. c
"l^ (v.) 50. 3
•T^lS (n.) 51. 3
pnS 51. 2
pn2 92. d
nri2 50. 1
nn2 185. 2. 6
■IS 209. 2
T2 208. 3. c
*1>2 187. 1. a
T -
is'T'2 210. <?
prs 187. 1. c
Sbp"^? 14. a
b2 207. 2. a
nbS 82. 1. a (2)
ninbs 57. i
nn>2 57. 1, 210. e
ibbs 139. 1
ibb2 20. 2, 221. 6. 6
2 D'^bba 209. 2. a
ni")2b2 195. 3
yb2 197. a, 200. c, 216.
1. e
wbi 198
bsbs 187. 1. c, 207. 2.
o, 216. 2
D-ibsbS 16. 3. 6
S132 (v.) 82. 1. a (l)
iJ-QS (adj.) 185. 2. &
I'TaS 22. tb, 216. 2. a
T\m 80. 2. a (1)
mas 165. 3
•^ntti 164. 2
a *'?r\'Q2 102. 2, 104. /
*':^nnri2 24. b, 92. a
•linriiss 24. a
511D2, q^22 185. 2
-IP32 200. a
^^5^2 119. 3
py2 51. 2, 121. 1
1B2 (part.) 172. 5
'?iB2 197. i
n2iB2 219. 1
''3iB2 194. 2
liB2 197. c, 200. a,
207. 1, d
*j&2 50. 1
P3B2 132. I
3SS
INDEX III.
SJES 141. 2 (p. 175)
?1"1D^ 68. a, 195. 2
■jnJSS 193.2.6, 208. 3.
p2 148. 3
•j^pS 86. 6 (3 pi.)
nps 148. 2
nn2 216. 1. a
nSTia 98. 1. a
nins 200. a
nn? 50. 3, 141. 3
(p. 175)
nitp 156. 4
DSp 11. 1. a
DSp 156. 3
nitp 196. 6
np 139. 2
nap 184. 5
Top 19. 2, 141. 1
niap 104. rf
bap 86. b (3 pi.)
n>np, i>ap 19. 2. <•,
221. 5. a
D7-bap 19. 2
i:np 141. 3
T3p »2. rf
nsap 92. e
I^Sap 92. c, 101. 3. ff,
104. A
nnp 78. 1
lap 200. c
inap 104.^*
triTp 185. 2. &
n"'oiTp 201. 2
Dnp_ 65. a
"ipnp 187. 1. e
a rJnp 80. 2. a (l), 82. 1.
«(2)
«?7p 208. 3. b
"CJ'ip 92. c
mp 92. c '
n^t&Tp 19. 2
nnp 121. 1
rbnp 197. d
TOp 194. 1
yaip 50. 1
'sn^'p 11. 1. &
S^'^P, 5^?)? 174. 3
''n'l^p, ^ni.'^p 174. 2
bip 200. a
Up 153. 2, 155
nriip, ri^a-ip 157. 2
i^ip 34
^12'^'p 34
D^'aip 156. 2
»3ip 83. c (1)
n^'^ttip 198. a (4)
pp 179. 2. a
nisnp 57. 2 (3) a
'inrnp 21. 1
np 132. 2
n'^ 53. 2. a, 132. 2
■inp 132. 2
Onp 132. 2
-nnp 60. 3. c, 132. 2
nnp 132. 2
"'rnp 132. 2
^irjp 19. 2, 221.5. a
bnt2p 217
b-Jp 51. 3, 83, 83. 6,
8.5. 2, 103
br)p 183. a
bCp 217
•j::;? 185. 2, 207. 2. 5,
217
•jbp (adj.) 185. 2
pp (v.) 82. 1. a (3X
84. 3. a (1)
''S^p 19. 2, 221. 5. a
"ll2p 80. 2. a (1)
ni-j-^p 187. 1. c
U^'P 83. c(l), 154. 1,
161. 1
tJitt^ 59. cr, 187. 1. C
^:^'^p 220. 1. b
■}ibp^P 187. 1. e
T^P 200. a
l!?P 141. 1
^^;i 100. 2. a (2)
riibp 214. 2
riibp 141. 2
bbp 84. 3. a (2)
bbp 141. 4
nbbp 20. 2
ncbp 198. a (3)
bpbp 141. 4
bpbp 187. 1. e
Dp 57. 2 (5), 153. 1,
185. 2. a
Ci73p 59. a, 187. 1. c
D^'ap 156. 2
b^p, b^p 82. 1. o (1)
INDEX III.
389
?,>T3;? 24. c
n:)3p 61. 4, 66. 2 (2),
157. 2
^lap 208. 3. 6
r\)3l? 59
1)5 215. 1. b
i?2p 92. (?, 166. 3
inj<3p 166. 2
n3j5 200. c
nbp 172. 2
i2j? 172. 2
-]^3p 215. 1. c
t:p 141. 1 (p. 1V5)
|3p 80. 2. &
•laSp 54. 3
•"^IDp 89 (f. s.)
nop 84. 3. a (3)
-DD]5 87
ODp 141. 3 (p. 175)
nnsp 196. c
S2|? 50. 1
nap 18. 2. c
^nap 220. 1. b
I^P 184. 6
•T'Sp 185. 2. a
tap 141. 1 (p. 175)
nap 50. 1, 2, 84. 3. a
(3), 125. 3
OD-iap 106. a
nap 196. J, 211. a
«"1p 179. 1. a
S5np 166. 2
ii'lp 167. 1
riiiinp i66. 2
^X'np 104. c
nb^b snp^ 35. 1
■jxnp 60. 3. c, 98. 2,
164. 3
nxnp 166. 1
ri^np 166. 2
n-np 77. 3, 78. 2, 82.
1. a (2), 118. 1
nnp (imp.) 119. 1
nnp 185. 2. A
nnp 200. a
-nnp 19. 2. a
nnnp 98. 1. a
innp' 39. 4. a
ODnnp 19. 2, 119.-3
"}n-lp 19. 2. 6, 193. 2
•"iSnp 216. 1. a
D^-lp 200. c
nnp 179. 1. a
ninp 185. 2. 6
ri-np 187. 1. b
«mp 11. 1. a
«n"ip 196. t/
••rnp 89 (f. s.)
ff^p 118. 1
•J'lp 197. a
ni^-np 203. 5. a
•'.anp 214. 2
wp, ^-^inp 221. 4
0??'l|?, D:^3np 203. 1,
208. 4
bb'}'i> 193. 2. c
ynp 50. 2
5!pnp 187. 1. e
npnp 161. 2
nispirp 207. 1. e
3Trp 79. 2, 84. 3. a (2)
n©p 210
ni©p 216. 1. <^
mp 61. 4, 183. 6
"iCp 80. 2. a (2)
n-fiip 80. 1
ntlTOp 125. 1
tJffip 141. 3 (p. 175)
JniCp 197. 6, 199. <f
m^ 187. 1. a
ariir^p 24. b
nhCp 216. 2. a
nii'i 77. 2, 79. 1, 80. 1,
114
nsn 172. 2
IK*! 172. 2
^?!5-\ 26, 121. 1
^:n^ir\ 57. 2 (3) «
ni^n 172. 2
tiixn 172. 2
••S^ 60. 3. b (2)
ni^iin 207. 2. rf
*|iT2J''Sn 227. 1. a
mcxn 156. 3
sn'Tasi 11. 1. a
Jiii3sn 156. 3
^5X'-1 102. 3
1UX-I 11. 1. a bis
tJXn 156. 3
rS5n 61. 2. a, 207. 1./
pTUX-l 11. 1. &
390
INDEX III.
•jiCSn 193. 1, 227. 1
npTSSI 235. 3 (3)
D^CSn 57. 2 (3) a
n^CSn 198. a (4)
an (■»>) 153. 1
nn, 11 (yy) 82. i. a(3)
an 217
an C'y) is 8. 3
an (n.) 186. 2. c
aan ui. i (p. 175),
179. 2. a
i^inaan 250. 2 (2) a
nan 179. 2. «
nan 235. 3 (3)
nan 172. 3, 174. 5
lan C"':?)' 156. 4
'lan 141. 1
lah 139. 1
ian, xian 197. a, 209.
3, 226
nian eo. 3. a
B^'nian 203. 4, 226
D^an 249. 1. a
'ly-'an 227. 1
n^rian 227. 3
yan, yah 227. 3
Diyan 207. 1. a
fan 84. 3. a (2)
ran i58. 1
nan 235. 3 (3)
'>nan33. 1, 61.6. o, 218
wn 84. 3. a (2)
bin 50. 1
^T) 197. fl, 217
""b^n 194. 2
D'lb;;-) 203. 5. a
y^h 126. 1
"I"? 0")?) 53. 2. 6, 150.
1 (p. 182)
in (yy) 139. 2
nn, nnn i48. 3
nnn (inf.) us. 2
Cinn 78. 1
5lhn 114
•i:iBnn 114
iS-in 19. 2. a
nnn i48. 2
^nnn i48. 2
oann 22. a
ann iss. 3
nnn 57. 2 (5) a, ise. 1
nin 184. 6
mn 197. b
mn 161. 1
bain 186. 2. «
Din 80. 2. a (4)
D^in 157. 1
pn 179. 1. a
f2?in 141. 4
tjin 57. 2 (2) a
ann,ainn 197. ft, 200. «
D^nn 187. 1
pinn 185. 2. h
bnn 197. c, 200. b
onn 118. 2
nnn 119. 1
^T]") 61. 2. a, 197. h
n^nn 196. c
CWn 201. 1, 208. 3. a
ynn 80. 2. « (3)
nsnn 119. 3
pnn 185. 2. b
pnn 119. 1
npnn 119. 3
a-jn 84. 3. « (2)
ttSuJn 68. o, 180. a
"in 184. 6
ain (v.) 153. 2, 155,
158. 2, 3
a^n (n.) 186. 2. c
nia'^n 158. 1
p^n 186. 2. c
Dp^n 235. 2 (1)
©■^n 186. 2. c
'jittj'^n 57. 2 (2) a, 227.
1. a
^n 50. 1, 186. 2. c
aan 84. 3. a (2)
ian 141. 1
tyan i4i. 1 (p. 175)
ban 50. 1
nban i98. a (2)
112h 139. 1
"'i'i'an 199. b
rv6-\ 208. 3. 6
"•pn^nn 104. yt
isn, -"sn 141. 1
■jSn 139. 3
l.sn 141. 5
yn 60. 2, 215. 1. e
ayn (v.) 82. 1. a (2)
ayn (adj.) 185. 2. 6
INDEX III.
391
ni^n 139. 2
ny'l 186. 2. a, 215. e
inyn 220. 1. 6
i:?ni 141. 1
'':?n 221. 3. a
Tjyn 221. 3. a
b?n 114
•jS^n 122. 1
■JS^n 187. 1. (/, 207. 2.
yyn 141. 3 (p. 175)
'^Dny'^ 220. 1. b
SSI 186. 2. a
KSn 92. (f, 166. 3
nSBI 164. 5
^3S2"1 165. 2
inSiSn 165. 2
nsn 84. 3. a (2)
nan i65. i
TlSSn 177. 3
Si2n 179. 1. a
■J^^n 199. a
y^n 141. 4
pn 50. 1
apn 84. 3. a (2)
npT 186. 2. a
Dp 186. 2. a
yp 126. 1
^?P"1 106. a, 125. 2
ppn 179. 2. a
tJn (^'i?) 186. 2. c
TJJn, tJn C'b) 148. 3
3?Tan 198. «
nyffi-l 198. a (1)
D^nyttj-I 203. 5
'i&Wn, ^&TCn 22. a, 216.
2. a
©T»l 141. 5
TTTSn 141. 5
men (v.) 148. 2
man (n.) i84. b
fnriffll 148. 2
pinn 200. a, 207. 1. c
urn 197. 6, 208. 3. b
Sto 131. 3
^S^TD, ^Sto 16. 2. a, 45.
5. a
ni^TO 3. 1. a
nS5TB 16. 2. a, 61. 2. a,
131. 4
ni^iri 6i. 2. a
ynto 82. 1. a (2)
?3to 185. 2. 6
:n?nto 127. 1
"into 3. 1. a
^iiO 141. 1 (p. 175)
rr^to 185. 2. d, 200. r,
210, 215. 2, 221. 7
^n'lTl) 220. 1. b
^itg 185. 2. d
nto 201. 1, 215. 2
•'"into 19. 2
i<ilU 131. 4
niii? 158. 3
D^.iU 158. 3
n^^to 158. 3
"IW 3. 1. a, 179. 2. a
into 184. i
pnto 51. 2
Dt:to, I'jto 51. 4
i:t3to 106. a
Kito 184. b
in'^to 221. 7. a
Tto 221. 7. a
n^to 158. 2, 3
n^to 158. 2, 3 bis
ni3^1C 158. 3
to^to 158. 2
•JDto 51. 1
bDto 3. 1. a, 79. 2
n^^Dto 3. 1. a, 51. 4. a
•iDto 3. 1. a
ibto 184. ft, 207. l.b'
itto 156. 4
ni3to 82. 1. a (2)
^TOto, -^nisto 216. 1. 6
ip^to 104. y
S;to 82. 1. a (1)
nsJSto 87, 166. 2
nSlto 104. /i
^x:to 102. 3
?iN::to 60. 1, 164. 4
nsbto 166. 2
''nspto 164. 1
^•'nsDto 220. 2. a
n?to 3. 1. a, 121. 1
"i:?to 207. 1. b
nni^to 51. 1
nnyto 19 8. &
nni^to 200. b
wtoi 27, 57. 2 (2) b,
220. 1. 6
3S2
INDEX III.
nSTD 3. 1. o, 199. d,
217, 221. 2. 4
■jETT 50. 1
■^nSC 216. 2. a
nn^ninpTiJ 221. 1
Dn^nSTT 221. 1
1TD 207. 2. a
mir 179. 2. a
■'■nis 199. c
D^Eynin os. «
onD^.to 104. i
pnT» 185. 2. 6
™ 141. 1 (p. 175)
^nniD 61. 6. a
ris 131. 4
on© 90 (^«ss.)
•ID 53. 2. a, 74
nansj© 45. 5. a
bis^D 197. 6
i:xo 57. 2 (3) a
D"^i:S{Tr 156. 3
Ti-js;n 57. 2 (3) a
5i?TD 78. 1, 121. 1
bSTT, ^b»D 119. 2
nbs© 119. 3
^:ibSTD 119. 2
■^2lbKO 118. 3
•'nbs© 119. 2
!lbSTn 104. a
•Tbso 119. 2
DnbSTT 119. 2
KSi?® 122. 1
1:NC 187. 1. (/, 207.2
TCNT2 139. 3
nxc 183. h
n-^lXC 198. o (4)
no 53. 2. a, 144. 3,
148. 3
-2TD, nnC 148. 3
niB 157. 1
latJ 11. 1. a
in© 34
'IS© 34
in© 39. 4. a
?^mS 200. c, 210. a
rraTD 198. a (4)
•jnn^n© 220. 1. h
"Oltl 51. 2, 197. 6
luntj 216. 2
•ino 221. 5. c
lyia© 227. 1
ni3» 198. a (4)
b^bS© 24. 6
"h'lt 24. 6
nbia© 3. 1. a, 200. h,
207. 1. </
ninia 157. 2
yno 216. 1. e
nyrnr 223. 1
CynC 208. 3. a, 225. 1
D^yn© 203. 3
n:y3T» 223. 1. a
DD"^ny20 221. 2. b
D"^nyn«203.4, 223. l.a
apySO 223. 1. a, 250.
2 (2) a
b "irnr .3. 1. a
13©, nac 126. 2
nnC 84. 3. a (3), 86. h
nnc 148. 2
nnc 144. 3, 148. 2
nSC 197. b, 221. 6. a
■jinaC 193. 2. a
•^nnc, '^rao hb. 2
b^© 197. a
nao 216. 1. e
10 207. 2. a
in© 139. 2
110 141. 4
nil© 93. tt
'IIITD 141. 1
lilTD 139. 2
^ntD 199. c.
Dn© 45. 5. a
X"!© 61. 2. a
n^TlJ 157. 1
nic (nittj;?) 53. 2. 6,
148. 2
^nsnio 104. c
ninij, nn^oi57. 2
^mCJ 11. 1. a
nni© 141. 4
ntt^i© 207. 1. a
■J^^^SITl: 199. a
nnO 194. 2. a
rC 161. 1
by^TT 186. 2
"lyitj 186. 2. a
■LiBiO 186. 2. a
"lEi© 200. a
plO 207. 1. /
INDEX III.
393
pittj 197. a
n^O 3. 1. a
ni© (v.) 158. 3
lie (n.) 197. c, 201. 1,
207. 1./.
•'nilJiO 92. h, 174. 1
•jirilZJ 207. 2. b
'inU? 60.3.6 (2), 119. 4
nn-iO 141. 1
Ti-d 60. 4. o, 141. 1
rrjniD ii9. 3
n^n© 199. <^
"ihia 185. 2. J
nhin© 188
nni^ 78. 2
^nn® 121. 2
DDnn© 119. 1
r.DT2J 200. 6
W'^lt 156. 3
nh-'O 187. 1. c
ib^©, ■'p'bi© 55. 2. a
™ 158. 2, 3
HT© 220. 1. h
T\'^tt 158. 2, 3
ini© 221. 5. h
•JO 139. 2
SD© 84. 3. a (2)
nbo 87
SDO 87
nnoTD 98. 1
m3DT» 106. a
•"23© 106. a
biDTD 184
I'uir 90 {pass.)
XOt 87
riD© 80. 2, 82. 1. a (2)
"inD© 216. 1. 6
^:riDO 127. 2
?;i3nD© 127. 2
ririDO 60. 2. a, 127. 1
bD© 3. 1. a
bb© 82. 1. a (3), 84. 3.
a (1), 85. 2
:"'nbDlD65.a, 82. l.a(.3)
inbb© 65. a
DDTJ? 183. 6
DD« 65
■ipDO 221. 5. c
1?© 82. 1. a (2), 84. 3.
«(1)
)bT» 87
pitj 90 (i)as5.)
•"pSto 61. 6. a
P3D© 132. 1
•'PIDTO 90 (2 f.)
nDT» 3. 1. o, 125. 3
"ID© 185. 2
-b© 131. 3
b© 139. 2
•Jji^b© 68. a
n^Tinnb© 195. 3
lb© 185. 2. (^
lb© 184. b
nn lb© 21. 1
n^nib© 187. 2
a^b© 187. 2
•innb© 168. a
rib© 80. 2. a (1), 124
nbtD 60. 1
nb© 125. 2
nb© 126. 1
nb© 126. 1
nnb© 125. 1
221. 3. a
126. 1
•jnb© 200. a
iirnb© 45. 4
pnb© 123. 5. a
t2b© 84. 3. a (2)
•>!?© 54. 2
©^b© 210. a
''©^b© 199. b
i©ib© 227. 1
n^©ib© 227. 3
nri©ib© 219. 1. a
nDb© 92. d
bb© 141. 3 (p. 175)
Cb© 84. 3. a (2)
nb© 92. d
nb© 92. c
nb© 93. a
^725© 92. c
"ipb© 194. 2. a
-©b© 215. 1. c
©b© 51. 3
n©b© 220. 1. b
n©b© 223. 1
O-^UJb© 225. 1
n-'ffib© 207. 1. a
nirb© 235. 2 (1) "
t|in©b© 220. 1. b
nDP©b© 250. 2 (2) a
394
INDEX III.
nn«b« 250. 2 (2) a
?jnb© 53. 2. a
DTD 235. 1
DC 43. a, 200. cf, 215.
1. h
^•at 80. 2. o (3)
n72© 219. 1. a
i^TT 221. 3. a
nil2© G4. 2
ni^T? 139. 2
nriipTQffi 86. & (2 m.)
^m 66. 2 (2) c
D'^ia© 10. «
D'^'a© 201. 1, 203. 5. c
n)0''^© 219. 1
'':"''aiij 227. 1
W20 82. 1. rt (2), 84. 3.
a (1), 141. 3 (p. 1V5)
Wdt 90
■})?© 79, 2, 84. 3. a (2)
nj'atj 223. 1
D'>3i3p 225. 1
ntoy n:b© 224. «
yiaiD 80. 2. a (1), 82. 1.
«'(2)
y^C 60. 1. a
ybO 65. h
'Sizt 184. ft
yiaiij 60. \. a
viz-q 60. 1
r.yT3W 125. 1
nyisB 98. 1, 125. 1
''Vizi: 125. 2
T^r^iaiS 106. a
DD?^« 125. 2
"jyTSffl 89 (f. pi.), 98. 2,
127. 1
ni:3>T3TD 127. 2
i:3?^0 125. 1
py^atD 127. 1
n^iaiij 205
in^t!© 106. a
n-QTC 77. 2
"TaiS 186. 2. a
-nn^ffi 125. 1
nn)3© 19. 2
nn^o 104. e
TD^TB 197. ft
•J© 197. o, 217
KStJ 196. (/
sinr 177. 3
n:ffi 200.0,(7, 211,216.1
inisTD 141. 2
•"pT!? 227. 1
D"^?© 203. 4, 223. 1
-iTCyn n^stj 251. 4. «
^D"*:© 250. 2 (2) a
n^30 235. 3 (3)
■;3« 141. 1 (p. 175)
ll© 141. 5
nSC 196. 5
n''n:tp 203. 3
ypiij 126. 1
TSt:?© 195. 2
byiij 208. 3. ft
•iby© 216. 2
yyo 141. 2 (p. 175)
"lyO 197. ft
S^'??'©, '''^y.'^„ 60. 3. a
11-1?© 3. 1. a
nn^i??© 187. 2. c
Vtvtm. 3.ft(2), 141.6
U^VV$lt 187. 2. ft
tfiSO 89
nnptj 214. 1
1I3BTD 89 (m. pi.)
•fS© 80. 2. ff (2)
Tfb© 89
nDBTS 13. ft, 86. ft (3 pi.)
nSETT 22. a
be© 82. 1. a (1)
bS© 87
nbs© 196. c
•JSTC 207. 2. ft
r?D© 196. ft
TnS© 187. 2. c
nins© 203. 5. a
D^•:2© 203. 5. a
1^'pt^ 131. 3
1p© 209. 3
f'p© 187. 2
D'^ap©, niiap© 208. 3. a
PP© 141. 2 (p. 175)
np© 199. d
nirp© 216. 2, 216. 2. a
■'©S'-n© 60. 4. a
t!^3l©22.ff, 51.2, 68.a
^■n© 60. 4. G, 221. 6. ft
?jnn© 221. 6. ft
©1© 208. 3. ft
©n©, ©1© 83. c (1),
9J. ft, 122. 2
INDEX III.
395
T\t'}-ta 187. 1. e
W^mW 19. 2
tot 43. a
niBTD 223. 1
•"TSTJ? 227. 1
QiffiTr 225. 1
mo 200. a
nn© 50, 1, 179. 2. a
in© 172. 2
im», nin© i72. 2
"^n© 209. 2. &
n^rno 209. 2. b
"jn-in® 250. 2 (2) a
n^PX 22. 6, 223. 1. a
ai?n 51. 1
bnsn 111. 2. a
^T-^.T ^naxn) 35. 1
"j^nasn 64, 2
•nhsin 111. 2. a
^nnxneo. 3.C, 111. 2. e
ixn 57, 2 (3) a, 184, b
'I'aiNn 216, 1. c
Thsn 111, 2, a
inbDxn 60, 3. c (?),
93. 0, 111. 2.e
nabDsn 91. c
5lbsn 111, 2. a
■•lasn 216. 1, c
:n3^.sn ss (f, pi,)
'jn'ash 88 (m, pi.)
HDXP 200. 5, 216, 1. b
•jlSpS^h 151, 2
•^SDXn 112. 3
^y}^V\ 112. 3
iiijtr, i-i^n 60. 3, i (2)
n2-ib?r\ 157. 3
"i^mn 190
nr.Kpi 111. 2, 6
N3r\ 111, 2, 6, 177. 3
nrxhn 157, 3
;555nri ss (f, pi.)
n:55nn 157, 3
"•n^inn 88 (3 f.), i67. 3
njbnan iis. 4
nxinri 97. i. a
nnsinn 220. 1. b
nni5inn88(3f.), 167, 3
Tinsi3n88(3f,),167.3
Tian 140. 3
■Jinn 192. 2
pian 140, 3
ispnnn 105, b
m^r^ 88 (3 f, pi.)
^Si-^nn 26
^TS-^nn 160, 3
nsani 172, 4
nr^nn 172. 3
bnn 190, b, 197, a
bnn 190. b
b>nn 190
■jani 158. 2
•jrynn 172. 1
npyan 126. 1
•^sn^nri 105. 6
5?H!an 126. 1
^iCJ^nn 88 (m. pi.)
i©pnn^ 234, a
'is'inri 120. 3
"^sDnnn 105, 6
npn2;,nn 128
b'^.^nn 99. 3
•j^y^^n 126. 1
mrii 158. 2
pfni72, 1
jb^n 174, 4
ban 66, 1 (1), 173, 3
n>5n 172, 3
nbani 173, 3
nshn 158, 2
inibTO-^n 220, 2, c
;5t5m 88 (f, pi.)
^^pa^n 88 (2 f,)
■ippann 105. a, d
na'jni 09, 3
'J^-ia'Tn 55. 2. a, 88
(m. pi.)
^^'^3'jn 88 (m, pi,)
nna-n 92, e
nnn 139. 3
irnn 192, 2
''::^s3'jn 105, c
nibnn 172, 3
l^^'E'in 172, I
:ynnT 147. 5
NC'in 45. 2
'inh 61. 2
^nr\ 30. 1
ninn 190, b, 197. &,
200. a
n^nn 172, 3
^-i^nn 88 (f. pi.)
396
INDEX III.
nr'^nn, nrnn ii. i.n
nsia^nn i60. 3
^nsnn 94. c
bnn 140. 5
nbnn i90. 6
*ybnn 19. 1, 60. 3. h (2),
11-2. 2, 151. 1
r|\n5nn 220. 2. a
nnni 1V2. 4
rc^nnn 11 8. 4
^i-inn^ 172. 3
i^nnn 24. c, 142. 3
in 185. 2. d
sin 57. 2 (3) a
™in 190. 6
•fin 63. 2. «, 184. 6
•fin 216. 1. d
n:nDin 220. 1. 6
■jriDin 105. e
^■1™ 90, 151. 3
?lDin 22. 6, 151. 2
Pioin 151. 2
nnyin 207. 1. a
"lin 217
nnin 217
i^TS^nin 104./
rnrin 190. 6, 192. 2
''3Cin 216. 1. a
nnirn 157. 3
,';7D-jn 88 (f. pi.)
nns-jn 61. 4. a
■"bin 111. 2. 6
ni:Tn 190. b, 199. rf
•i^Tni (3 f.) 172. 3
''?"'?'?' 53. 3. a, 111. 2. c
sanni 166. 4
nibiann 201. 1
bann eo. 3. a
Tnn 172. 4
rnhi 111. 2. 6
nrnn 172. 4
Tin 16. 2. a
l^b-'nn 158. 2
bnni 158. 2
bnn 140. 3
n>nn 190. ft
PD;isibnn 220. 2. c
nr^Tin ui. 2
c^nn 190. a
fT?^^J?^ 104. e
ni:nn 190. b
""nbrin 220. 2. a
Cnni 60. 1. a, 157. 3
ynn 173. 3
trnni 157. z
*i2n;rnn 105. e
nnn 237. 1, 238. 1
^nr? 02) 131. 1
■>nnn 194. 2
DO^^ni? 238. 1. b
■^s nnn 239. 2 (2)
onnn 233. 1. b
■•pnnn 233. 1. b
^nif^n 147. 4
■jiD^n 193. 1
ja^T\ 190. ft, 197. ft
p:^ni 150. 3
mr^'^n 11. 1. ft
ntey-^n 113. 1
np^n 147. 4
ovn 190. ft
©:^n 208. 3. c
niats^n 147. 2
n:^ffi^n 147. 4
^"is?n 101. 3. a
rtDnn 172. 4
^^nani 88 (f. pi.)
nmnn 119. 1
bDn 172. 4
nbDn 177. 3
•jsn 50. 1
nG2n 54. 2
•J^IDn 192. 2
-nnsn 88 (2 f.)
xbn^ 172. 4
nsbn 190. ft, 198. a (3)
nisbn 177. 3
nbnn 147. 5
nnbn 147. 2
nbn 50. 1
n-^sibn 56. 4, 177. 3
"j^nbm 119. 1
i"T2bn 105. a
iDbn 65. ft
!^r9^J!> 61. 4. a, 151. 1
'ntibn 88
'i^'abn 192. 2
"l^r^^ 1^^ 158. 2
on 186. 2. r, 207. 2
D'n (v.) 139. 2
oh (n.) 186. 2. c
n^n 143. a
INDEX III.
397
npn^n lis. 4
iDji^'jani 161. 3
nrui'on i57. 3
bi^ari i83. c
■jm^^n 157. 3
nsr.TOn i57. 3
n^n 175. 3
■^n'QPl (2 m.) 172.3,175.3
D'^'an 53. 3. a
iiaxb^an io4./
IDib^ni 99. 3
DTOn 84. 3. a (3), 141.
1 (p. 175)
15)3Fl 54. 3, 141. 2
nnpTon 6i. 6. a
VQrr\ 175. 3
bi^^n 60. 1. a
nrs2i2ri i65. 2
';jS2^r\ 60. 1. a
rcp^an i4i. 2
•ram 175. 3
"Il2n 140. 5
^iiain 111. 2. 6
n^-ran 192. 2
D^n^n'an i87. 2. c
tJTDr\ 157. 3
in 53. 2. a
:n;B55:n 11 8. 4
rnc^sn 131. 2
nbn 157. 3
ci^Dn 131. 2
n:n 132. 1
I'lan 192. 2
npn^ 60. 1. a
n^ri:n 205. c
nron 131. 1
^np'i:ni 150. 2, 161. 5
nsn^in 104. h
sirsn 131. 6
i5©3n 102. 2
ns^son 61. 3, 136. 2,
141. 2
?ypr\ 140. 5
C|pr\ 111. 2. h, 151. 2
nyp 51. 1, 121. 1
D3?r\ 60. 4. a
l^'lhypl 88 (m. pi.)
DWn 19. 2, 111. 3. a
■^nin^n 88
nayni 111. 1
nnayni 97. 1. a
n23iyn25, 88(f.pl.),9l.c
n2^yn, ns^yn 157. 3
n?ni 172. 4
nyn 51. 3
STl^yn 198. a (3)
ryni 140. 1
3|yri 91. 6
nr^n 60. 4
tD?ni (^'3^) 157. 3
nbyn 216. 1. a
^ib^ni 140. 5
™"'^?PiT 172. 3
ThVT\ 60. 3. c
■j^n^yni 99. 3. a
y^zvr\ 192. 2, 200. c
n3^;?n, nssyn 172. 3
y?n 141. 2 (p. 175)
ns:?n 97. 1. a
:"i)pyr\ 126. 2
*1?n 197. 6
■I?n 60. 4. a
lynn 174. 4
wn 173. 3
nir3?ri 172. 3
?i)-ntD?pi 27
'^wr^ 55. 2. a, 88. 2. /
nnicyn 105. 6
nn^{B^\ 192. 2. «
'inshi 111. 2. 6
n^sn 192. 2
D^-^niuiBn 16I. 5
nps^sp 157. 3
nps^sn, ns:t^spii57. 3
TbtT\ 190. h
l^ni 172. 4
27£r\1 150. 3
D?Bni 99. 3. a, 119. 1
5lBn 141. 3 (p. 175)
^S'ljpBn 105. h
nsn 140. 5
•j^UTTEn 88 (m. pi.)
npsisn 147. 2
rc'i'iisn 161. 3
nrlssn 141. 2
nsban 141. 2
^sajjri 139. 1
n^jpn 190. 5, 198. a (3)
nsDipn88(f.pi.), 161. 3
np^'ipn 160. 3
bpn 140. 1
Ipn 50. 1
i^ph 46
7"pn 157. 3
i5':?I?P>!! 166. 4
398
INDEX III.
n;snpr\ 88 (3 f. pi.)
lanpn 88 (3 f. pi.)
•j^anpni 99. 3. a
©pm 174. 4
nnpn 95. a
xnn 3.5. 2
i5-irii 172. 4
ns-in 172. 3
'>2Snn 105. e
2•^^\^ 172. 4
nanni 175. 3
n^3"iri 190. b
•'nbann 94. «, 115
"nPi 147. 2
n72inr\192.2.a, 216.1.5
nnin 88 (3f.pl.), 147.2
in-IFI 147. 3
iSn 156. 4
np^in 190. b
n:T2Tai-ip 161. 4
yiiFi 140. 3
nsTpBnn 92. e
rriann 192. 2. a
n:9^nn88(3f.pi.),9i.c
■j^P 190. b
npFl 97. 1. a
ri:nn 88 (f. pi.)
yin (v.) 140. 5
:i")r;) 175. 3
D^'Din 201. 2
nrfi-in i65. 3
pni 140. 5
•jnnn 172. 4
'in^r-^n, ^insrnn 93. a
niiNTsn 165. 2
n:sirn i64. 2
^:;jir5TiJri lei. 2
rraiTCn 61. 4. a, 205. c
b2irn 97. 2
^b>»t!tJn 180. a
n:Tsn i64. 2
n:3ii3n 157. 3
npnirn ei. 4, 160. 3
nnnirn 88 (3 f. pi.)
nnirn, ninTrn 65. «
np-'nmjn 157. 3
DiQii^n 54. 2
ny^TSn 190. &, 192. 2.0,
198. a (3)
inncneo. 3.6(2),i20. 1
nnirn 119. 1
■'on 172. 4
^y^tr\ 227. 1
npD-i^n 91. c
npirn 88. (f. pi.)
n:nb©n 88 (3 f. pi.),
105. b
-■DbtJn 97. 2
ipbtcn 95. a
mrn 147. 4
nn^^cn 105. d
T\12tr\ 65. b
•J^ltJirn 88 (m. pi.)
yiDn 216. 1. e
:?Tcn 60. 3. c
ny©n 223. 1
W^VXOP, 208. 3. fl, 225. 1
nyryirn 142. 1
iffini 158. 2
nrsncn iis. 4
^^nsncn 88 (2 f.)
yncn i76. 3
npDBPTDn, npsBrrn
96. b
nn 131. 4
-nn 61. 5
:ybann 126. 1
nnnn 142. 2
n^nn 60. 4. a, 176. 3
nnp (nnn;) 53. 2. 6,
132. 1
•Tinriri 126. 2
npDbnnn 96. 6
bnbnrn 16I. 2
nnnn i76. 3
•T^jniDi!^ 94. a
•^nn 61. 5, 131. 4
:C2nn^, 176. 3
Dnn 140. 1
n:x^i'cnn 16I. 3
JDBPri 142. 2
■jnn 132. 1
J^pnrii 105. a
NT2?:nn 166. 5
ynn 172. 4
:bDnn 142. 2
i^bcnn 166. 5
arsnpi 99. 3.0, 119. 1
jbncnn 96. b
n^nn 53. 3. b, 150. 3
(p. 182)
isnn 25
:-inhT 150. 3
ynnn 60. 4. a, 176. 3
nrj'jicnn I61. 3
I]:<^DEX IT.
HEBKEW GRAMMATICAL TERMS.
pttn nx b^ntJD 7. 3. a ^2^3 11. c
ni'^nii? 2 n^ns 46
nbDT miiu 'jri'^s 7. 3 "injp iibi s^ns 46
mcS! 31 M^'15'? 29. 6
smo mabtj ■>:s7. 3,a ^-^n;! )^tib 199
nD3 "]?2 21. 1
i:ira 85. 1. «
D'^:^?a 76. 1 *
S^3?a 45. 4. a
pjn ©>■! 23. ]
bp ^S3.■^ 21. 1
ny->^"n i«n 229. 1
nbijTEn sn 230. 1
iipD-ciJin 7. 3
rai'X) 9. 1, 243. 2. a^
tf^sn 11 99. 1
nDT 196
Cl'jn 16. 3. a
pin-in 45. 4. a
D?!? 28
sn-it: 29. 6
n''123 76. 2
011133 71. c
Dinn "jiTrb 199
ni?© "jiTZJb 199
?fi-\i?^ 45. 4. a
nsi'iia 71. c
nnDitt 212
nibl2 70. a
Dipbia 28
b-'jjb'a 32
ynbtt 32
nnic^a 10. 46
piS^ 26
lipia 85. 1. a
qptl 43
isibx nrD moia 7.
3. a
r^ni? 44
nir;;? 28. 6
n: 16. 2
nppD 71. c
273 16. 2
nnp3 196
ni^'P? 2
pics qiO 36. 1
•JlttO 212
Di^n? 28
nay 85. 1 a
Tny 85. 1. a
Qibys 70. a
1112 85. 1. a
i"lp 46
ninp sibi inp 46
nsn 27
innD-a v" ^^^^ ^- 3. a
«1T2J, S1T» 16. 1
n:3n is I'aibTr' 7. 3. a
ni^© 70. a
nscisn ni'ao 223. 1
nrn irsxbi:© 7. 3. a
niy^:n 12
Names of the letters § 2, their signification §5. 5
Names of the vowels § 12, their signification § 12. 5
Names of the accents § 29, their signification § 29. 6
Names of the verbal species §76. 1, 2.
Designations of imperfect verbs § 76. 3.
POSTSCEIPT
The folded leaf which follows contains a general view of
the inflQctions of the various kinds of verbs, perfect and im-
perfect, the rules for the changes to which nouns are liable,
the personal pronouns in their separate and suffixed forms,
and the different vowels assumed by the itiseparable prefixes
and the interrogative Jra . It is designed to be taken out
of the book and mounted upon pasteboard. The student
will thus have the most material parts of the grammar brought
together and exhibited to his eye upon a single page.
Two sections of the grammar have been inadvertently
numbered 141 and two 150. To prevent embarrassment
from this cause in the use of the indexes, the page is almost
always added when the second of the duplicate sections is
intended.
GENERAL VIEW OF THE VERB
rEEIEIIIIC.
P.,1,^
ioni.
>G.a
va«L
it
'■
i
'
A
■='
S^
i?r=
■^
!«
^5=
'=5.:
1=
-a:
=5
«?;
-rt
'■-
ifV!
■n«
■*»=
rrs
r-i;
r^
r=^:
r^
C^r
r:i
KIlJiJ.
it?:
t;;:
■;!p:
-ir.
-K
:^:
~:
—
Krh
.-■S
'■'
rbtr-:
r--.
rite
r-i^
r=;:
r-:
■:=?"
r-.~
rxzT.
rS
r-,.,
ifcp
■te
in;
-;=
•ri:
'—■z
■--:
^-
»?•.
~:?
■•-■
ri-ffi
r-x?
ri»5
T-
r-::
r-^-
r-;:
■r~?
rsi-;
r';
r.d.
iSP
Tt:?
Ito
-■?=
-i;
li;
It-
=r?
KI-:
-'?
.,„.
Pibp
rrr?
rt(i5
T'?=
r-5"-
r^
r--;-.
r-~
rsLZ-z
r"'
kTrf-
T^-
yhi-i
r-y-CT
^"n
Itr
"■.--
z-pn
„~~
-Si-
,.,.
*r^^
P^'"
t-r---
ri'-
Fc6n
r-n
rzi-
r"->~
r.-™
>j-i'=7
rr„,,i,.i.
Vcpn
<.,.-
.v._
psjn
LC~
IISIBTI
::;.■.-
rsi=:
*T
....
^*W7
rssu
^'SfJ
FTjir
ll;.l.i,ul
MSBP.-,
■TS;rn
S*a>7
")f'^J
•riT«7
:«Tri
Dt.;Tn
ss:3Ti
niirn
""
rt«Ern
n^?n,
r^HKv'
5^:fer7
r-snr;
roiiT^n
^Stvi
i;rrFi>-
rKa-avi
■J-ySTT'
K.I,
t-^u
—J
i-»;
t-Ss
_..
:t^
l-u-
n-.p
»-i^
riS;
''"""■
i=S
-!ij
i»j
'^'i:
ras
-°
r:=
="P
«-j
r55 .
/™,t
~i^<ri
nr??:
r:::i*;r
rrjcn
"~tep
i-np:
TO-
ys;:
--5=:
■'?:
/™.;J.
-■xjn
rrnrn
nriton
rnr^-in
-:i;n
■nirrt
•rsTrr i^sn: "^'or "aJsn;' aiTPP: sdt^': craipn* K2'^:
nrtrnri nji^ann njnVi^i^'n ixta^ npiSpcn fljais^nFi nsua-iptri naiBnri
liif-i
Vcpn
T;jn
i!<--1
■-VtSv!
»T!"
Tirn
S-»xn
T-ite:
it,-n
T:-n
iitjri
rite,
.«,
bBi;
.li?
iS3
^V-a
itii.l.ii.
Vipn
Tb~
i»i-
nb,n
iiui,r«.l
i?P
-rarr-
-irs
bsjpn
b»3
rVnian
rSii
^.
ixE
™
bisa
r,5,
N,,^
i?f=
-ijj
bs;:
-bo:
iSEV
lEJ-;
i«=?
nViE^
IW.
iop-o
-Er=
b«a
rbVj
n'sann
niUipMi yj;rn Ttfrn ikfpn
^Pr ft:
ss-yr- m}s,m \
nKi'l.ENSluN i>K NOUNS.
I. T)ir rcminiiio mding p.
I . lu a iiDiiilr ullimnlf llion u nn rliaiiinv
i. Ifthr ulliiiialc i* inix»l ti S-|{lu>Inl.' t<>nu i» n.lnjXc^l
11. Tlic romininf n.. U,.- ).liinl o* ..r n. oud (In* diinl a\.
In A miinl uUimMc,
1 . TW» 11 rpjcclwl "-if'iit fmiii luoTinijrIUblo*, or when tlip
ptTcnliiig \wiv\ in a {iiTtoiiic KniiirU.
S. Tbe fliial Irllvr u iXnMfA iii iiouiu fMni roiitmctnl A
lwil», in tliiiw III wliirli niiMKinaiira aincurniitf at tin
«•»<) lm*r o«il™-<ctl, uid III a (rw olIirA-
8. S4nlinl,.i. . f-ni,>, (|„ir priiimn moiiwilUInc fonii before
""■ '■"" Ii"k-n. in Ik iiliiiid nnd orriMioun^
'" ''" ''" ' ■'"> '""TUT iirHonir KniiifU, ftud iho
..ngiiv.! *.... . I Mt il.i> iiioHwjlWble Ult uway.
Ill • ■im|ih> ulliitMlf.
S. » ADd 1 nrelj oour. k« f 301) 3
Id the prntih,
KuncU and TWw an irjertn), wccpt fhfti imima in
■t^^TRq btana n^mp 5&:no aiir^a
Dbr.
=ibT:3 tyb-iprv «?sP'J
Kail
nmiinine imiiu in ".. if drn^rd tnm f*^kekk». mwrt fmtonic
'•»pI"'»l">dd»i»lh.-ironpiialxtHrrf: if,,.., t|,cv «mmlv
K«m«inc «.««, in r. ™Wi.,.tr .h. pJu«l for U„i„^,„,„ ending.
and ri.h« rqocl tW p,T«d„, ™«w or ,«t« „ t. uhal it wJd
l>aw been d^ n. hid uot bwn aitpctided.
_I.#Tho fcminino n. Ixcomcs r. ; the dual o\ md ihc piuial b*
i. In a minwl iiltiiiinlf, Kamctn ia ghortcncd to I'ntuJih- g© i
Ttaxs wlioii preccdctl l>y |irDtuiiic Knnicts.
3. In 0 timiilo ultimoto n_ bocoiim n. .
4. Koiiiots and Twre are rej«tcd from the syllnElc ptircdinc tli
arcml ; mid if tin. oowion. « roiicurrenoc of vo«cUi-« <vuso„q,us
■lion vou-c] u iiiK-rtt-d bolwucn tJioiu.
I. Rcfbiv the grave nufGncs (m. : cp, T?, on, ]ri).
Nouni of Iwlli gcndora aad of all nuinbos lake the form of
11. Ikfiiro the light siiRiscs,
i. Siugiikr or iilunU noun* with a frminine ending adopt the
constnict fomi. only changing p. m r. .
S. SinguUr or |>I«nd noiim not having a fcminiiM. rodi„g ^j
(he taiiic fonii as before the alMolnic pluni louiination
a. DmI nouns rrtain the fomi which they lave befnv the
absolute dual tcnuioatioa
ni. Man all suffixes. ,^tc or liglil.
1. ScphoUic noattt* in ttw nintmlar revrri to tbfir moixMyUabJc
fomi. as helbnr the feminine ending ».
3. >'bal letters which air dmdilrd in lh<- plnral. cr ia which i
tin> coitMimnt« hrira eoakiocd. are dniUtd. |
3. Final n, b dropped
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
- 3. <1=,)
ixsErAruuLE prepusitionj
Pniiinij form,
Bcfon.- vowdlts. Oonsoii..,,,.
Btfoiv GulluraU mlh Compound Sb-i«,
Before nioiio»yllnW„ and accented sjuite.
Wilb the conlmcted wide.
■ Abo befon tba Ubbb 3. *
Tire rumsmov n. m n.-rraiio<!invE. rm
Before strong rt>nv>iiBnu
IVfoTv vo»,.Ue« cMu„„„u and sliong
"rfore »eal pittuniU.
Befoi.- guttural, mu, Kamna.
™tliir.J
• Bql wilt . aiqturtt''
w
New York, August, 1873.
JOHN WILEY 8c SON'S
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS,
15 ASTOR PLACE,
Under the Mercantile Library and Trade SoUerooms.
*-*-*
AGRICULTURE.
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